Dietary supplementation with integral chia and flax flours ameliorates systemic inflammation / La suplementación dietaria con harinas integrales de chia y lino tiene efectos antiinflamatorios sistémicos

Abstract Introduction : Chia and flax seeds are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is bioconverted into the active derivatives eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and doco sahexaenoic (DHA) having multiple beneficial effects. However, there is limited knowledge about the anti-inflammatory effects of chia and flax integral flours diets rich in ALA. Objective : The study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary supplementation with integral chia and flax flours in a murine model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Methods : Balb/c mice were distributed into three groups: diet A (control), diet B (supplemented with inte gral chia flour), and diet C (supplemented with integral flax flour). Nutritional, hematological, and biochemical determinations were performed. ALA, EPA, and DHA were assessed by GC-MS in the liver, brain, cardiac and skeletal muscles. NF-kB immunoassays were per formed in kidney, liver, and peritoneal macrophages, respectively. The phagocytic capacity was determined in peritoneal macrophages and the expression of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed by RT-qPCR in the kidney, liver, and spleen. Results : Diets B and C exhibited optimal nutritional adequacy and caused increased levels of ALA, EPA, and DHA in critical tissues compared to the control. The phagocytic capacity of murine peritoneal macrophages (p< 0.01) and IL-10 transcription increased, whereas the expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased in animals fed both experimental diets. Conclusions : This work contributes to the current knowledge of the anti-inflammatory effects of chia and flax integral flours rich in ALA and reinforces the health advantages of their consumption.

Resumen Introducción : Las semillas de chía y lino son ricas en ácido alfa-linolénico (ALA), sus derivados activos eico sapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA) ejercen probados efectos beneficiosos. Existe un conocimiento limitado sobre los efectos protectores de ambas semillas bajo la forma de harinas integrales, siendo de particular interés el efecto antiinflamatorio. Objetivo : El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio de la suplementación dietaria con harinas integrales de semillas de chía y lino en un modelo murino de inflamación sistémica inducido por LPS. Métodos : Ratones de la cepa Balb/c fueron distribui dos en tres grupos: dieta A (control), dieta B (suplemen tada con harina integral de chía) y dieta C (suplementa da con harina integral de lino). Se efecturaron determi naciones nutricionales, hematológicas y bioquímicas. El contenido de ALA, EPA y DHA en hígado, cerebro, corazón y músculo esquelético se determinó por cromatografía GC-MS. Se realizó la inmunodetección de NF-kB en macrófagos peritoneales, riñón e hígado. Se determinó la capacidad fagocítica de macrófagos peritoneales y se evaluó la expresión de citoquinas pro y antiinflamatorias por RT-qPCR en riñón, hígado y bazo. Resultados : Las dietas B y C mostraron una adecua ción nutricional óptima y generaron niveles elevados de ALA, EPA y DHA en tejidos críticos. La capacidad fagocítica de los macrófagos peritoneales (p< 0.01) y la transcripción de IL-10 aumentó, mientras que la expre sión de NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6 y TNF-α disminuyó en animales de los grupos B y C. Conclusiones : Este trabajo contribuye al conocimien to actual de los efectos antiinflamatorios de ambas hari nas integrales y refuerza los beneficios de su consumo.

Evaluation of basil extract ( Ocimum basilicum L. ) on oxidative, anti-genotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects in human leukocytes cell cultures exposed to challenging agents

ABSTRACT Ocimum is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family. Several studies about basil and its popular use reveal many characteristics of the herb, including its use as antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, and cardiovascular agents, among others. In this paper, we evaluated genotoxic, oxidative, and anti-inflammatory parameters from the extract of Ocimum basilicum in different concentrations, using human leukocytes cultures exposed to challenging agents. Our results confirm that the O. basilicum extract acts as an antioxidant and effectively reverts or subjugates the effects of high oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide. These actions are attributed to its composition, which is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids as well as compounds such as rosmarinic acid, all of which have well-known antioxidant activity. We also show that our basil extract presents anti-inflammatory properties, the mechanism of which is a composed interaction between the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator and the stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Although pharmacodynamics studies are necessary to evaluate the activities in vivo, our results demonstrated that basil could act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and a possible alternative for medicinal treatment.

Multiple Potential Roles of Spirulina in Human Health: A Critical Review

Spirulina is a freshwater blue-green microalgae which has been used as a food supplement for centuries. It is a rich source of several macro- and micro-nutrients. Several studies have demonstrated the potential nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and health benefits of Spirulina. The focus of this article is to highlight the multiple potential roles of Spirulina in human health. Studies have demonstrated Spirulina's roles in boosting immunity through increasing resistance to various infections. Potential health benefits of Spirulina in association with its antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported. Owing to its nutrient profiles and nutraceutical properties, Spirulina has been shown to have potential therapeutic roles in metabolic diseases, hypertension, anaemia, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Activity Anti-Inflammatory and in silico Study of New Thiazolidinedione Derivatives.

Aims: Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of new thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives. Study Design: Study the effects of new thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives on the inflammatory process. Place and Duration of Study: Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), between June 2011 and July 2012. Methodology: Compounds thiazolidine-2,4-diones were tested for anti-inflammatory activity by air pouch model. Swiss albino mice were used for the study. Air cavities were produced by subcutaneous injection of 2.5 mL of sterile air into the intrascapular area of the back. An additional 2.5 mL of air was injected into the cavity every 3 days to keep the space open. Seven days after the initial air injection, 1 mL of a 1% solution of carrageenan dissolved in saline was injected directly into the pouch to produce an inflammatory response. The compoundsthiazolidine-2,4-diones and standard piroxicam were tested at doses of 3 mg/kg body weight. The total number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) was countedusing an improved. Results: The results support the use of these derivatives in inflammatory process. Among the compounds tested the ones that showed a greater effect in inhibiting the migration of neutrophils were the 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d and 3e. The anti-inflammatory effects showed by 3a-j were promising, probably due to the duality of action on PPAR alpha and gamma. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study has shown that the thiazolidine derivatives do possess significant anti-inflammatory effects in laboratory animals. The exact mechanism and the bioactive principles responsible for these actions remain to be explained.

ácidos grasos omega-3 (epa y dha) y su aplicación en diversas situaciones clínicas / Omega-3 fatty aciids (epa and dha) and its application in diverse clinical situations

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexae-noic acid (DHA) are found in significant amounts in fatty fish (tuna fish, mackerel and salmon) and especially in the oil obtained from these species, which is actually utilized as a nutritional supplement (nutraceutical). After ingestion, both EPA and DHA are rapidly incorporated into cellular membrane phospholipids where they can be released by lipooxygenases and cyclooxygenases enzymes and transformed in powerful bioactive products wich have cytoprotective and especially anti-inflammatory activities. Clinical and epidemiological evidence have firmly established that consumption ofEPA and DHA may contribute to the prevention and / or treatment of a number of diseases, especially those where inflammation plays a remarkable role in its development. EPA and DHA exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties, either via the generation of anti-inflammatory products, such as the resol-vins, or by blocking inflammatory agents. In the present paper we review possible clinical applications of EPA and DHA in pathologies, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and ischemia - reperfusion injury. The evidence suggests that ω-3 LCPUFA may have promising applications in the prevention and / or treatment of different clinical and nutritional pathologies.

Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga omega-3 (AGPICL ω-3) como el ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA) se encuentran en cantidades importantes en los pescados grasos (atún, jurel y salmón) y especialmente en el aceite obtenido de estas especies, el cual actualmente se utiliza como suplemento nutricional (nutracéutico). Tanto el EPA como el DHA, luego de ser ingeridos, se incorporan rápidamente a los fosfolípidos de las membranas celulares donde pueden ser liberados por enzimas lipooxigenasas y ciclooxigenasas, originando productos con potentes propiedades citoprotectoras y especialmente antiinflamatorias. La evidencia clínica y epidemiológica de múltiples estudios permite establecer que el consumo de EPA y DHA puede contribuir a la prevención y/o tratamiento de una serie de patologías, especialmente aquellas donde la inflamación juega un papel preponderante en su desarrollo. El EPA y el DHA presentan propiedades antiinflamatorias, vía la generación ya sea de agentes anti-inflamatorios, como las resolvinas, o a través del bloqueo de agentes pro-inflamatorios. En el presente artículo se presentan evidencias sobre las posibles aplicaciones clínicas de los AGPICL ω-3 en patologías tales como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, neurodegenerativas, cáncer, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, artritis reumatoidea e injuria por isquemia - reperfusión. La evidencia sugiere que los AGPICL ω-3 pueden tener promisorias aplicaciones en el tratamiento y/o la prevención de diferentes patologías clínicas o nutricionales.