Hypoglycemic activities of flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and identification of anti-oxidant components by off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging detection / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To identify phytochemical constituents present in the extract of flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and evaluate their anti-oxidant and anti-hyperglycemic capacities.@*METHODS@#The AlCl3 colorimetric method and Prussian Blue assay were used to determine the contents of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids in extraction layers, and the bioactive layers was screened through anti - oxidative activity in vitro. The Waters ACQUITY UPLC system and a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.0 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) were used to identify the ingredients. And anti-oxidative ingredients were screened by off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. The ameliorative role of it was further evaluated in a high-fat, streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model and the study was carried out on NADPH oxidase (PDB ID: 2CDU) by molecular docking.@*RESULTS@#Combined with the results of activity screening in vitro, the anti - oxidative part was identified as the ethyl acetate layer. A total of 24 chemical constituents were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the ethyl acetate layer and 13 main anti-oxidative active constituents were preliminarily screened out through off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. In vivo experiments showed that flowers of X. sorbifolia could significantly reduce the blood glucose level of diabetic mice and alleviate liver cell damage. Based on the results of docking analysis related to the identified phytocompounds and oxidase which involved in type 2 diabetes, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and isoquercitrin showed a better inhibitory profile.@*CONCLUSION@#The ethyl acetate layer was rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids and had significant anti-oxidant activity, which could prevent hyperglycemia. This observed activity profile suggested X. sorbifolia flowers as a promising new source of tea to develop alternative natural anti-diabetic products with a high safety margin.

In-vitro Anti-hyperglycemic Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Delonix regia Bark

Anti-hyperglycemic agents is a substance that helps a person with diabetes control their level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. It includes insulin and oral anti-hyperglycemic agents. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood glucose levels leading to other major complications. Thus, obtaining these anti hyperglycemic agents through easily available flora is necessary. Delonix regia , a tree cultivated worldwide, has also been used as traditional medicine in various disorders. Aim of the project work was to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic activity in the hydroalcoholic extract of D. regia bark for the treatment of hyperglycemia. The collected bark was dried, powdered and extracted through cold maceration method. The extract was further concentrated to obtain a gummy mass of the hydroalcoholic extract. The extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis through conventional chemical tests and GC-MS. After the identification of the phytoconstituents, they were studied for their clinically proven properties. In-vitro anti-hyperglycemic studies were carried out through assays like alpha-amylase inhibition assay and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. The results of the extract were compared with results of standard acarbose. The IC 50 standard values in alpha-amylase inhibition assay and ?-glucosidase inhibition assay were 98.77 and 84.33 ?g/mL, respectively. The IC 50 values of hydroalcoholic extract of D. regia bark in alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay were 167 and 116.31 ?g/mL, respectively. From the study, the hydroalcoholic extract of bark of D. regia exhibit anti-hyperglycemic activity compared to standard acarbose.

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of aqueous extracts of cells produced in Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Green cell culture on murine model / Actividad anti-hiperglucémica del extracto acuoso de células producidas en cultivo celular de Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Green en un modelo murino

Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Greene, is a plant native to Mexico, where its roots have been used traditionally for treating Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this work was to establishment of cell cultures of stem explants of I. sonorae and evaluation of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of cell aqueous extract on a murine model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell extracts had 2.29 mg palmitic acid/g extracted, and other compounds with pharmacological activities like palmitoyl ethanolamide and palmitoyl tryptamine were also identified. Diabetic rats treated with aqueous cell extract decreased glucose levels from 350 mg/dL to 145 mg/dL, AST and ALT from 164 U/L to 49 U/L and 99 U/L to 53 U/L, respectively. Additionally, there were no changes in the cellular morphology of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and spleen. These results revealed that the cell aqueous extract from stem explants has anti-hyperglycemic activity.

Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Greene, es una planta originaria de México, donde sus raíces se han utilizado tradicionalmente para el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el establecimiento de cultivos celulares de explantes de tallo de I. sonorae y la evaluación de la actividad anti-hiperglucémica del extracto acuoso celular en un modelo de ratas diabéticas inducidas con estreptozotocina. El extracto celular contiene 2.29 mg de ácido palmítico/g extracto y se identificaron otros compuestos como palmitoil etanolamida y palmitoil triptamina. Las ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto celular disminuyeron los niveles de glucosa de 350 mg/dL a 145 mg/dL, AST y ALT de 164 U/L a 49 U/L y 99 U/L a 53 U/L, respectivamente. Además, no hubo cambios en la morfología celular del páncreas, hígado, riñones y bazo. Estos resultados indican que el extracto de células de explantes de tallo de I. sonorae tiene actividad anti-hiperglucémica.

Research on hypoglycemic activity of Osmanthus fragrans var. thunbergii extract / 药学学报

This study aimed to assess the hypoglycemic activity, and in vitro inhibition of α-glucosidase, inhibition of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and total antioxidant capacity were used to clarify its bioactivity. Furthermore, the potential hypoglycemic active chemical constituents in the aqueous extract of Osmanthus fragrans var. thunbergii flower were characterized using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) method. The result showed that in vitro inhibition of α-glucosidase of the extract (IC50 = 2.11 ± 0.26 mg·mL-1) were similar to acarbose (IC50 = 2.88 ± 0.32 mg·mL-1), and it inhibited the AGEs formation and the total antioxidant capacity in a certain extent. Based on the MS fragmentation pathway analysis of reference chemical acteoside contained in this extract, and related references, 73 constituents were tentatively identified from the aqueous extract of Osmanthus fragrans var. thunbergii flower, including 58 phenylethanoids, 8 caffeoylquinic acids, 1 flavonoid vicenin-2, and 6 common organic chemicals in plant. Furthermore, 8 unknown alkaloids were characterized in this work. Among of these chemicals, 61 phenylethanoids were supposed to be detected for the first time. In conclusion, this work disclosed the potential hypoglycemic active constituents of Osmanthus fragrans var. thunbergii flower.

Anti-hyperglycemic fraction from Alternanthera sessilis L. leaves gets elucidated following bioassay-guided isolation and mass spectrometry

Abstract The anecdotal use of Alternanthera sessilis L. as a relief for diabetes has been known in the Philippines for generations, and antidiabetic activity of similar varieties in other countries is likewise documented. However, the compounds responsible for this activity remain unclear. This study aims to isolate the anti-hyperglycemic fraction of local A. sessilis leaves and identify the compounds in this fraction. Methanol extract of A. sessilis leaves and its hexane, ethyl acetate (ASE), and water fractions were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic mice. ASE (250mg/kg) had the highest anti-hyperglycemic activity at 6-h post-treatment (25.81%±12.72%), with almost similar blood glucose reduction rate as metformin (30.13±3.75%, p=0.767). Repeated fractionation employing chromatographic separation techniques followed by in vivo anti-hyperglycemic assay yielded partially purified subfractions. A. sessilis ethyl acetate subfraction 4-2 (100mg/kg) displayed remarkable suppression of blood glucose rise in diabetic mice at 6-h post-treatment (26.45±3.75%, p<0.0001), with comparable activity with metformin (100mg/kg, 27.87±5.65%, p=0.652). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry showed eight distinct peaks, with four peaks annotated via the Traditional Chinese Medicine library and custom library for A. sessilis. Among these, luteolin, apigenin, ononin, and sophorabioside were identified as putative compounds responsible for the anti-hyperglycemic activity. This result provided basis for the reported anecdotal claims and potential utility of the local variety of A. sessilis leaves as sources of anti-hyperglycemic agents

Anti-hyperglycemic Effects of Diacerein in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats

Objective: To determine the anti-hyperglycemic effects of interleukin-1 inhibitor (diacerein) in alloxan induced diabetic albino wistar rats. This experimental study was performed at the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam within 6 months from April 2016 to September 2016. Total of 160 adult Albino Wistar Rats having an average of 200 to 300 grams body weights were selected. Animals were categorized into 4 groups as;  Group A (n=15): Control rats – receive 0.9% normal saline as placebo Experimental Groups  Group B (n=15): Experimental Control (Diabetic rats) - Alloxan50 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal.  Group C (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (30 mg/kg/day) orally daily.  Group D (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (50 mg/kg/day) orally daily. Animals were kept and treated as per the NIH Guideline for Use and Care of Laboratory Animals. Diabetes mellitus was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 milligram/kg alloxan monohydrated dissolved in aseptic 0.9% saline. After 72 hours, blood specimens were taken from the caudal vein of the rats and glucose level>200 mg/dL was taken as diabetes. Experimental rats were given diacerein approximately 30 and 50 mg orally for 6 weeks. At the completion of experiment the body weight was measured of each animal by electronic measuring balance and blood sample was taken from each animal of all groups to assess the blood glucose level and HbA1c level. Data were recorded via self-made proforma and analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Results: Average body weight of Diabetic control (Group B) was 193.33±22.50 grams, which was lower in contrast to Diacerein treated group C 202.47±25.70 grams and significantly lower as compared to Diacerein treated group D as 212.6±23.43 grams. A significant increase in blood glucose levels 182.07±10.63 mg/dl was noted in the Diabetic control (Group B) compared to Diacerein treated group C (110.13± 8.54 mg/dl) and group D (85.87±8.41 mg/dl) (P=0.001). HbA1c was markedly raised in the Group B- diabetic controls, while diacerein treated diabetic rats (groups C and D) showed a significant decrease in HbA1c (P=0.001). Conclusion: It was concluded that Diacerein achieves the Euglycemic state by reducing the levels of blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Alloxan-Induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats

Morphological, phytochemical and anti-hyperglycemic evaluation of Brachychiton populneus

Abstract Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br., Malvaceae, is one of five Brachychiton species cultivated in Egypt. Little information was found concerning the morphological, phytochemical and biological investigations of B. populneus. Morphological investigations of B. populneus were performed on fresh and dried leaves. Air-dried, ground leafy branches were extracted with 70% methanol/water yielding B. populneus extract. Seventeen flavonoids were isolated and identified using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques; eleven of them were reported for the first time from this plant. Potential activity of B. populneus extract against alloxan inducing oxidative stress and diabetes in male rats was preliminary investigated (four groups of ten rats /group). B. populneus extract (500 mg/kg bw i.p.) exhibited significant acute anti-hyperglycemic activity with blood glucose levels of 227.3 and 157.6 mg/dl after 4 and 24 h, respectively, compared to alloxan and standard Diamicron (5 mg/kg bw p.o.) groups, as well as to a normoglycemic control group at p < 0.05. The extract reverted the body weight values of the alloxan-induced diabetic rats to that of control animals after 24 h. In addition, B. populneus extract counteracted the effect of the oxidative stress induced by alloxan causing significantly increase in the glutathione content level (2.35 mmol/l) and relative decrease in the malondialdehyde level (21.31 nmol/l) and nitric oxide content (1.98 µmol/l) in serum after 24 h of treatment compared to alloxan-induced diabetic rats (1.01 mmol/l, 118.9 nmol/l, 4.69 µmol/l, respectively) and to normoglycemic control at p < 0.05. These effects appear to be related to the flavonoid principles. The intergeneric relationship of the genus Brachychiton and other related genera assessed well-supported differentiation between them. Furthermore, a significant dissimilarity was observed at interspecific level.

Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Potentials of Methanol Leaf Extracts of Aframomum melegueta and Piper guineense

Aim: The study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic potentials of methanol extracts of Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta leaves with a view to utilizing the plants in the treatment and management of cardiovascular disorders. Methodology: Twenty-eight healthy albino rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups: Group I received normal saline (2 ml/kg bwt); Group II received a single dose of alloxan(150 mg/kg bwt) intraperitoneally; Group III received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + glibenclamide (5 mg/kg bwt);Group IV received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) +PG (200 mg/kg bwt); Group V received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + PG (400 mg/kg bwt); Group VI received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + AM 200 (mg/kg bwt); Group VII received alloxan (150 mg/kg bwt) + AM (400 mg/kg bwt). The blood glucose level was determined before and after treatment with the extracts. The lipid: (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated using the Randox diagnostic kits. Results: The results revealed that alloxan was able to induce hyperglycemia at 150 mg/kg bwt and post-treatment with P. guineense and A. melegueta at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg bwt were able to significantly lower the blood glucose level which was quite apparent in AM treated groups. Also, the extracts at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were able to bring a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in TC, TG and LDL concentrations when compared to the alloxan treated group with the highest reduction in AM treated groups. Conclusion: These results revealed that the methanol extract of P. guineense and A. melegueta elicited anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic potentials of the extracts with the highest effect observed in A. melegueta treated rats.

Bioactivity of methanolic extract of Brassica juncea in animal model of diabetes mellitus / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the bioactivity of methanolic extract of Brassica juncea on animal model of diabetes mellitus along with its effect on diabetic and metabolic parameters. Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) intraperitonealy. Blood glucose was measured on day 3 by GOD-POD method to confirm the diabetes mellitus. Rats having fasting blood glucose > 250 mg/dL were further selected for study and they were divided into four groups, control, control + streptozotocin, streptozotocin + metformin (75 mg/kg) and streptozotocin+ extract of B. juncea (450 mg/kg). Each group consisted of six rats of either sex. Metformin and experimental extract were administered for 21 d. Triglyceride, cholesterol level were measured on day 21 by commercially available kit. Blood glucose was measured on days 7 and 21. Anti-oxidant potential was assessed by estimating extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in liver, kidney, pancreas, muscle tissues on day 21. Unpaired and paired student's t-test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: The extract of B. juncea showed significant decrease in blood glucose level on day 21. The treatment group showed significant difference in oxidative stress by increasing SOD and GSH and decreasing LPO and NO activity on day 21. The treatment did not show statistically significant difference of cholesterol, and triglycerides level on day 21. Conclusion: The study showed anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidative properties of methanolic extract of B. juncea.

Evaluation of antihyperglycemic activities of Bangladeshi medicinal plant Cinnamomum tamala Leaf extracts in alloxan treated Albino Rats

Background: Diabetic mellitus is a multifactorial disorder associated with its devastating consequences has assumed epidemic proportion in Bangladesh.Methods: The study evaluates the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the aqueous extracts of C. tamala (CTLEt) leaves in blood glucose of albino rats. Type II diabetes mellitus was induced by injecting alloxan at the concentration of 100mg/kg body weight in male albino rats. The diabetic rats were administered orally with aqueous CTLEt at the amount of 1.0ml, 1.5ml and 2.0ml with lab diet and glibenclamide (5mg/kg of body weight). Then blood glucose levels were estimated in all groups after 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours of the treatment with CTLEt and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide.Results: A comparison was made between the action of CTLEt and glibenclamide. Blood glucose levels of the CTLEt on 18th hours of the study were 8.6 to 5.1mmol/L (1ml CTLEt with lab diet), 10.4 to 4.9mmol/L (1.5ml CTLEt with lab diet), 14.7 to 4.3mmol/L (2.0ml CTLEt with lab diet) in comparison of diabetic control (9.5 to 8.5, 8.7 to 7.8, 7.7 to 7.1mmol/L) and glibenclamide (13.9 to 6.5, 16.3 to 6.1, 9.5 to 5.1mmol/L). Among the sample level, the 2.0ml CTLEt showed a higher efficiency of hypoglycemic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats.Conclusions: Till date, there is no specific experimental work in Bangladesh about the evolution of antidiabetic activity of C. tamala plant in animal model. Further studies should be undertaken to find out the molecular mechanism of the leaf powder of C. tamala medicinal plant.

Novel benzamido derivatives as PTP1B inhibitors with anti-hyperglycemic and lipid-lowering efficacy

Based on a non-competitive and selective PTP1B inhibitor reported by us previously, thirty-nine benzamido derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel PTP1B inhibitors. Among them, twelve compounds exhibited IC values at micromolar level against human recombinant PTP1B, and most of them exhibited significant selectivity to PTP1B over TC-PTP and CD45. Further evaluation of the most potent compound on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin-resistant (IR) obese mice indicated that could modulate glucose metabolism and ameliorate dyslipidemia simultaneously.

The Anti-hyperglycemic and Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitory Activities of Bonito Dashi: Efficacy Testing in Human Subjects / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

In food science, natural ingredients that can inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV ( DPP IV ) may be useful for preventing diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of bonito dashi having a high DPP IV inhibitory activity (IC50 ; 3049 µg/ ml) on the postprandial increase in blood glucose levels in 14 subjects. Bonito dashi (5 g) was subsequently subjected to oral glucose tolerance tests. Blood glucose levels of all subjects were measured at fasting and at 30 min after ingesting of bonito dashi or of warmed tap water as a control, and were also measured at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, and 150 min after ingestion of cooked rice. The maximum blood glucose level between 0 and 150 min after ingesting of bonito dashi was for 30 min, of warmed tap water for 45 min ). The blood glucose levels after ingestion of bonito dashi and warmed tap water were 135.6 ± 8.7 mg/ dl and 140.3 mg/ dl, respectively at 30 min ( p = 0.602 ); 135.6 ± 8.7 mg/ dl and 144.1 ± 10.7 mg/ dl, respectively at 45 min ( p = 0.057 ); 120.0 ± 4.9 mg/ dl and 136.8 ± 7.8 mg/ dl, respectively at 60 min ( p = 0.063 ); 110.0 ± 5.9 mg/ dl and 134.9 ± 6.9 mg/ dl, respectively at 75 min ( p = 0.006 ); 110.3 ± 6.8 mg/ dl and 129.3 ± 6.6 mg/ dl, respectively, at 90 min ( p = 0.036 ); 103.4 ± 4.1 mg/ dl and 118.7 ± 8.0 mg/ dl, respectively, at 120 min ( p = 0.091 ); 91.5 ± 3.8 mg/ dl and 102.3 ± 5.9 mg/ dl, respectively, at 150 min ( p = 0.232 ). The area under the curve for blood glucose levels after ingestion of bonito dashi and warmed tap water was 4753.1 ± 439.7 mg/ dl ×min and 6879.4 ± 728.1 mg/ dl ×min, respectively ( p = 0.005 ). Postprandial increase in blood glucose levels was lower in subjects ingestion of bonito dashi than in those ingestion of the warmed tap water. No serious adverse events related to ingestion of bonito dashi were observed. Our findings suggested that the ingestion of bonito dashi (5 g) suppressed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels in our subjects.

Production and Its Anti-hyperglycemic Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid from the Wild Yeast Strain Pichia silvicola UL6-1 and Sporobolomyces carnicolor 402-JB-1

This study was done to produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from wild yeast as well as investigate its anti-hyperglycemic effects. Among ten GABA-producing yeast strains, Pichia silvicola UL6-1 and Sporobolomyces carnicolor 402-JB-1 produced high GABA concentration of 134.4 µg/mL and 179.2 µg/mL, respectively. P. silvicola UL6-1 showed a maximum GABA yield of 136.5 µg/mL and 200.8 µg/mL from S. carnicolor 402-JB-1 when they were cultured for 30 hr at 30℃ in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose medium. The cell-free extract from P. silvicola UL6-1 and S. carnicolor 402-JB-1 showed very high anti-hyperglycemic α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 72.3% and 69.9%, respectively. Additionally, their cell-free extract-containing GABA showed the anti-hyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats.

Anti-hyperglycemic property of Hericium erinaceus-A mini review

Hericium erinaceus (H.erinaceus) is one of the widely used edible mushrooms around the world,primarily in Asian countries.H.erinaceus is used in traditional medicines,and mushroom based foods.The fruiting body and mycelia of H.erinaceus are extracted using the solvents,and several bioactive compounds were identified.Several studies have reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health benefits such as hemagglutinating,antimicrobial,immunomodulatory,anfitumor,antioxidant,and anti-aging activities,etc.This manuscript consciously updated the information about the composition of H.erinaceus,H.erinaceus based foods,and anti-hyperglycemic property of H.erinaceus.

Anti-hyperglycemic property of Hericium erinaceus – A mini review

Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus) is one of the widely used edible mushrooms around the world, primarily in Asian countries. H. erinaceus is used in traditional medicines, and mushroom based foods. The fruiting body and mycelia of H. erinaceus are extracted using the solvents, and several bioactive compounds were identified. Several studies have reported that those bioactive compounds exhibit many health benefits such as hemagglutinating, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-aging activities, etc. This manuscript consciously updated the information about the composition of H. erinaceus, H. erinaceus based foods, and anti-hyperglycemic property of H. erinaceus.

Anti-hyperglycemic effects of aqueous Lenzites betulina extracts from the Philippines on the blood glucose levels of the ICR mice (Mus musculus)

Objective: To examine the anti-hyperglycemic effects of aqueous Lenzites betulina (L. betulina) extracts on normoglycemic glucose-loaded mice. Methods: Different doses of aqueous extract from L. betulina were administered to 45 ICR mice (Mus musculus) to determine whether there was an effect of L. betulina extracts on the blood glucose level of the ICR mice. Aqueous extracts of L. betulina were orally gavaged to mice using oral glucose tolerance test. A total of five groups were used to determine the effect of the fungi on blood glucose of the mice. Group A (positive control) was given 16.7 μg/kg glimepiride; Group B (negative control) was given distilled water; Group C (low dosage) was given 200 mg/kg aqueous extract; Group D (mid dosage) was given 400 mg/kg aqueous extract and Group E (high dosage) was given 800 mg/kg aqueous extract. Baseline blood glucose value was firstly acquired before induction of hyperglycemia through d-glucose, after which another check on blood glucose was made after 0.5 h. Immediately, after the acquisition of hyperglycemic blood glucose level, the individual administration of treatments were done. After that, three blood collections were done spanning 3 h with 1 h interval. Results: The low dose (200 mg/kg) and the mid dose (400 mg/kg) of L. betulina extracts were significantly different (P 0.05) from its corresponding baseline value, acting faster than the positive control (glimepiride), which only became significantly different (P < 0.05) at the 2nd hour. Conclusions: Aqueous L. betulina extract is able to produce hypoglycemic effects on the mice with all doses, which are able to normalize blood glucose levels at varying times.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors as anti-diabetic agents: a review.

The incidence and prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been increasing worldwide. However, existing therapeutic classes of anti-diabetic drugs are not adequately effective in achieving and maintaining long-term glycemic control in the most patients. The majority of the drugs control blood sugar without addressing the basic pathology of insulin resistance and relative defi ciency. Moreover, side effects such as hypoglycemia and weight gain, of both new and established drugs need to be considered prior to treating a patient. An emerging anti-hyperglycemic intervention, the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor acts by a novel mechanism. Under physiological conditions, SGLT2 accounts for 90% of the glucose re-absorption in the kidney, while the SGLT2 inhibitors result in an increase in urinary excretion of glucose and lower plasma glucose levels. Here, the pros and cons of SGLT2 inhibitors are considered, while approaching a patient with T2DM. The basic biochemistry and physiology underlying the mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors are discussed alongside its clinical pharmacology, with a focus on metabolic changes associated with urinary glucose loss. Finally, a consideration of Food and Drug Administration safety concerns associated with acidosis due to SGLT2 inhibitor usage is presented, to allow a complete understanding of the utility of these molecules in the light of existing T2DM therapies.

Antihyperglycemic and in vivo antioxidative activity evaluation of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: an ethnomedicinal plant in Assam

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the antihyperglycemic property of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) on streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rats.@*METHODS@#Oral glucose tolerance test level was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of extract. The extract was orally administered once daily at two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 15 d. The effect of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum bejolghota (MECB) on the divergence of body weights, blood glucose levels and the biochemical parameters viz., total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase were measured in an autoanalyzer. Histopathology of pancreas and in vivo antioxidative status was studied.@*RESULTS@#A significant increase in bodyweights and rapid decrease in hyperglycemic peak was experiential in animals treated with MECB. After 15 d treatment the total cholesterol, TG, low density lipoprotein level decreased and high density cholesterol level increased significantly. MECB reduced the levels of the elevated marker enzymes aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. MECB reduced the lipid peroxidation and improved the level of catalase and glutathione in liver. Histopathological studies of pancreas in diabetic and treated groups substantiate the cytoprotective action of extract.@*CONCLUSIONS@#It can be evident from the research work that Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) has potent antihyperglycemic activity and supports the in vivo antioxidative status.

Antihyperglycemic and in vivo antioxidative activity evaluation of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats: An ethnomedicinal plant in Assam

Objective: To evaluate the antihyperglycemic property of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) on streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rats. Methods: Oral glucose tolerance test level was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of extract. The extract was orally administered once daily at two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg for 15 d. The effect of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum bejolghota (MECB) on the divergence of body weights, blood glucose levels and the biochemical parameters viz., total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase were measured in an autoanalyzer. Histopathology of pancreas and in vivo antioxidative status was studied. Results: A significant increase in bodyweights and rapid decrease in hyperglycemic peak was experiential in animals treated with MECB. After 15 d treatment the total cholesterol, TG, low density lipoprotein level decreased and high density cholesterol level increased significantly. MECB reduced the levels of the elevated marker enzymes aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase. MECB reduced the lipid peroxidation and improved the level of catalase and glutathione in liver. Histopathological studies of pancreas in diabetic and treated groups substantiate the cytoprotective action of extract. Conclusions: It can be evident from the research work that Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) has potent antihyperglycemic activity and supports the in vivo antioxidative status.

Antinociceptive and Hypoglycemic Activities of Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott in Laboratory Animal.

Aims: The fruit of Scindapsus officinalis is known as Gajapeepal in Ayurveda. The folk lore claim of S. officinalis fruits are antidiabetic, anthelmintic, antidiarrhoeal, carminative, expectorant, tonic, antiprotozoal, anticancer, sharpening hearing, cardiotonic and regulating the bowel and appetite. It is also used in dysentery, asthma, troubles of the throat, bronchitis and for many other medical conditions. Hence the present studies were undertaken to highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of the fruit. Study Design: In this study, the ethanol extract of S. officinalis (EE0SF) was primarily evaluated through phytochemical screening. The compounds found in the fruit are of pharmacological interest which prompted us to focus the research on its possible analgesic and anti-diabetic activity and whether these effects are of any statistical significance. Place and Duration of Study: The research experiments were conducted in the Pharmacology laboratory of Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The studies were carried out during July 2013 to January 2013. Methodology: Qualitative phytochemical tests for the identification of various chemical constituents in the fruit extract were carried out with proper reagents. Analgesic potential of the fruit extract was assessed using acetic acid induced writhing response in Swiss albino mice. In this method, acetic acid is injected intraperitoneally to the experimental animals and the response is contraction of the abdominal muscles and the stretching of the hind limps. The fruit was further subjected to anti-diabetic study through six segment method and was investigated for anti-hyperglycemic effects in Long Evans rats. Results: Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of S. officinalis has indicated the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin and terpenoidcompounds. The analgesic experiment yielded a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in writhing at both 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight dose of extract in a dose dependent manner. The extract, at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight, caused a significant (p<0.05) dose dependent inhibition of sucrose absorption in six different segments of the gut and manifested hypoglycemic effects in rats at four different hours. Conclusion: In conclusion, these observations provide evidence and possible mechanisms of action for the medicinal properties of fruit of S.officinalis claimed in Ayurveda medicine.