Anthropometric profile of leg length inequality and its impact on gait / Perfil antropométrico de la desigualdad en la longitud de las piernas y su impacto en la marcha

SUMMARY: Leg length inequality (LLI) affects gait - primarily pelvic and torso movements. LLI is present in around 40-70 % of the healthy population. Due to LLI's significant impact on the body, as well as the possible occurrence of a variety of associated health problems, the aim of this research is to determine whether there is a significant difference in pelvic movement in all three planes, depending on the degree of LLI. This study was conducted on a sample of 30 healthy subjects. The functional length of lower limbs was measured. When LLI was calculated, kinematic measures were taken of pelvic and lower limb movements during gait using 3D cameras and ©Vicon Motion Systems Ltd. UK. The obtained data on kinematic pelvic movement in all three planes during gait were compared with the reference values. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference in pelvic movement about the axes x, y, and z in cases of LLI of up to 18mm (p>0,05). There is a statistically highly significant positive correlation between the difference in functional leg length (r=0,575; p=0,008) and femur length (r=0,525; p=0,015) on one hand, and the difference in pelvic movement about the axis x on the other, compared to the reference values. In a healthy population with LLI from 0 to 18 mm, gait remains unaffected and an increase in LLI predominantly affects pelvic movement about the horizontal axis (x) - pelvic tilt, which exponentially increases with an increase in femur length discrepancy.

La diferencia en la longitud de las piernas (LLI, por sus siglas en inglés) afecta la marcha, principalmente los movimientos pélvicos y del dorso. La LLI está presente en alrededor del 40-70 % de la población sana. Debido al importante impacto de LLI en el cuerpo, así como a la posible aparición de una variedad de problemas de salud asociados, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si existe una diferencia significativa en el movimiento pélvico en los tres planos, dependiendo del grado de LLI. Este estudio se realizó en una muestra de 30 sujetos sanos. Se midió la longitud funcional de los miembros inferiores. Cuando se calculó el LLI, se tomaron medidas cinemáticas de los movimientos pélvicos y de los miembros inferiores durante la marcha utilizando cámaras 3D y ©Vicon Motion Systems Ltd. UK. Los datos obtenidos sobre el movimiento pélvico cinemático en los tres planos durante la marcha se compararon con los valores de referencia. Los resultados mostraron que no existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el movimiento pélvico sobre los ejes x, y, y z en casos de LLI de hasta 18 mm (p>0,05). Existe una correlación positiva estadísticamente muy significativa entre la diferencia en la longitud funcional de la pierna (r=0,575; p=0,008) y la longitud del fémur (r=0,525; p=0,015), y la diferencia en el movimiento pélvico sobre el eje x por otro, en comparación con los valores de referencia. En una población sana con LLI de 0 a 18 mm, la marcha no se ve afectada y un aumento en LLI afecta predominantemente el movimiento pélvico sobre el eje horizontal (x) - inclinación pélvica, que aumenta exponencialmente con un aumento en la discrepancia de longitud del fémur.

Status Of Tnf-α And Insulin In Obese And Diabetic Obese Subjects Of Western Lucknow

Obesity has become a matter of quality to health care administrators. The busy lifestyle of people made them prefer fast food instead of taking healthy food. But the people are not aware that fast food habit converts to the disease like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipoproteinemia etc. This case control study had been carried out in department of Physiology in collaboration of Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow to explore status blood sugar fasting (BSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), Insulin by standard spectrophotopmetric kit methods, blood pressure (BP) as well as anthropometric measurements with the help of suitable instruments and equipments in Control group, Obese group and Obese with type 2 diabetic group. Values of all above parameters were found increased in obese group with respect to control group and values of all these parameters were found increase in obese with type 2 Diabetes mellitus group with respect to obese group. Thus it is clear that obesity is risk factor for T2DM, Dyslipoproteinemia and coronary artery disease (CAD).

The effects of armed conflict on health of children in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka / 国際保健医療

<p><b>Introduction</b></p><p>  In Sri Lanka, there was ethnic violence in the form of armed conflict that lasted 26 years from 1983 through 2009. The conflict between two ethnic groups were bogged down by terrorism or by foreign military intervention. It destroyed the life of inhabitants and it is thought to have inhibited the health and growth of children.</p><p>  A case study was conducted in Sri Lanka to establish the effects of the armed conflict on children’s health, soon after the conflict ended. The case study was aimed at using the result for planning health administration.</p><p><b>Methods </b></p><p>  400 participants aged 12 and above were selected from 10 schools of two out of 11 Divisional Secretariat Divisions in Trincomalee District in Sri Lanka. 10 schools were classified into two DS Divisions, severely devastated and less devastated. Each participant was assessed, using anthropometric techniques and questionnaires including GHQ-12.　Reliability of the questions was confirmed through back translation and the use of an English-Tamil questionnaire. The mean values of the anthropometric measurements, the mean values of score by factor analysis of GHQ-12 response, and various items of social environment were compared between the two regions. These different significances were tested using F-test, t-test and Chi-square test. </p><p><b>Results</b></p><p>  　In comparisons between two regions, body weight, height and BMI among participants in severely affected region were significantly lower. Additionally, susceptibility to infectious and endemic diseases in severely affected were significantly increased.</p><p>  Four characteristics of mental health were identified, but there was no significant difference about the state of depression between the two regions.</p><p><b>Conclusion </b></p><p>  Children in conflict zones are susceptible not only to malnutrition, but also infectious diseases caused by unhygienic living conditions. The application of simple anthropometric techniques and relevant knowledge and food distribution are important in evaluating and responding to these children’s health problems.</p>

Anthropometric Measurements of Soft-Tissue Orbits in Korean Newborns

PURPOSE: To establish a database of the anthropometric measurements of soft-tissue orbits in Korean newborns. METHODS: A total of 69 normal term newborns (39 males, 30 females) in the first 48 hours after delivery, were included in the present study. Anthropometric measurements of soft-tissue orbits were taken with vernier calipers by one of the authors. With eyes closed, horizontal eyelid fissure length (HFL), lower lid height (LLH), upper lid height (ULH), intercanthal distance (ICD), and inter-outercanthal distance (IOCD) were measured and with eyes opened with a speculum, the interpupillary distance (IPD) was measured. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between either sex or between the right and left eyes. HFL was 20.8 +/- 1.2 mm, LLH and ULH were 11.1 +/- 2.3 and 16.5 +/- 2.5 mm, respectively; ICD, IPD, and IOCD were 22.9 +/- 2.1 mm, 39.8 +/- 3.0 mm, and 65.3 +/- 5.8 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric measurements of normal Korean newborns' soft-tissue orbits in the present study can be used as basic data for the proper evaluation and growth of soft-tissue orbits.

Nutritional anemia and its epidemiological correlates among women of reproductive age in an urban slum of Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

The present cross-sectional study involving 240 women of reproductive age as the study population was carried out in the beneficiary slum area, the field practice area of Community Medicine department to find out the burden of nutritional anemia and study its epidemiological correlates. The prevalence of anemia was found to be 60.8%, of which 39.6, 20.0 and 1.2% women had mild, moderate and severe anemia, respectively. Almost 63, 21.2 and 15.7% of the study subjects had microcytic hypochromic picture, indicative of iron deficiency anemia, normocytic hypochromic picture suggestive of early stage of iron deficiency anemia and dimorphic/ macrocytic hypochromic anemia implying iron deficiency anemia and or folate/vitamin B12 deficiency respectively. Statistical analyses have shown that epidemiological factors like age, education of respondents, socioeconomic status, history of excessive menstrual bleeding and inadequate intake of green leafy vegetables and pulses were found to be significantly associated with anemia.

Composição corporal em crianças de sete a 10 anos de idade, de alto nível socioeconômico / Body composition in seven-to-ten-year old children of high socioeconomic status

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição corporal de crianças de sete a 10 anos de idade, de alto nível socioeconômico. Para tanto, 511 crianças (274 meninos e 237 meninas) foram submetidas a medidas antropométricas de massa corporal, estatura e espessuras de dobras cutâneas tricipital (TR) e subescapular (SE). Com base nessas informações, foram determinados: gordura corporal relativa ( por cento Gordura), massa corporal magra (MCM), distribuição da gordura corporal (DGC) e o somatório da espessura das dobras cutâneas TR e SE (ΣEDC). Anova two-way foi utilizada para as comparações entre os sexos e os diferentes grupos etários, seguida pelo teste post hoc de Scheffé quando P < 0,05. Para a classificação das crianças, de acordo com as categorias de adiposidade corporal, foi utilizada distribuição de freqüência. O teste de comparação entre proporções foi adotado para verificar as diferenças entre os sexos, em cada categoria (P < 0,05). Diferenças significantes entre os sexos (P < 0,05) foram verificadas na dobra TR (meninas > meninos) e na MCM (meninos > meninas). Efeito significante da idade foi identificado em todas as variáveis analisadas, exceto na DGC, com os valores mais elevados sendo encontrados no grupo etário de 10 anos. Um percentual elevado, tanto de meninos quanto de meninas, apresentou índice de adiposidade alto, com superioridade para os meninos (28 por cento vs. 14 por cento, P < 0,01). Por outro lado, um contingente maior de meninas apresentou concentrações de gordura corporal relativa abaixo dos pontos de corte desejáveis (15 por cento vs. 3 por cento, P < 0,01). Os valores de adiposidade corporal encontrados no presente estudo sugerem que um percentual elevado de crianças, de ambos os sexos, já apresenta importantes fatores de risco à saúde, em idades precoces.

The objective of this study was to analyze the body composition of seven to 10 year-old children of high socioeconomic status. Therefore, 511 children (274 boys and 237 girls) were submitted to body mass, height and triceps (TR) and subscapular (SE) skinfolds thickness anthropometric measurement. Based on this information, the following topics were determined: relative body fat ( percent Fat), lean body mass (LBM), body fat distribution (BFD) and sum of the thickness of the TR and SE skinfolds (£TSF). Two-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between gender and the different age groups, followed by the Scheffé post hoc test when P < 0.05. For the children classification according to the categories of body adiposity, frequency distribution was used. A test of comparison between ratios was adopted to verify the differences between gender in each category (P < 0.05). Significant differences between gender (P < 0.05) were verified in TR skinfold (girls > boys) and in LBM (boys > girls). Significant age effect was identified in all analyzed variables, except for DBF, with the highest values having been found in the 10 year-old group. A high percentage both for boys and girls presented high adiposity index, with superiority for boys (28 percent vs. 14 percent, P < 0.01). On the other hand, a larger number of girls presented relative body fat concentrations below the desirable cutting points (15 percent vs. 3 percent, P < 0.01). The values of body adiposity found in the present study suggest that a high percentage of children from both gender already present important health risk factors at early ages.

A Study on the Nutrient Intakes and Zinc Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Ulsan

The purpose of this study was to determine the zinc status of preschool children in Ulsan. The study was conducted in 95 children aged 3 to 6 years by investigating the anthropometric indices and assessing the biochemical analysis. The blood was analysed to assess serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase. And a questionnaire for dietary intakes using 24-hr recall method were performed by mothers of 95 subjects. The dietary intakes of children were analysed to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes of zinc with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). WHL (Weight-Length Index) and Kaup index were used to define obesity. The overall prevalence of overweight and obese subjects were 14.7% and 6.3% by WHL, were 15.8% and 13.7% by Kaup index. The mean intakes of zinc by children aged 3~5y and 6y were 5.5 +/- 1.4 mg/d (75.7% RDA) and 6.7 +/- 2.0 mg/d, respectively, that was the level exceeding the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended intake (RI) of Korean Dietary Reference Intakes. Less than 1.3% and 7.9% of children had usual zinc intakes below EAR and RI of KDRIs, respectively. The percentages of children with intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) were 2.6%. The zinc nutritional status by biological assay was found that mean serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of total subjects were 64.0 +/- 8.4 microgram/dl and 72.8 +/- 14.9 U/L, there was not a significant difference between boys and girls. The range of serum zinc level was 45~89 microgram/dl and children with a low serum zinc concentration by several cut-off points were 18.9~55.8%, especially. Serum zinc level was positively correlated to the intakes of calorie, calcium, fiber, iron, zinc, zinc/kg and height (p < 0.001). Serum ALP was positively correlated height, weight and WLI. The zinc intake of children also showed a positive correlation with height and weight. These results indicate that there were significant correlations between the zinc status and growth of preschool children. Preschool children in Ulsan have dietary zinc intakes that exceed the new DRIs. The present level of intake does not seem to pose a health problem, but if zinc intakes with fortified foods and supplements were considered, the amount of zinc consumed by children may become excessive.

Anthropometric Measurement of Newborn in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

PURPOSE: To find the anthropometric characteristics of newborn in women with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), and the relationship between the birth weight and anthropometric measurements of newborn, maternal body habitus and glycemic control in GDM group. METHODS: Maternal weight, height, and obstetric history of 82 women with GDM and 93 women with normal glucose tolerance were recorded at the time of screening test and delivery. Within 2 days after birth, the birth weight and anthropometric measurements were obtained, and maternal glycohemoglobin concentrations were measured and umbilical cord blood samples for C-peptide were collected in GDM group at delivery. RESULTS: There were no differences in the birth weight and frequency of LGA newborn between GDM and control group, although the primary C-section of GDM group was significantly higher compared with the control group. The abdominal circumference(AC) and triceps, subscapular, and thigh skinfold thickness(SFT) of newborn in GDM group were significantly increased compared with the control group. Maternal glycohemoglobin concentration was correlated with birth weight, but not with AC and three SFTs in GDM group. Umbilical cord blood C-peptide level had a correlation with birth weight and three SFTs in GDM group. Newborn's AC had a correlation with maternal weight and weight gain in GDM group, but not in control group. CONCLUSION: Although the birth weight and frequency of LGA did not differ, AC and triceps, subscapular, and thigh SFT were increased in GDM group. These increases of anthropometric measurements were observed in AGA newborn, and were greater in LGA newborn.

Basic Survey of Low Back Pain during Pregnancy

No abstract available.

Correlation between Obesity Indices and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Usefullness of Abdominal Obesity Indices / 예방의학회지

It is a well known fact that obesity is an important cause of cardiovascular disease, emphasized by many studies. Recently, cardiovascular diseaase has been found to correlate not only to the extent of obesity, but also the fat distribution of the individual; especially, focusing on obesity of the abdomen. Unfortunately, the proposed indices for abdominal obesity are numerous, and the results vary according to the index chosen. Three-hundred and twelve bus drivers in November, 1995, were chosen as subjects of this study. The author chose to measure serum lipid levels, fasting blood sugar levels and blood pressure, that are thought to be important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Obesity indices were calculated using anthropometric measurements. We were able to evaluate the significance of obesity indices by examining correlations between these indices and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The abdominal obesity indices and risk factors of cardiovascular disease, the levels of total cholesterol in the serum, fasting blood sugar levels, and diastolic blood pressure, increased significantly according to age. 2. There was a significant difference in the abdominal obesity indices according to drinking and smoking habits controlled for age. Among the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, triglyceride and diastolic pressures had significant differences according to the presence or absence of a drinking history controlled for age. 3. Although all obesity indices showed significant correlations, the weakest correlation was between BMI and abdominal diameter index and the strongest correlation was between sagittal diameter and sagittal diameter matched for height. 4. There was a negative correlation between HDL-cholesterol and obesity indices. The weakest correlation was between fasting blood sugar levels and both SD and SDH showed correlations with the risk factors. 5. There was a significant correlation between SD and total cholesterol in the serum and fasting blood sugars controlled for age, drinking, and BMI. 6. After categorizing the subjects into 2 separate age groups at the 40 year mark, in the less than 40 year old age group, controlled for drinking and BMI, the results of comparitive studies have shown correlations between total cholesterol serum levels and waist-hip ratio, conicity-index, and SD. There were correlations between fasting blood sugar levels and SD, ADI, and SDH. There were no correlations between obesity indices and both total cholesterol serum levels and fasting blood sugar levels in the greater than 40 year old age group. There were significant correlations between abdominal obesity indices and total serum cholesterol or fasting blood sugar levels in the less than 40 year old age group, but no correlations in the age group over 40. These correlated factors between abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease are assumed to exist in Korea as well. Furthermore, in this study a high correlation was found between SD, SDH and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Even when controlled for age, drinking, smoking, and BMI, the correlations between risk factors of cardiovascular disease and these indices exist. Therefore, the obesity indices, SD and SDH may prove to be important prognostic indicators or risk factors of cardiovascular disease

Prediction of pulmonary residual volume from anthropometric measurements and its applicability to calculate body density in underwater weighing method / 体力科学

The purpose of the present study was to derive regression equation based on anthropometric measurements to estimate pulmonary residual volume (RV) and to ascertain its applicability in calculation of body density (BD) . Subjects were 30 males and 25 females living in Santa Barbara, California, USA, ranging in age 17 to 52 years.<BR>Nine anthropometric measurements, actual RV, vital capacity (VC), and BD using the conventional underwater weighing method were made on each subject. In males four measurements (age, height, biiliac diameter, and chest diameter) were selected by Wherry-Doolittle test selection method. Likewise, four measurements (height, age, shoulder circumference, and chest diameter) were selected in females. The prediction formulas obtained by using these measurements were as follows:<BR>(1) RV=38.89 (X1) +30.43 (X2) -12.43 (X3) +10.70 (X4) -4573.4 (formales)<BR>(R=0.832, SEE =251.9 m<I>l</I>)<BR>where RV: predicted RV (m<I>l</I>), X1: age (years), X2: height (cm), X3: biiliac diameter (mm), X4: chest diameter (mm), R: multiple correlation coefficient, SEE: standard error of estimation.<BR>(2) RV=26.21 (X1) +8.71 (X2) -4.71 (X3) +12.94 (X4) -1284.2 (for females)<BR>(R=0.768, SEE =225.9 m<I>l</I>)<BR>where X1: height (cm), X2: age (years), X3: shoulder circumference (mm), X4: chest diameter (mm) .<BR>When these formulas were used to calculate RV, mean absolute differences between BDs obtained by using measured and the predicted RVs were 0.00331 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP> for males and 0.00353 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP> for females. On the other hand, the absolute differences using the formula of Goldman and Becklake, the fractions of VC, and the constant values were 0.0047 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>, 0.00763 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>, and 0.00787 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP> for males, 0.00642 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>, 0.00646 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>, and 0.00620 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP> for females respectively.<BR>It was concluded that using the formulas obtained in the present study to predict RV would be a useful method in the situation where mass management were nessesary and more precise measurements were required than the other simplified estimations. Because in predicting RV our formulas could largely diminish the extent of the potential error as compared with the other predictions. In addition they would not require special knowledge, technique, and devises.