RESUMO
Retinal arterial macroaneurysm(RAM)is a kind of acquired retinal vascular disorder. The pathogenesis of RAM is not yet clear, and it is associated with some systemic conditions, including hypertension, arteriosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. RAM is prone to exudation or bleeding, leading to some other complications in the condition of hypertension due to the weak tube wall, and its clinical manifestations are complex and diverse, which makes it difficult to diagnose. RAM itself has a tendency of self-degeneration, and the prognosis of visual acuity is good if the lesion doesn't involve the macular area. However, when the macula is affected by exudation and/or bleeding, the vision is severely affected and some feasible treatments are needed. Understanding the typical imaging manifestations of RAM is helpful to make a definite diagnosis and give corresponding treatment measures. In this paper, the manifestations of RAM by various examination methods are reviewed and the corresponding treatments of different types of RAM are summarized, aiming to provide reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of RAM in the future.
RESUMO
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in children worldwide.Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has become a widely used first-line treatment for ROP in recent decade, but the anti-VEGF treatment of ROP is off-label in China, and the injection method and dosage are different from adults.In December 2020, the Clinical Guideline for Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy of Retinopathy of Prematurity was released by the Japanese Ophthalmological Society, which is by far the only guideline for anti-VEGF treatment of ROP.Due to the ethnic similarity between Japanese and Chinese, this guideline is of high reference value to Chinese ROP clinical practice.This article introduced and interpreted the main information in the guideline to provide Chinese ophthalmologists references for the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of ROP.
RESUMO
Purpose: To analyze the change in the concentration of intraocular cytokines (ICs) in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) before and after intravitreal ranibizumab therapy (IVR), and to find the correlations of IC with clinical activity of RVO and efficiency of treatment. Materials and Methods: Forty‑four patients aged 46–79 years old (mean age: 60.7 ± 7.5 years old) with RVO and macular edema (18 patients – with central RVO, 26 – with branch RVO) treated with IVR were included into the study. The concentrations of 27 cytokines were simultaneously measured in aqueous humor by flow fluorometry using Bio‑Plex Pro Human Cytokine Panel, 27‑Plex (Bio‑Rad Laboratories, USA) at baseline and after the first IVR. Control group consisted of 20 age‑matched patients. Results: The levels of 11 cytokines (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], receptor antagonist interleukin‑1, interleukin‑6 [IL‑6], IL‑8, IL‑9, IL‑10, IL‑12r70, IL‑13, IL‑15, monocyte chemotactic protein‑1 [MCP‑1], regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted) were significantly (P < 0.05) different compared to control and significantly (P < 0.05) changed after IVR both in central and branch RVO. The patients were divided into two groups: the first ‑“effective” and the second ‑ “partially effective” therapy. The second group characterized by the higher concentrations of VEGF, IL‑8, IL‑10, IL‑17, and MCP‑1 at baseline compared to the first group. Conclusion: The patients with RVO were characterized by the increased levels of VEGF and other pro‑ and anti‑inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Aqueous concentration of cytokines were different in patients with central and branch RVO and significantly changed after IVR. Insufficient response to IVR was associated with activation of immune‑inflammatory processes.