Study of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of organisms isolated from various clinical specimen of the patients admitted in intensive care unit of tertiary care hospital

Background: Mostly intensive care unit (ICU) patients are more susceptible to nosocomial infections caused by hospital-based various strains of bacteria and other opportunistic pathogens. Due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, these strains of pathogens are often multi-drug resistant. To prevent resistance against the antimicrobial agent various departments of the health care system have to work together, so we can use the antimicrobial agents as effectively as we can to treat illnesses. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of different micro-organisms causing infections in ICU and their sensitivity and resistance pattern and to determine the overall microbiological and resistance profile which helps formulate therapeutic guidelines in ICU. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ahmedabad to assess the culture and sensitivity pattern of clinical samples such as blood, urine, sputum, wound, and endotracheal aspiration for a 1-year duration (August 2019 - August 2020). Results: A total of 941 samples were received for microbiological investigation from ICU, out of which 322 were positive. The Utmost isolated organism was - Klebsiella (37.26%) followed by Escherichia coli (16.45%), Pseudomonas (12.42%), and Staphylococcus aureus (7.45%). The Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were most sensitive to drugs like colistin (96.26% %) and tigecycline (83.40%) followed by carbapenems (71.79%), aminoglycosides (71.36%), and fluoroquinolones (67.21%). More sensitive drugs for isolated Gram-positive organisms were linezolid (100%) followed by teicoplanin (98.41%) and vancomycin (98.41%). Conclusion: High prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and GNB producing Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase, AmpC, or carbapenem-resistant GNB in our study, raise serious concerns about antibiotic resistance. The main reason for increasing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is poor infection control practices and inappropriate use of antibiotics. Hence, research regarding antibiotic sensitivity and resistance will be very helpful for doctors to initiate appropriate empirical antibiotics in treating critical illnesses.

Bacteriological Profile And Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern Of The Isolates Among The Neonatal Septicemia In Northeast India

Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics was a global problem. Multidrug-resistant bacteria causing neonatal septicemiaswere increasing in the world. It was difficult to compare the bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolatesamong the neonatal septicemia between countries because the epidemiology of neonatal septicemia was extremely variable.Objective: Timely identification of bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates among the neonatalsepticemias are essential to guide the clinicians regarding both the empirical and definitive treatments of neonatal septicemia.Materials and Methods: Based on the AIIMS protocol 2014 of neonatal sepsis-World Health Organization newborn CC,an operational definition of clinically diagnosed neonatal septicemia was established for the selection of participants inthe study for blood culture and sensitivity test (CST). Hence, in this study, blood CST was done only among the selectedpatients for clinically diagnosed neonatal septicemia as recommended in the National Committee for Clinical LaboratoryStandards.Results: This study observed that there was a shift from the predominance of Gram-negative organisms to Gram-positiveorganisms, especially Staphylococcus aureus. Acinetobacter and Citrobacter were emerging organisms.In this study,aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones were sensitive to organisms, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Imipenem andmeropenem were also sensitive in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Imipenem was more sensitive toorganisms than meropenem. Tobramycin, doxycycline, gatifloxacin, and chloramphenicol were more sensitive to organismsthan erythromycin, azithromycin, and clindamycin.Conclusion: Early clinical diagnosis and prompt initiation of empirical antimicrobials therapy to patients of pending culturesensitivity reports for definitive therapy may be life-saving. Hence, periodic surveillance for bacteriological profile and antibioticsusceptibility pattern of the isolates among the neonatal septicemia for appropriate choice of antimicrobials for empirical therapycan be outlined and reevaluated in a timely manner to save the life of 5 million neonatal deaths a year, with 98% occurringin developing countries and limited resource rural areas. This study concluded that empiric therapy for clinically diagnosedneonatal septicemia should cover both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. Hence, the combination of one antibioticfrom each of the following two groups, (1) Imipenam/piperacillin/cefotaxime and (2) amikacin/gentamicin/netilmicin, can beincluded as an initial therapy for neonatal septicemia.

Changes in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Blood Isolates at a University Hospital in the Kyungnam area during 2005–2014 / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

OBJECTIVES: Blood culture is a one of the most important procedure for diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease, but distribution of pathogenic species and the antimicrobial susceptibility can be vary from pathogen, individual trait, regional or environmental features. In this study, we investigated the changes in frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of blood isolates from 2005 to 2014. METHODS: Data of blood isolates from Kosin Gospel Hospital during 2005 to 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Blood isolates were cultured for 5 days using BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F and BACTEC lytic/10 Anaerobic/F. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using VITEK 1 system, VITEK 2 XL, PHOENIX 100 and conventional method. RESULTS: 9,847 isolates were identified during 10 years. Among the isolates aerobic or falcutative anaerobic bacteria were isolated in 99.5% specimens, anaerobic were 0.1%, and fugi were 0.4%. Most commonly isolated bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) followed by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Candida parapsilosis were most frequently isolated among fungi. The proportion of S. aureus, A. baumannii and E. faecium were increased, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae decreased over decennium. Imipenem resistant K. pneumoniae were identified. Vancomycin resistant E. faecium and imipenem resistant A. baumannii were increased (7.1% in 2005 to 12.3% in 2014, 0% in 2005 to 55.6% in 2014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Over the last 10 year, CoNS were the most frequently isolated pathogen. Imipenem resistant K. pneumoniae was emerged. Vancomycin resistant E. faecium and imipenem resistant A. baumannii increased during this period.

Study Of Bacteriological And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Uropathogens.

Background & Objective: Urinary tract infection is one of the common infections in the Indian community. Distribution and susceptibility of UTI-causing pathogens change according to time and place. This study aims to analysis present trend of locally prevalent uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility for prudent use of antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance. Methodology: Total 135 urine samples from suspected UTI was collected from both outdoor and indoor patients during the study period of August 2014 to Jun 2015.Culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing of the isolates were done. At the last, analysis of uropathogen and antibiotic susceptibility pattern was done. Results: Total 54(40%) samples were found to be positive for uropathogen in culture, in which gram negative organisms & gram positive organisms were isolated from 45 (83%) & 9(17%) samples, respectively. The E coli was most common organism isolated. Conclusion: Females are predominantly affected by UTI, with most common uropathogen E coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern shows high sensitivity for Amikacin and levofloxacin compared to other routinely used antibiotics.

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from wound infection and their sensitivity to antibiotic agents at super specialty hospital, Amravati city, India.

Background: Wound infection is one of the health problems that is caused and aggravated by the invasion of pathogenic organisms. Information on local pathogens and sensitivity to antimicrobial agent is crucial for successful treatment of wounds. So the present study was conducted to determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from wound infection and their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among patients with wound infection in Suyash super speciality hospital, from January 2012 to December 2013. Wound swab was collected using sterile cotton swabs and processed for bacterial isolation and susceptibility testing to Systemic antimicrobial agents. Results: In this study 78 bacterial isolates were recovered from 258 specimens showing an isolation rate of 31.2%. The predominant bacteria isolated from wounds were gram positive staphylococci 36 (46.2%), followed by gram negative streptococci 18 (23.1%) gram negative pseudomonas 12 (15.4 %) and gram negative proteus 8 (10.4%). The gram positive and gram negative bacteria constituted 68 (87.2%) and 10 (12.8%) of bacterial isolates; respectively. Conclusion: In the present study most of the pathogens isolated from wound isolates showed high rate of resistance to most commonly used newer antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Therefore, rational use of antibiotics should be practiced.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Haemophilus influenzae among Under-five Children Presenting at the Emergency Paediatric Unit (EPU) Two Teaching Hospitals in Jos, Nigeria.

Background: Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is a leading cause of endemic bacterial meningitis in infants and under-five children globally. H. influenza infection is severe where vaccine is not routinely used and one-third to half of the children either dies or suffers permanent disability such as deafness, paralysis or mental retardation when prompt and appropriate treatment is not instituted. Aim: This research sets to study and document the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of H. influenzae isolates from cerebrospinal fluids of under-five children presenting at the Emergency Paediatric Units of two Teaching Hospitals in Jos, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross–sectional prospective study conducted from October 2009 to March 2010. One hundred and sixty consecutive under-five children who presented with signs and symptoms consistent with H. influenzae meningitis were recruited. Socio-demography data was obtained with structured questionnaire. Specimens were aseptically collected and carefully processed for isolation and identification of H. influenza and subsequently the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Results: The prevalence of H. influenzae meningitiswas low in Jos with prevalence of 6.3% among 160 under-five children studied, with mean age of 34 months and M: F ratio of 1:1. About 60% of these isolates were obtained from patients with acute pyogenic bacterial meningitis. Majority of the isolates were ampicillin resistant, β-lactamases producers and were all sensitive to ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Conclusion: The low prevalence of H. influenzae meningitis suggests substantial but not complete coverage of vaccine activity in this region while the susceptibility pattern of the isolate reveals and supports the vital role ceftriax one plays in the management of invasive H. influenzae infections to avoid pathologic complications.