RESUMO
Introducción: Las infecciones asociadas a gérmenes multirresistentes son un problema de salud pública. El conocimiento de las prácticas de prescripción de antibióticos permite establecer programas de optimización de uso de antibióticos que mejoren la calidad de atención y disminuyan la tasa de infecciones asociadas a gérmenes resistentes. La neumonía, infección de vías urinarias e infección de piel y tejidos blandos son de las principales causas de ingresos a salas de hospitalización pediátricas, por lo que son patologías clave para los programas de gestión de antimicrobianos. Material y métodos:Realizamos un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal durante 3 meses con pacientes admitidos al Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas con diagnósticos de neumonía, infección de vías urinarias e infecciones de piel y tejidos blandos con el objetivo de determinar las características de la prescripción de antibióticos. Resultados y conclusiones: 127 sujetos fueron elegibles. 16.5% de estos, carecían de criterios de hospitalización. La selección del antibiótico empírico fue acorde con lo recomendado por las guías en 78.7% de los pacientes. La totalidad de los sujetos recibieron antibióticos prescritos en las dosis e intervalos adecuados. 66.1% cumplían criterios para terapia secuencial, la misma fue realizada en 7.9% de los casos. Las recomendaciones de infectología fueron seguidas por el médico tratante en 68.7% de los casos. El estudio señala la importancia de establecer criterios diagnósticos y de hospitalización, así como instaurar políticas de gestión de antibióticos que incluya un plan de duración.
Introduction: Infections associated with multiresistant germs are a public health problem. Knowledge of antibiotic prescribing practices allows the establishment of antibiotic optimization programs that improve the quality of care and decrease the rate of infections associated with resistant germs. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection and skin and soft tissue infections are among the main causes of admissions to pediatric hospital wards, therefore are key pathologies for antibiotic stewardship programs. Material and methods: We conducted an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study for 3 months, involving patients with pneumonia, urinary tract infection and skin and soft tissue infections to determine the characteristics of antibiotic prescription in the hospitalization wards of the Hospital de Especialidades Pediátricas Omar Torrijos Herrera. Results and conclusions: 127 patients were elegible. 16.5% lacked criteria for hospitalization. The empiric antibiotic matched the guidelines in 78.7% of the cases. 100% of the patients received antibiotics prescribed normed doses and intervals. 66.1% fulfilled criteria for sequential therapy, this was performed in 7.9% of the cases. Infection recommendations were followed by the treating physician in 68.7% of the cases. We address the importance of establishing diagnostic and hospitalization criteria, as well as instituting antibiotic stewardship policies that include a scheduled therapy plan and step down therapy to improve the use of antibiotics.
RESUMO
Vancomycin (VAN) is the gold standard therapy for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections such as bacteremia and endocarditis. However, VAN suboptimal dosing for serious infections caused by S. aureus isolates that have elevated minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), could be associated with poor outcome. Better understanding of VAN pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) has led to the creation of new recommendations with optimized dosing regimens for the treatment of MRSA infections. For severe infectious, such as pneumonia and endocarditis, a VAN serum trough concentration of 15-20 mg/L at the steady state should be targeted. The aim of this study was to show how a nomogram with updated VAN dosing was devised and how it was implemented in the electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) system of a teaching hospital. VAN loading dose and maintenance doses were calculated from a pharmacokinetic equation using basic parameters: weight, estimated creatinine clearance, as well as peak and trough serum concentrations. The implementation of the VAN dosing nomogram in the hospital e-prescribing system definitively changed the long-standing medical prescription fallacy of "same dose fits all". Finally, this computer-based electronic program has allowed a wide-ranging intervention and should be recognized as a powerful tool for implementation in antimicrobial stewardship programs.
Vancomicina (VAN) é utilizada como primeira escolha na terapia de infecções causadas por Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA), como bacteremia e endocardite. Entretanto, o aumento na concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de isolados de S. aureus e doses subterapêuticas de VAN podem estar associados à falha terapêutica. Para o melhor entendimento sobre o perfil farmacocinético e farmacodinâmico (PK/PD) da VAN foram elaboradas novas recomendações para terapia de infecções causadas por MRSA. Para terapia de infecções graves, como pneumonia e endocardite, a concentração sérica do vale de VAN de 15-20 mg/L no estado de equilíbrio dinâmico deve ser o alvo. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um nomograma com doses atualizadas de VAN e demonstrar como ele foi implementado no sistema de prescrição eletrônica em um Hospital Universitário. As doses de ataque e manutenção foram calculadas a partir de equações farmacocinéticas, utilizando parâmetros fundamentais: peso, depuração de creatinina, concentrações séricas do pico e do vale. A implementação de um nomograma de doses de VAN em um sistema de prescrição eletrônica modificou definitivamente o inadequado hábito de que "a mesma dose cabe em todos". Finalmente, esta abrangente ferramenta tecnológica deve ser considerada como uma robusta estratégia num programa de uso racional de antibióticos.