Myrtus communis leaves: source of bio - actives, traditional use, their biological properties, and prospects / Hojas de Myrtus communis: fuente de bioactivos, uso tradicional, sus propiedades biológicas y perspectivas

Myrtus communis L., commonly known as true myrtle, is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean area. Since ancient times, the inhabitant s of this area have been using it for its cultural and medicinal properties. Because of the vast diversity of biomolecules in its aerial parts, it exhibits several biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. This review retrospect the research on the source, biological activities with empirical evidence, chemical composition, applications, and cellular targets of extracts and essential oils obtained from M. communis leaves, which provides a perspective for further studies on the applications and formulations of extract and EO of M. communis leaves. The efficacy of constituents' individually, in association with other bioactive constituents, or in combination with available commercial drugs would provide insights in to the development of these bio - actives as future drugs and their evolving future potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and aroma industries.

Myrtus communis L., comúnmente conocido como arrayán verdadero, es una planta medicinal originaria de la zona mediterránea. Desde la antigüedad, los habitantes de esta zona lo utilizan por sus propiedades culturales y medicinales. Debido a la gran div ersidad de biomoléculas en sus partes aéreas, exhibe varias propiedades biológicas, incluidas propiedades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas y anticancerígenas. Esta revisión retrospectiva de la investigación sobre la fuente, las actividades biológicas con evi dencia empírica, la composición química, las aplicaciones y los objetivos celulares de los extractos y aceites esenciales obtenidos de las hojas de M. communis , lo que brinda una perspectiva para futuros estudios sobre las aplicaciones y formulaciones de l os extractos y EO de M. communis . La eficacia de los componentes individualmente, en asociación con otros componentes bioactivos o en combinación con medicamentos comerciales disponibles proporcionaría información sobre el desarrollo de estos bioactivos co mo medicamentos futuros y sus futuras aplicaciones potenciales en las industrias farmacéutica, alimentaria y aromática

Evaluation of Cytotoxic effect of Moringa peregrina seeds on Oral Cancer, CAL 27, Cell Line and Red Blood Cells Hemolysis / Evaluación del efecto citotóxico de las semillas de Moringa peregrina en el cáncer oral, CAL 27, líneas celulares y hemólisis de glóbulos rojos

Background: Moringa peregrina Forssk is a well-known plant in ethnomedicine due to its widespread uses in various diseases like cough, wound healing, rhinitis, fever, and detoxification. The plant seeds contain compounds that are cytotoxic to many cancer cells. During the therapeutic use of plants via the oral route, some compounds present in the plants may be cytotoxic to normal cell lines and red blood cells. Objective: This study was the first report of investigation of the cytotoxic profile on oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line, and hemolytic activities on human erythrocytes of Moringa peregrina seeds ethanolic extract (MPSE). Methods: MPSE was screened for its cytotoxic effect against oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5,-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The toxicity of MPSE on human erythrocytes was determined by in vitro hemolytic assay. Results: MPSE showed significant anti-proliferative activity against oral cancer, CAL 27 cell line at lower concentrations with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 21.03 µg/mL. At 1,000 µg/ml of MPSE, the maximum hemolysis was found to be 14.3% which is within safer limit. Conclusions: This study revealed a potential anti-oral cancer of MPSE and provided a baseline for its potential use in oral cancer treatment with minimum hemolytic effect on human RBCs.

La Moringa peregrina Forssk es una planta muy conocida en etnomedicina debido a sus usos generalizados en diversas enfermedades como la tos, la cicatrización de heridas, la rinitis, la fiebre y la desintoxicación. Las semillas de la planta contienen compuestos citotóxicos para muchas células cancerosas. Durante el uso terapéutico de las plantas por vía oral, algunos compuestos presentes en ellas pueden ser citotóxicos para las líneas celulares normales y los glóbulos rojos. Objetivo: Este estudio fue el primer informe de investigación del perfil citotóxico sobre el cáncer oral, CAL 27, línea celular, y las actividades hemolíticas en eritrocitos humanos del extracto etanólico de semillas de Moringa peregrina (MPSE). Métodos: Se examinó el efecto citotóxico del MPSE contra la línea celular de cáncer oral CAL 27 mediante el ensayo con bromuro de 3-(4, 5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2, 5,-difeniltetrazolio (MTT). La toxicidad del MPSE sobre los eritrocitos humanos se determinó mediante un ensayo hemolítico in vitro. Resultados: MPSE mostró una actividad antiproliferativa significativa contra el cáncer oral, línea celular CAL 27 a concentraciones más bajas con un valor de concentración inhibitoria media máxima (IC50) de 21,03 µg/mL. A 1.000 µg/ml de MPSE, la hemólisis máxima fue del 14,3%, lo que está dentro del límite de seguridad. Conclusiones: Este estudio reveló un potencial anticancerígeno oral de MPSE y proporcionó una base para su uso potencial en el tratamiento del cáncer oral con un efecto hemolítico mínimo en los glóbulos rojos humanos.

Identification of cancer inhibitors from Hystrix brachyura bezoar extracts using LC - MS multivariate data analysis and in silico evaluation on Bcl - 2, cyclin B/CDK1, VEGF and NM23 - H1 / Identificación de inhibidores de cáncer a partir de extractos de bezoar de Hystrix branchyura usando análisis multivariado LC - MS y evaluación in silico en Bcl - 2, cyclin B/CDK1, VEGF, y NM23 - H1

Hystrix brach yura bezoar is calcified undigested material found in the gastrointestinal tract known for various medicinal benefits including as an anticancer agent. However, the H. brachyura population has been declining due to its demand and is under Malaysian law pro tection. Therefore, present study aimed to identify bezoar anticancer active compounds through metabolomics and in - silico approaches. Five replicates of bezoar powder were subjected to extraction using different solvent ratios of methanol - water (100, 75, 5 0, 25, 0% v/v). Cytotoxicity and metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry were conducted. Putative compounds identified were subjected to in - silico analysis with targeted anticancer proteins namely, Bcl - 2, Cyclin B/CDK1 complex, V EGF and NM23 - H1. The correlation of LC - MS and cytotoxicity profile pinpointed two compounds, mangiferin and propafenone. In - silico study showed both compounds exerted good binding scores to all proteins with hydrophobic interaction dominating the ligand - pr otein complex binding, suggesting the ligands act as hydrophobes in the interactions.

El bezpar de Hystrix branchyura es material calcificado sin digerir encontr ados en el tracto gastrointestinal, conocido por sus variados beneficios médicos, incluyendo propiedades anticancerosas. De todas formas, la población de H. Branchyura ha ido declinando debido a su demanda y está bajo la protección de la ley de Malasia. Po r esto, este estudio busca identificar los componentes activos anticancerosos del bezoar mediante abordajes metabolómico e in silico. Cinco réplicas de polvo de bezoar fueron sometidos a extracción usando solventes con diferentes proporciones metanol - agua (100, 75, 50, 25, 0% v/v). Se hicieron perfiles de citotoxicidad y de metabolitos usando cromatografía líquida - espectrometría de masa ( LC - MS ). Se identificaron compuestos putativos yse sometieron a a nálisis in silico, buscando las proteínas anticancerosas B cl - 2, complejo Cyclin B/CDK1, VEGF, y NM23 - H1. La correlación LC - MS y el perfil de citotoxicidad identificaron dos compuestos: mangiferina y propafenona. El estudio in silico mostró que ambos compuestos tenían buenos índices de enlace con todas las proteín as con interacción hidrofóbica dominando el enlace complejo proteína - ligando, sugeriendo que los ligandos actúan como hidrófobos en las interacciones

Monotropein Induced Apoptosis and Suppressed Cell Cycle Progression in Colorectal Cancer Cells / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To determine whether monotropein has an anticancer effect and explore its potential mechanisms against colorectal cancer (CRC) through network pharmacology and molecular docking combined with experimental verification.@*METHODS@#Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict potential targets of monotropein against CRC. Cell counting kit assay, plate monoclonal assay and microscopic observation were used to investigate the antiproliferative effects of monotropein on CRC cells HCT116, HT29 and LoVo. Flow cytometry and scratch assay were used to analyze apoptosis and cell cycle, as well as cell migration, respectively in HCT116, HT29, and LoVo cells. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of proteins related to apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell migration, and the expression of proteins key to the Akt pathway.@*RESULTS@#The Gene Ontology and Reactome enrichment analyses indicated that the anticancer potential of monotropein against CRC might be involved in multiple cancer-related signaling pathways. Among these pathways, RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt1, Akt2), cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42) were shown as the potential anticancer targets of monotropein against CRC. Molecular docking suggested that monotropein may interact with the 6 targets (Akt1, Akt2, CDK6, MMP9, EGFR, CDC42). Subsequently, cell activity of HCT116, HT29 and LoVo cell lines were significantly suppressed by monotropein (P<0.05). Furthermore, our research revealed that monotropein induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting Bcl-2 and increasing Bax, induced G1-S cycle arrest in colorectal cancer by decreasing the expressions of CyclinD1, CDK4 and CDK6, inhibited cell migration by suppressing the expressions of CDC42 and MMP9 (P<0.05), and might play an anticancer role through Akt signaling pathway.@*CONCLUSION@#Monotropein exerts its antitumor effects primarily by arresting the cell cycle, causing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting cell migration. This indicates a high potential for developing novel medication for treating CRC.

Flavonoid Myricetin as Potent Anticancer Agent: A Possibility towards Development of Potential Anticancer Nutraceuticals / 中国结合医学杂志

Good nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced lifestyle. The beneficial effects of nutrition have been found to counteract nutritional disturbances with the expanded use of nutraceuticals to treat and manage cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other developmental defects over the last decade. Flavonoids are found abundantly in plant-derived foods such as fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa, and wine. Fruits and vegetables contain phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. Flavonoids can act as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-microbial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral) antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diarrheal agents. Flavonoids are also reported to upregulate apoptotic activity in several cancers such as hepatic, pancreatic, breast, esophageal, and colon. Myricetin is a flavonol which is naturally present in fruits and vegetables and has shown possible nutraceutical value. Myricetin has been portrayed as a potent nutraceutical that may protect against cancer. The focus of the present review is to present an updated account of studies demonstrating the anticancer potential of myricetin and the molecular mechanisms involved therein. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying its anticancer activity would eventually help in its development as a novel anticancer nutraceutical having minimal side effects.

Anticancer effect of parasites and its underlying mechanisms: a review / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Both parasitic diseases and cancers are disorders that seriously threaten human health. A strong correlation has been recently found between parasitic infections and cancers, and multiple species of parasites and their derived products have shown effective to suppress cancer development, progression and metastasis. Therefore, deciphering the interaction among parasites, cancers and hosts not only provides new insights into the development of cancer therapy, but also provides the basis for screening of parasites-derived active anticancer molecules. This review summarizes the latest advances in the anticancer activity of parasites and underlying mechanisms.

Potential Mechanism of Taraxaci Herba Against Bladder Cancer： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Bladder cancer （BCa） is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system， and its incidence is increasing year by year. At present， for all patients with resectable non-metastatic muscle-invasive BCa， radical cystectomy + bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is strongly recommended， but they still face the risk of recurrence， metastasis and death. In recent years， the proportion of patients with advanced and metastatic BCa is increasing among patients with newly diagnosed BCa. Although current treatment models are diverse， they often struggle to achieve significant efficacy due to their low effectiveness and adverse effects， resulting in low survival rates for patients with advanced and metastatic BCa. Therefore， the treatment of BCa still faces great challenges， and there is an urgent need to discover an effective new antitumor drug. With the improvement of medical standards， traditional Chinese medicine has shown great advantages in the treatment of BCa. Traditional Chinese medicine is mild and easy to accept， and can inhibit tumor progression through a multi-pathway， multi-way and multi-target manner， so as to exert its anticancer effect. Taraxaci Herba is a medicinal and food homologous plant， which has many biological activities， such as antibacterial， anti-inflammatory， anti-oxidation， anti-tumor， protecting liver and gallbladder， reducing blood sugar and enhancing immunity， and it has shown a clear anticancer effect in breast cancer， liver cancer， gastric cancer， tongue cancer and lung cancer. By reviewing previous studies worldwide， this article summarizes the mechanism of Taraxaci Herba extract in inducing autophagy and apoptosis， inhibiting cell migration and invasion， regulating cell cycle and proliferation， regulating cell metabolism， inhibiting tumor angiogenesis， combining the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs， and regulating the transduction of related signal pathways. On this basis， this study systematically elaborates on the potential mechanism of Taraxaci Herba against BCa， in order to provide a theoretical basis for the research and treatment of BCa.

Trilogy of drug repurposing for developing cancer and chemotherapy-induced heart failure co-therapy agent

Chemotherapy-induced complications, particularly lethal cardiovascular diseases, pose significant challenges for cancer survivors. The intertwined adverse effects, brought by cancer and its complication, further complicate anticancer therapy and lead to diminished clinical outcomes. Simple supplementation of cardioprotective agents falls short in addressing these challenges. Developing bi-functional co-therapy agents provided another potential solution to consolidate the chemotherapy and reduce cardiac events simultaneously. Drug repurposing was naturally endowed with co-therapeutic potential of two indications, implying a unique chance in the development of bi-functional agents. Herein, we further proposed a novel "trilogy of drug repurposing" strategy that comprises function-based, target-focused, and scaffold-driven repurposing approaches, aiming to systematically elucidate the advantages of repurposed drugs in rationally developing bi-functional agent. Through function-based repurposing, a cardioprotective agent, carvedilol (CAR), was identified as a potential neddylation inhibitor to suppress lung cancer growth. Employing target-focused SAR studies and scaffold-driven drug design, we synthesized 44 CAR derivatives to achieve a balance between anticancer and cardioprotection. Remarkably, optimal derivative 43 displayed promising bi-functional effects, especially in various self-established heart failure mice models with and without tumor-bearing. Collectively, the present study validated the practicability of the "trilogy of drug repurposing" strategy in the development of bi-functional co-therapy agents.

Genomics-driven derivatization of the bioactive fungal sesterterpenoid variecolin: Creation of an unnatural analogue with improved anticancer properties

A biosynthetic gene cluster for the bioactive fungal sesterterpenoids variecolin ( 1) and variecolactone ( 2) was identified in Aspergillus aculeatus ATCC 16872. Heterologous production of 1 and 2 was achieved in Aspergillus oryzae by expressing the sesterterpene synthase VrcA and the cytochrome P450 VrcB. Intriguingly, the replacement of VrcB with homologous P450s from other fungal terpenoid pathways yielded three new variecolin analogues ( 5- 7). Analysis of the compounds' anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo revealed that although 5 and 1 had comparable activities, 5 was associated with significantly reduced toxic side effects in cancer-bearing mice, indicating its potentially broader therapeutic window. Our study describes the first tests of variecolin and its analogues in animals and demonstrates the utility of synthetic biology for creating molecules with improved biological activities.

Anti-obesity and anticancer activity of Solanum xanthocarpum leaf extract: An in vitro study

Background: Solanum xanthocarpum grows in parts of India as a wild herb. The active principles of this plant are Solasodine, Carpesterol, ?-Sitosterol, and Diosgenin. Pharmacological effects such as hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and hypotensive activity of S. xanthocarpum have been reported. Solasodine, an active component of this plant is reported to have antioxidant activity. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the anticancer and anti-obesity property of S. xanthocarpum. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Department of Pharmacology, Government Kilpauk Medical College, with laboratory support from Life Teck Research Center, Chennai. Both dry and fresh leaves of S. xanthocarpum were taken and evaluated for anticancer property using MCF cell line and anti-obesity activity using Pancreatic Lipase inhibition activity. Results: There was significant decrease in cell viability with increase in concentration of both dry and fresh leaves which shows anticancer activity. With increase in concentrations of leaf extracts, the inhibition of pancreatic lipase was found but in comparison to Orlistat the standard treatment, the effect was very less. Conclusion: Based on above results, it is concluded that S. xanthocarpum has good anticancer and minimal anti-obesity activity. Further investigations are required to identify the actual phytoactive component.

Effect of combination treatment of protocatechuic acid with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin on colon cancer Caco-2 cell line

Among the most common antitumor drugs used in the treatment of colon cancer are 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (5-FU and OXA). However, both these drugs have many side effects, and hence there is a need for new treatment\approach to reduce the side effects aas well as drug concentration. In this context, here, we investigated the effect of addition of protocatechuic acid (PCA) onto either monotherapies or combination therapies of 5-FU and OXA on the human colon cancer (Caco-2) cell line. In addition, we did evaluate the synergistic effect of PCA with 5-FU and OXA. Further, we determined the suppressive effects of different doses of PCA alone or in combination with 5-FU/OXA on cell proliferation after 24 and 48 hours. We identified a suppressive effect of PCA on cell viability at 48 h starting from the dose of 50 µM Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 gene expression levels and apoptotic effects showed significant increases and decreases depending on the dose and time applied in the experimental groups. The highest synergistic activity was seen at 2:1 concentration of 5-FU+ PCA. Our findings indicate the presence of the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of PCA in Caco-2 cells at 48 h, increasing with a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Traditional Uses and Anticancer Potential of the Combretum Genus: A Literature Review

Background: Cancer incidence is increasing annually in all countries. So, it is nowadays a great burden for the different nations of the world. Research for new therapeutics is becoming an urgent need, particularly for intractable and chemoresistant cancer cases. The solutions can still be found by investigating natural products which are recognized as promising sources of bioactive compounds with a potential for the discovery of new preventive and therapeutic anticancer agents. Methodology: The present work used databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct and Google scholar to investigate the ethnobotanical uses of some Combretum species in the literature. It also allowed us to summarize some pharmacological studies on Combretum species. Results: This review gathers all available traditional uses and cytotoxicity studies of Combretum species in the literature. Special focus is given to pharmacological studies highlighting isolated potential anticancer molecules. These molecules present potent cytotoxic effect on various cancer cell lines and may contribute to improving the health of people suffering from various cancer diseases. Conclusion: The Combretum species are widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of several pathologies including cancers. This study is of fundamental importance in highlighting Combretum species as a potential source for research of new anticancer compounds.

A PRECLINICAL STUDY ON EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF SNUHI KSHARA IN HUMAN COLON CANCER CELL LINE HCT-15

Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.) is a conventional herb used broadly in several disease conditions as indicated in classical texts of Ayurveda. As per literature review ascertained, no literature was accessible regarding anticancer activity of Snuhi Kshara. Thus, present work was designed to evaluate the anticancer activity of Snuhi Kshara in HCT-15 (Human Colon Cancer cell line). Anticancer activity was evaluated using MTT assay by % cell viability and IC50. Anticancer activity was compared with standard drug capecitabine. A positive correlation between Concentration and % cell viability was noticed. Lowest cell viability was noted at 5000 µg concentration. Results obtained through the study indicates towards anticancer activity of Snuhi Kshara.

Anticancer potential of Solanum lycopersicum L. extract in human lung epithelial cancer cells A549

The study aimed to reveal the phytochemical profile, free radical scavenging potential, and anticancer activity of Solanum lycopersicum L. leaf extract (SLLE). According to the study, SLLE contains plant secondary metabolites that are beneficial for health, like phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The SLLE has shown potential free radical scavenging potential in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging analysis and its EC50 values (concentration required to inhibit 50% of free radicals) were determined as 481.29 ± 33.82 and 527.56 ± 20.34 µg/mL, respectively. The SLLE has the ability to scavenge free radicals and could be used to treat illnesses brought on by oxidative stress. The anticancer activity of SLLE was assessed by MTT, LDH, micro-morphological, live/dead dual staining, and caspase-3 analysis. In the MTT assay, the IC50 value (concentration required to inhibit 50% of cell viability) of SLLE was determined as 190.41 ± 4.77 µg/mL. Furthermore, SLLE has shown potential anticancer activity by adversely affecting the plasma membrane integrity and escalating the caspase-3 levels. In the biomedical field, SLLE could be highly useful to treat cancer.

Peptide-drug conjugates for tumor targeted diagnosis and treatment / 药学学报

Cancer is still one of the major diseases threatening human life and health. At present, how to achieve precise diagnosis and treatment of tumors is the biggest challenge in cancer treatment. Prodrugs use the tumor specificity of targeting molecules to deliver anticancer drugs to tumor sites, which can effectively improve drug bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and safety, and are currently a hot spot in the research and development of anticancer drugs. The targeting molecules of prodrugs mainly include nucleic acid aptamers, polymers, antibodies, polypeptides, etc. Among them, polypeptides have the advantages of good biocompatibility, controllable degradation performance, high in vivo responsiveness, and simple and easy preparation methods, and are widely used. It is used to construct peptide-drug conjugates (PDC) prodrugs to achieve targeted therapy of tumors. In recent years, with the development of phage peptide library technology and peptide standard solid-phase synthesis technology, more and more targeted peptides have been discovered and effectively synthesized and modified, providing strong support for the development of PDC. This review briefly introduces the types and functions of functional peptides and linkers in PDC, and discusses the application of PDC in chemotherapy, immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy in tumor targeted diagnosis and treatment, and finally summarizes the difficulties faced by PDC drug development.

Prokaryotic expression and purification of CcPT1 protein from Aspongopus chinensis / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To express and purify Cc PT1 protein from Aspongopus chinensis in prokaryotic cell.Methods Thesynthesized Cc PT1 gene was cloned to vector p GEX-4T-1 to construct recombinant expression plasmid p GEX-4T1-Cc PT1,which was then transformed to competent E.coli Rosetta strain and induced by IPTG.The induction temperature(20 ℃ and37 ℃),final concentration of IPTG(0.25,0.5,0.75 and 1 mmol/L)and induction time(6,8,10,12 h)were opti-mized.The obtained protein was purified by GST protein purification system,which was then analyzed by 10% SDS-PAGEand identified by Western blot.GST tags were removed by Pre Scission Protease during purification.Results The recombi-nant protein GST-Cc PT1 was expressed in the form of inclusion body with a concentration of 0.026 9 mg/ml,of which therelative molecular mass was 29 800,consistent with the expectation.The optimum induction condition was induction withIPTG of final concentration of 0.75 mol/L for 12 h at 20 ℃.The purified protein was more than 90% in purity and boundspecifically to mouse monoclonal antibody against GST.After remove of GST tags,Cc PT1 protein showed a relative molecu-lar mass of about 2 830 and the yield was 11.15%.Conclusion A.chinensis Cc PT1 protein was expressed by prokaryoticexpression system,and the purity of Cc PT1 protein was high after purification,which laid a foundation of the in-depth studyof anticancer peptides of A.chinensis.

Discussion on the Treatment of Malignant Tumors by the Method of Counteracting Toxin with Toxin / 中医杂志

Cancer toxin is the key pathogenesis of malignant tumors. The basic principle of cancer treatment is “dispelling pathogen and resolving toxins， reinforcing healthy qi and reinforcing the foundation”. As one of the “eight methods of anticancer and detoxification”， the counteracting toxin with toxin therapy is a commonly used clinical treatment of malignant tumors. This paper discussed the method of counteracting toxin with toxin and its application in the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors from the aspects of history tracing， academic connotation， application principles and clinical application. Toxic Chinese medicinals with anticancer function are required to eliminate cancer toxins based on the principles of excessive cancer toxicity and plentiful healthy qi， as well as in accordance with the various stages and classifications of tumors， thereby improving the theoretical connotation of the method of counteracting toxin with toxin， and promoting the popularization and application of the pathogenesis theory of cancer toxin in the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.

Anticancer Activity of Diosgenin and Its Molecular Mechanism / 中国结合医学杂志

Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, obtained from Trigonella foenum-graecum, Dioscorea, and Rhizoma polgonati, has shown high potential and interest in the treatment of various cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, and leukemia. This article aims to provide an overview of the in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies reporting the diosgenin's anticancer effects. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects of diosgenin on inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and growth, promoting apoptosis, inducing differentiation and autophagy, inhibiting tumor cell metastasis and invasion, blocking cell cycle, regulating immunity and improving gut microbiome. Clinical investigations have revealed clinical dosage and safety property of diosgenin. Furthermore, in order to improve the biological activity and bioavailability of diosgenin, this review focuses on the development of diosgenin nano drug carriers, combined drugs and the diosgenin derivatives. However, further designed trials are needed to unravel the diosgenin's deficiencies in clinical application.

Experimental Study on the Mechanism of Mangiferin Inhibiting Malignant Biological Characteristics of Multiple Myeloma and Exerting Anticancer Effect / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of pure Chinese herbal extract Mangiferin on the malignant biological behaviors of multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and to analyze the molecular mechanism of the anti-myeloma effect of Mangiferin, so as to provide experimental basis for MM replacement therapy.@*METHODS@#U266 and RPMI8226 of human MM cell lines were intervened with different concentrations of Mangiferin. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method. Annexin V/PI double staining flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis and related signaling pathway proteins, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) family.@*RESULTS@#Mangiferin could inhibit the proliferation activity of U266 and RPMI8226 cells and induce cells apoptosis. After Mangiferin intervened in U266, RPMI8226 cells for 48 h, the expression of Bcl-2 family pro-apoptotic protein Bax was up-regulated, while the expression of survivin and Bcl-xL proteins was down-regulated and caspase-3 was hydrolyzed and activated to promote cell apoptosis, besides, the expression of Bcl-2 protein in U266 cells was also significantly down-regulated to induce apoptosis (P<0.05). After Mangiferin intervenes in MM cells, it can not only increase the expression level of tumor suppressor p53, but also induce programmed cell death of MM cells by inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules and down-regulating the phosphorylation levels of AKT and NF-κB. In addition, after the intervention of Mangiferin, the expressions of CXCR4, MMP2 and MMP9 in U266 cells were down-regulated (P<0.05), while there is no effect on the expressions of CXCR2, CXCR7 and MMP13 (P>0.05). However, the expressions of CXCR4, MMP9, and MMP13 in RPMI8226 cells were down-regulated (P<0.01), the expression of MMP2 was weakly affected, and the expression of CXCR2 and CXCR7 was basically not affected (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Mangiferin can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of MM cells, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, affecting the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, and inhibiting the expression of core members of MMP and CXCR family.

Real-time SERS monitoring anticancer drug release along with SERS/MR imaging for pH-sensitive chemo-phototherapy

In situ and real-time monitoring of responsive drug release is critical for the assessment of pharmacodynamics in chemotherapy. In this study, a novel pH-responsive nanosystem is proposed for real-time monitoring of drug release and chemo-phototherapy by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The Fe3O4@Au@Ag nanoparticles (NPs) deposited graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with a high SERS activity and stability are synthesized and labeled with a Raman reporter 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) to form SERS probes (GO-Fe3O4@Au@Ag-MPBA). Furthermore, doxorubicin (DOX) is attached to SERS probes through a pH-responsive linker boronic ester (GO-Fe3O4@Au@Ag-MPBA-DOX), accompanying the 4-MPBA signal change in SERS. After the entry into tumor, the breakage of boronic ester in the acidic environment gives rise to the release of DOX and the recovery of 4-MPBA SERS signal. Thus, the DOX dynamic release can be monitored by the real-time changes of 4-MPBA SERS spectra. Additionally, the strong T2 magnetic resonance (MR) signal and NIR photothermal transduction efficiency of the nanocomposites make it available for MR imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT). Altogether, this GO-Fe3O4@Au@Ag-MPBA-DOX can simultaneously fulfill the synergistic combination of cancer cell targeting, pH-sensitive drug release, SERS-traceable detection and MR imaging, endowing it great potential for SERS/MR imaging-guided efficient chemo-phototherapy on cancer treatment.