Feasibility of Combination of Antagonism Chinese Medicinals based on the Theory of “Eighteen Antagonisms” / 中医杂志

The “eighteen antagonisms” of Chinese medicinals have been regarded as taboos in the field of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and the connotations have gradually been narrowed down in the development of TCM. From the historical perspective， “eighteen antagonisms” are not an absolute taboo in terms of the combination of medicinals， and the existing types of antagonism medicinals are also worth further discussion. From the perspective of toxicological effects， the toxicology of the “eighteen antagonisms” mainly comes from the enhancement of the toxic and side effects of a certain herb， rather than the combination of two herbs. From the perspective of pharmacodynamic actions， the combination of some antagonism medicinals can achieve therapeutic effects that cannot obtained by conventional medicinals， which is feasible and reasonable in clinical practice. Therefore， it is believed that the application of combining some antagonism medicinals based on “eighteen antagonisms” is of positive significance. Moreover， strict combination， processing and decoction methods should be noted in the use of antagonism medicinals. All mentioned above will provide reference for the correct recognition and use of the combination of “eighteen antagonisms”， and broaden the combination thinking for the treatment of clinical diseases with TCM.

Feasibility of Combination of Antagonism Chinese Medicinals based on the Theory of “Eighteen Antagonisms” / 中医杂志

@# The “eighteen antagonisms” of Chinese medicinals have been regarded as taboos in the field of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and the connotations have gradually been narrowed down in the development of TCM. From the historical perspective， “eighteen antagonisms” are not an absolute taboo in terms of the combination of medicinals， and the existing types of antagonism medicinals are also worth further discussion. From the perspective of toxicological effects， the toxicology of the “eighteen antagonisms” mainly comes from the enhancement of the toxic and side effects of a certain herb， rather than the combination of two herbs. From the perspective of pharmacodynamic actions， the combination of some antagonism medicinals can achieve therapeutic effects that cannot obtained by conventional medicinals， which is feasible and reasonable in clinical practice. Therefore， it is believed that the application of combining some antagonism medicinals based on “eighteen antagonisms” is of positive significance. Moreover， strict combination， processing and decoction methods should be noted in the use of antagonism medicinals. All mentioned above will provide reference for the correct recognition and use of the combination of “eighteen antagonisms”， and broaden the combination thinking for the treatment of clinical diseases with TCM.

ENZYMATIC AND ANTAGONIST ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM Sapindus saponaria L. (SAPINDACEAE) / Actividad enzimática y antagonista de los hongos endofíticos de Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae)

ABSTRACT Endophyte microorganisms have great biotechnological interest, with features applicable to different areas and are potentially useful in agriculture. The current study determines the biotechnological potential of endophytic fungi, isolated from leaves of Sapindus saponaria, to control phytopathogenic fungi and evaluate their enzyme production. Molecular taxonomy was performed by sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA region, identifying the genera Phomopsis, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthe, and Colletotrichum. In vitro antagonism against phytopathogens showed better results against Fusarium solani and provided inhibition indices between 41.8 % and 67.5 %. The endophytic strain SS81 (Diaporthe citri) presented the highest antagonism index against the pathogen. Against Glomerella sp. and Moniliophthora perniciosa, inhibition rates ranged between 18.7 % and 57.4 % and between 38.3 % and 64.8 %, respectively. Enzyme assays revealed that strain SS65 (Diaporthe sp.) produced 1.16 UI μmol/min of amylase; strain SS77 (Diaporthe sp.) produced 2.74 UI μmol/min of pectinase, and strain SS08 (Diaporthe sp.) produced 1.51 UI μmol/min of cellulase. Thus, the current study shows evidence the importance of isolated endophytes with phytoprotective properties of plants with medicinal properties as alternatives for biological control and natural sources of products with biotechnological interest.

RESUMEN Los microorganismos endofíticos tienen gran interés biotecnológico, con características aplicables a diferentes áreas y potencialmente útiles en la agricultura. El presente estudio determinó el potencial biotecnológico de los hongos endofíticos, aislados de las hojas de Sapindus saponaria, en el control de hongos fitopatógenos y evaluación de su producción de enzimática. La taxonomía molecular fue realizada por la secuencia de la región ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 del ADN ribosomal, identificando los géneros Phomopsis, Sordariomycetes, Diaporthe y Colletotrichum. El antagonismo in vitro contra fitopatógenos mostró mejores resultados contra Fusarium solani y proporcionó índices de inhibición de entre el 41,8 % y el 67,5 %. El linaje endofítico SS81 (Diaporthe citri) presentó el mayor índice de antagonismo contra los patógenos. Contra Glomerella sp. y Moniliophthora perniciosa, las tasas de inhibición variaron entre el 18,7 % y el 57,4 % y entre el 38,3 % y el 64,8 %, respectivamente. El ensayo enzimático reveló que el linaje SS65 (Diaporthe sp.) produjo 1,16 UI μmol / min de amilasa; el linaje SS77 (Diaporthe sp.) produjo 2,74 UI μmol / min de pectinasa; y el linaje SS08 (Diaporthe sp.) produjo 1,51 UI μmol / min de celulasa. Así, el presente estudio evidencia la importancia de los endófitos aislados con propiedades fitoprotectoras como alternativas para el control biológico y como fuentes naturales de productos con interés biotecnológico.

Exigência de valina e isoleucina para codornas de corte no período de um a 14 dias e de 15 a 35 dias de idade / Valine and isoleucine requirement for meat quails in the period of 1 to 14 days and of 15 to 35 days old

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, com o objetivo de estimar a exigência de valina e isoleucina digestível para codornas de corte em crescimento. No experimento 1, foram utilizadas 2.160 codornas de corte de um dia de idade, não sexadas, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro níveis de valina digestível (0,90, 1,10, 1,30 e 1,50%) e quatro níveis de isoleucina digestível (0,80, 1,00, 1,20 e 1,40%), totalizando 16 tratamentos, com três repetições e 45 codornas por unidade experimental. O peso corporal, o ganho de peso e a biomassa corporal acumulada aumentaram linearmente em função dos níveis de valina digestível e foram influenciados de forma quadrática, estimando 1,38% de isoleucina digestível. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas 1.440 codornas de corte não sexadas, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro níveis de valina digestível (0,82, 1,02, 1,22 e 1,42%) e quatro níveis de isoleucina digestível (0,73, 0,93, 1,13 e 1,33%), totalizando 16 tratamentos, com três repetições e 30 codornas por unidade experimental. O desempenho de codornas de corte, no período de 15 a 35 dias de idade, não foi influenciado pelo aumento dos níveis de valina e isoleucina digestível nas rações experimentais. Conclui-se que as exigências de valina e isoleucina digestível para o máximo desempenho de codornas de corte, no período de um a 14 dias de idade, foram de 1,50% e 1,38%, respectivamente, correspondendo às relações valina:lisina de 95% e isoleucina:lisina de 88%. Os menores níveis avaliados, no período de 15 a 35 dias de idade, de 0,82% de valina digestível e de 0,73% de isoleucina digestível, correspondendo às relações valina:lisina de 52% e isoleucina: lisina de 46%, foram suficientes para satisfazer as exigências nutricionais das codornas de corte sem comprometer o desempenho.(AU)

Two experiments were carried out in order to estimate the requirements of digestible valine and isoleucine for growing meat quails. In experiment 1, 2160 meat quails with 1 day of age, not sexed, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with four levels of digestible valine (0.90, 1.10, 1.30, and 1.50%) and four levels of digestible isoleucine (0.80, 1.00, 1.20, and 1.40 %), totaling 16 treatments with three replications and 45 quails per experimental unit. The body weight, the weight gain, and the accumulated body biomass linearly increased in function of digestible valine levels and were influenced in a quadratic way estimating 1.38% of digestible isoleucine. In experiment 2, 1440 meat quails, not sexed, were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with four levels of digestible valine (0.82, 1.02, 1.22, and 1.42%) and four levels of digestible isoleucine (0.73, 0.93, 1.13, and 1.33%), totaling 16 treatments with three replications and 30 quails per experimental unit. The performance of meat quails from 15 to 35 days of age was not affected by increased levels of digestible valine and digestible isoleucine in the experimental diets. It was concluded that the requirements of digestible valine and digestible isoleucine for maximum performance of meat quail from one to 14 days of age were 1.50% and 1.38%, respectively, corresponding to relations: valine: lysine of 95% and isoleucine: lysine of 88%. The lower levels evaluated, in the period of 15 to 35 days old, 0.82% digestible valine and 0.73% of digestible isoleucine, corresponding to relations valine: lysine of 52% and isoleucine: lysine of 46% were sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of meat quails without compromising performance.(AU)

Methodology of toxicity-effect characterization of Chinese materia medica incompatibility based on disease and symptom conditions / 中草药

The incompatibility of Chinese materia medica (CMM) has always been one of the important scientific issues of CMM safety research. Extensive researches about CMM incompatibility have been carried out represented by "eighteen-antagonisms", mainly focused on the safety evaluation, toxic effects of substances, toxicology, toxicokinetics, drug interactions, toxicity mechanisms, etc. However, due to lack of system design on research ideas, model and methods, many key issues still lacked reliable conclusions, and did not reach a consensus within the industry. We completed the toxicity-effect characterization of the anti-drugs about "Pinelliae Rhizoma, Trichosanthis Fructus, Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, Ampelopsis Radix, and Bletillae Rhizoma attack Aconiti Radix" and proposed that the serious adverse reactions caused by related anti-drug combination therapy were because of the "toxicity" of CMM incompatibility. The formation of CMM incompatibility was closely related to its composition, dose, compatibility environment, etc, wherein the disease and symptom are the key factors of incompatibility. Eventually, the research model of toxicity-effect characterization of CMM incompatibility based on the desease and symptom was formed, it was viable to provide new strategies and methods for the clinical drug safety of CMM compatibility.

Posicionamentos e controvérsias no movimento hip-hop / Positions and controversies in hip-hop movement / Posicionamientos y controversias en el movimiento hip-hop

O movimento hip-hop tem, em sua composição social, jovens pobres que se organizam de modos diversos. Na cidade de Recife, localizamos diferentes formas político-organizativas convivendo simultaneamente, uma associação, uma rede, inúmeras crews (posses) e grupos que não obedecem a uma territorialidade, nem buscam seguir a tradição de estar articulados em todos os elementos. O objetivo deste texto é evidenciar os conflitos sociais que tal movimento instaura, as tensões que provoca no sistema de referências com o qual se relaciona e as instabilidades que ele causa na lógica hegemônica. Para tanto, apresentamos a dinâmica do movimento, seu sistema de referências, tensões, conflitos e antagonismos com os quais ele trabalha. Identificamos três conflitos principais: a juventude pobre no contexto da sociedade de consumo; a mídia e sua relação com a indústria cultural; e a afro-descendência. Os antagonismos se colocam na formulação de um campo ético-político referente à participação convencional e não convencional...

The hip-hop movement has in its social composition, young poor people who organize themselves in different ways. In the city of Recife, we find different political and organizational forms coexisting at the same time, an association, a network, many crews (possessions) and groups that do not follow a territorial or seek to follow the tradition of being articulated in all elements. The aim of this paper is to highlight the social conflicts that this movement establishes, the tensions that it provokes in the reference system with which is related and the instabilities in the hegemonic logic that it causes. Therefore, we present the dynamics of the movement, its system of references, tensions, conflicts and antagonisms with which it works. We identified three major conflicts: the youth poverty in the context of the consumer society, the media and its relationship with the cultural industry, and African-descent. The antagonisms are placed in an ethical political field´s formulation that is related to conventional and unconventional participation...

El movimiento hip-hop, tiene en su composición social, jóvenes pobres que se organizan de diferentes maneras. En la ciudad de Recife, encontramos diferentes formas de organizaciones políticas que conviven al mismo tiempo, unas son asociaciones, otras redes, innumerables crews (tripulación) y grupos que no obedecen a un determinado territorio, ni buscan seguir la tradición de estar articulados con todos sus elementos. El objetivo de este texto es evidenciar los conflictos sociales que este movimiento instaura, las tensiones que genera en el sistema de referencias con el cual se relaciona y la inestabilidad que causa dentro de la lógica hegemónica. Por lo tanto, presentamos la dinámica del movimiento , su sistema de referencias, tensiones, conflictos y antagonismos con los cuales el trabaja. Identificamos tres conflictos principales: La juventud pobre en el contexto de una sociedad de consumo; los medios de comunicación y su relación con la industria cultural; y la afro descendencia. Los antagonismos surgen en la formulación de un campo ético y político que indica una participación convencional y no convencional...

Effect of Ampelopsis Radix on dissolution of main chemical constituents in Aconiti Radix Cocta based on RRLC-Q-TOF-MS technology / 中草药

Objective: Under the guidance of eighteen antagonisms of Chinese materia medica, to analyze the effect of Aconiti Radix Cocta combined with Ampelopsis Radix in different ratios on the characteristic constituents and to explore the in vitro compatibility mechanism of Aconiti Radix Cocta and Ampelopsis Radix. Methods: A certain weight of Aconiti Radix Cocta was combined with various amounts of Ampelopsis Radix, and a rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) method based on chemical profiling approach was used to determine the content of alkaloids in decoctions and sediments. The aconitine alkaloids were established and were subjected to PLS-DA and ANOVA to provide intergroup difference and distribution characteristics. In addition, the method of UV spectrophotometer was adopted to determine the content of starch and tannins in Ampelopsis Radix. Results: There were certain differences among each group, especially between the single Aconiti Radix Cocta and Aconiti Radix Cocta combined with Ampelopsis Radix at the ratio of 1:3. With the increasing of the ratio of Ampelopsis Radix in the combination, the content of alkaloids appeared to increase in the decoction while decrease in the sediment. After determination, the mass fractions of starch and tannic acid in Ampelopsis Radix were 25.44% and 0.31%, respectively. Conclusion: The aconitine alkaloids could be deposited with the starch in Ampelopsis Radix, meanwhile decreased in the decoction, which establishes the foundation for the further research on the chemical mechanism of Aconiti Radix Cocta combined with Ampelopsis Radix.