Prevalencia de especies zoonóticas de Arcobacter en cerdos a nivel de matadero en Ecuador / Prevalence of zoonotic Arcobacter species in pigs at slaughterhouse level in Ecuador

RESUMEN Objetivo. Se pretende determinar la prevalencia, la diversidad y la resistencia antimicrobiana de las cuatro especies zoonóticas de Arcobacter en cerdos sanos, a nivel de matadero. Materiales y métodos. Fueron recolectadas, mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, 50 muestras fecales obtenidas por hisopado rectal de cerdos sanos a nivel de matadero, antes de su faenamiento. El aislamiento de las cepas de Arcobacter fue realizado por métodos microbiológicos, utilizando enriquecimiento selectivo en caldo y filtración pasiva, mientras que para la identificación de especie fueron utilizadas pruebas bioquímicas y moleculares (multiplex PCR). El comportamiento frente a los antimicrobianos fue determinado por el método de disco difusión. Resultados. Fueron aisladas las cuatro especies zoonóticas, las cuales presentaron las siguientes frecuencias de aislamiento: A. thereius (18.0%), A. skirrowii (18.0%), A. cryaerophilus (6.0%) y A. butzleri (2.0%). Se encontró alta frecuencia de resistencia a ciprofloxacina y en las cuatro especies fueron aisladas cepas multirresistentes (resistentes a más de tres antibióticos).

ABSTRACT Objective. To establish the prevalence, diversity and antimicrobial resistance of the zoonotic species of Arcobacter in healthy pigs at slaughterhouse level. Material and methods. Fifty fecal samples were taken by rectal swabs from healthy pigs, before the beginning of the slaughter at the slaughterhouse of Loja city, Southern Ecuador. Sampling was done by means of a non-probabilistic method for convenience. Isolation of Arcobacter strains was done by microbiological methods and species identification using biochemical and molecular (multiplex PCR) tests. Antimicrobial behavior was performed using the disk diffusion method. Results. The four zoonotic species of Arcobacter were found. The isolation rates were A. thereius (18.0%), A. skirrowii (18.0%), A. cryaerophilus (6.0%) and A. butzleri (2.0%). High resistance to ciprofloxacin was found and multi-resistant strains were isolated from these four species. Conclusions. The fecal carriage of the zoonotic species of Arcobacter was demonstrated in pigs at slaughterhouse level. These species showed high resistance to ciprofloxacin being isolated muti-resistant strains among these four species.

Perfil da prescrição de antibioticoprofilaxia em exodontia por cirurgiões dentistas da cidade de São Paulo / Profile of antibiotic prophylaxis prescription in exodontia by dentists from the city of São Paulo

Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo, com a aplicação de um questionário estruturado a 100 dentistas da cidade de São Paulo, para se avaliar a prescrição odontológica, a especialização do dentista, idade, tempo de atuação clínica e se o mesmo fez algum curso de reciclagem em farmacologia, após a graduação. Os resultados mostraram uma grande variação no esquema terapêutico, quanto ao fármaco e quanto à necessidade da prescrição. A maioria dos pesquisados não realizou reciclagem em farmacologia. Dentre aqueles que relataram ter realizado algum curso de reciclagem, foi observada uma similaridade na prescrição: amoxicilina: 500mg a cada 8 horas, por 7 dias. Entretanto, apenas 9,3% dos entrevistados relataram utilizar a antibioticoprofilaxia recomendada pela American Heart Association (AHA). A grande variabilidade para indicação da antibioticoprofilaxia, seja quanto à escolha do fármaco, esquema terapêutico ou situações em que devam ser prescritos, demonstra que a padronização do uso destes fármacos na prática clínica odontológica deve ser levada em consideração, evitando sua administração de forma equivocada ou desnecessária para seus pacientes.

A prospective study was carried out, applying a structured questionnaire to 100 dentists in the city of São Paulo, to evaluate the prescription, the expertise, age, clinical practice, experience time and if they had done any recycling course in pharmacology after graduation. A great variation in the therapeutic scheme and in the drug chosen was observed, as well as the prescription necessity. The majority of the dentists had not done recycling courses in pharmacology and great divergences between the prescriptions were observed. Among those who had reported to have done some recycling course, were observed similarities in the choice of the drug: amoxicillin 500mg every 8 hours, for 7 days. Only 9.3% reported applying the dose scheme recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA): amoxicillin 2g, single dose, 1h before the surgery. The great variability in the antibiotic prophylaxis prescription, such as drug choice and therapeutic scheme, shows that the antibiotic standardization in dentistry clinical practice should be considered to avoid unnecessary or incorrect antibiotic administration in their patients.