Association of Dietary Protein on Level of Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) and Antral Follicle Count (AFC) in Patients of Infertility

Background : “Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive within a year with normal frequency of sexual intercourse and no contraceptives.” Relatively little is known about the effect of nutritional content on fertility. Objective : To study the correlation of level of AMH and AFC with dietary habits especially protein intake in patients of infertility. Material and Methods : It is hospital based study. Design of study : Cross sectional study. Place of study : Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, Moradabad, India . Number of Patients : 95 patients of infertility included in the study .Patients were between 30 and 45 years. Time Period : 18 months from January 2020-July 2021. Method : All cases underwent full history taking; clinical examination and all completed a questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire). Main Outcome Measures : Moderate to high protein intake in diet corresponds to those having met their more than 20% calorie intake by protein had a higher mean AMH as well as had a higher mean AFC. Result : Based on the results of the current study the effects of higher protein intake was found to be significant on the level of ovarian reserve . Conclusion : This study suggests that good and healthy Nutrition, rich in proteins , in fertility treatment is required for better outcome and also helps in limiting the financial burden

Evaluación de la reserva ovárica: pasado, presente y futuro / Ovarian Reserve: Past, Present and Future / Avaliação da reserva ovariana: passado, presente e futuro

Resumen: La necesidad de investigar la reserva ovárica para apoyar la consejería acerca del éxito o fracaso de los tratamientos de reproducción asistida, principalmente en pacientes con riesgo de falla reproductiva, ha generado la descripción y el uso de pruebas histológicas, basales, dinámicas y ultrasonográficas. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo describir y analizar las diferentes pruebas de evaluación de la reserva ovárica, sus limitaciones y ventajas, y ampliar la información referente a las que, por sus características y resultados, son más utilizadas en la actualidad. Para cumplirlo se realizó búsqueda en bases de datos, incluyendo investigaciones originales, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, reportes de casos y consensos de expertos, en inglés y español, desde 1980. En cuanto a los resultados, puede decirse que pruebas como la biopsia ovárica, medición de Inhibina B, test de estímulo con FSH o con GnRH, y con citrato de clomifeno, han caído en desuso; la medición de la FSH, si bien todavía utilizada, claramente tiene menor capacidad predictiva que el Conteo de Folículos Antrales (CFA) y la Hormona Antimülleriana (HAM). Se concluye que el CFA y la medición de ham son las pruebas más recomendadas, con mejor capacidad predictiva y que, no obstante algunas limitaciones, permiten un acercamiento a la estimación de la respuesta al estímulo ovulatorio. Se plantean opciones para el futuro que permitirán, a mediano plazo, resolver los interrogantes sobre la "verdadera" reserva ovárica.

Abstract: The need to investigate the ovarian reserve to support counseling about the success or failure of assisted reproduction systems has generated the description and use of histological, basal, dynamic, and ultrasound text. The purpose of this review is to describe and analyze the different tests for evaluating ovarian reserve, their limitations and advantages, and to expand the information regarding those that, due to their characteristics and results, are most widely used today. To achieve this, databases searches were carried out, including for original research, systematic reviews, meta-nalyses, case reports and expert consensus, in English and Spanish, since 1980. Regarding the results, it can be said that tests such as ovarian biopsy, measurement of Inhibin B, FSH or GnRH stimulation test, and with clomiphene citrate, have fallen into disuse. FSH measurement, although still used, clearly has a lower predictive capacity than the Antral Follicle Count (AFC) and the Antimullerian Hormone (AMH). It is concluded that the AFC and the AMH measurement are the most recommended tests, with better predictive capacity and that, despite some limitations, they allow closer estimation of the response to ovulatory stimulus. Options for the future that will allow solving the questions in the medium term about the "true" ovarian reserve are proposed.

Resumo: A necessidade de pesquisar sobre a reserva ovariana para apoiar o aconselhamento acerca do sucesso ou do fracasso dos tratamentos de reprodução assistida, principalmente em pacientes com risco de falha reprodutiva, vem gerando a descrição e o uso de exames histológicos, basais, dinâmicos e ultrassonográficos. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de descrever e analisar os diferentes exames de avaliação da reserva ovariana, suas limitações e vantagens, e ampliar a informação referente aos que, por suas características e resultados, são mais utilizados na atualidade. Para isso, foi realizada busca em base de dados, que incluiu pesquisas originais, revisões sistemáticas, meta-aná-lise, relatos de caso e consenso de especialistas, em inglês e em espanhol, desde 1980. Quanto aos resultados, pode-se dizer que os exames como biópsia ovariana, a medição de Inibina B, exame de estímulo com FSH ou com GnRH, e com citrato de clomifeno estão em desuso; a medição da FSH, embora ainda utilizada, claramente tem menor capacidade preditiva que a contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) e o hormônio antimulleriano (HAM). Conclui-se que o CFA e a medição do HAM são os exames mais recomendados, com melhor capacidade preditiva e que, apesar de algumas limitações, permitem uma aproximação da estimativa da resposta ao estímulo da ovulação. São apresentadas opções para o futuro que possibilitarão, em médio prazo, resolver as questões sobre a "verdadeira" reserva ovariana.

Modified ovarian response prediction index: a novel index for ovarian response prediction in GnRH agonist cycles

Background: Evaluation of the ovarian reserve is necessary to achieve an appropriate controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). This can be done by correctly predicting the ovarian response. The objective of this study was to derive a simple index by combining the above parameters which will be helpful determining ovarian response.Methods: This retrospective analysis was performed at Guru hospital, Madurai, involving 162 patients between July 2016 and July 2018. Inclusion criteria was all patients attending for their first ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) cycle between the above period, GnRH agonist protocol as the method of ovarian stimulation, no history of any previous ovarian surgery, presence of both ovaries and no evidence of any obvious endocrine disorders. We calculated MORPI values by multiplying the AMH (ng/ml) level by the number of antral follicles (2-9 mm), and the result was divided by the age (years) of the patient and the day- 3 serum FSH level.Results: At a cut-off value of 35 (AUC-0.952) for collection of ≥ 4 oocytes and 140 (AUC-0.952) for collection of ≥ 15 oocytes, MORPI was found to have optimum sensitivity and specificity under ROC curve analysis.Conclusions: MORPI is a simple, precise and cost effective index to predict a low ovarian response, the collection of >4 MII oocytes and an excessive ovarian response in infertile women. This index also has a good ability to predict the clinical pregnancy rate. This might be used to improve the cost-benefit ratio of ovarian stimulation regimens.

Inter-ovarian differences in ultrasound markers of ovarian size in women with polycystic ovary syndrome / 대한생식의학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish whether differences in ovarian size exist between the right and the left ovary of the same individual in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.METHODS: In total, 206 Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome were included in this study. In all participants, a transvaginal or transrectal ultrasound examination was conducted in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.RESULTS: A significant linear correlation was found between the two ovaries with regard to antral follicle count and ovarian volume. The mean antral follicle count in the right ovary (26.75±11.72) was significantly higher than that in the left ovary (23.98±10.85), and the mean volume of the right ovary (11.06±5.17 cm³) was significantly different from that of the left ovary (9.12±4.89 cm³).CONCLUSION: Ovarian size is different between the right and the left ovary in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Detection of key female fertility evaluation indicators estradiol, anti-Müllerian hormone and antral follicle count by Raman spectroscopy / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To explore the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) difference of key female fertility indicators, estradiol (E2), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) in serum samples of healthy and infertile women, and the possibility of their application in preliminary screening of clinical female fertility. Methods: A total of 236 serum samples of healthy and infertile women of childbearing age were collected from Reproductive Medical Center of the First Affliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University. The ages of all subjects ranged from 22 to 49 years old, with an average age of (30.8 ± 5.1) years old. The samples were divided into high E2 value group (>5 000 pmol/L, 78 cases) and low E2 value group ( 14, 68 cases) and low AFC value group (<7, 34 cases). Serum SERS analysis was established and Raman spectra of each group were detected. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and permutation test were used to analyze the signals. Results: The Raman spectrum morphology of serum samples was similar between high and low E2 value groups, high and low AMH value groups, and high and low AFC value groups, but the spectral peak intensity of the three indicators was different between the high and low value groups. In the OPLS-DA model, there was an obvious clustering trend in E2, AMH and AFC between the high and low value groups, and the areas under ROC curve were 0.996 and 0.996, 0.995 and 0.995, and 1 and 1 in high and low E2 value groups, high and low AMH value groups, and high and low AFC value groups, respectively. Conclusion: SERS has a potential to be used in the primary screening of female fertility. Serum SERS profle as an auxiliary method for early diagnosis of infertility is worthy of further study.

Antral Follicles Count and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels after Gonadotoxic Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer: Cohort Study / Contagem de folículos antrais e níveis de hormônio anti-Mülleriano após quimioterapia gonadotóxica em pacientes com câncer de mama: estudo de coorte

Abstract Aim To assess ovarian reserve (OVR) by means of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and antral follicle count (AFC) measurement in eumenorrheic women with breast cancer, exposed to gonadotoxic chemotherapy. Method Fifty-two women (35.3 ± 3.8 years old) with breast cancer and undergoing cyclophosphamide-containing chemotherapy were enrolled. The assessment was performed before chemotherapy (T1) and after 2 (T2) and 6 months (T3). Results Six months after chemotherapy, the prevalence of regular cycles was 60%. Anti-Müllerian hormone decreased down to undetectable levels at T2 and T3 (T1: 2.53 [1.00–5.31]; T2 < 0.08; T3: < 0.08 [< 0.08–1.07] ng/mL), (p< 0.0001). Antral follicle count was 11 [8.0–13.5] follicles at T1 and lower at T2 (5.50 [3.75–8.0] and T3 (5.0 [2.5–7.0]) (p< 0.0001). In patients who remained with regular cycles during chemotherapy or resumed normal menses, FSH and estradiol levels remained unchanged. Conclusion Anti-Müllerian hormone and AFC are useful as markers of OVR decline in women exposed to chemotherapy. Follicle-stimulating hormone is only adequate in women who become amenorrheic.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a reserva ovariana (OVR) através da contagem de folículos antrais (AFC), dosagem sérica de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) e hormônio anti-Mülleriano (AMH) em mulheres com câncer de mama submetidas a quimioterapia gonadotóxica. Método Foram incluídas na pesquisa 52 mulheres (35,3 ± 3,8 anos) com câncer de mama, em tratamento com quimioterapia com ciclofosfamida. As dosagens e medidas foram realizadas antes do início da quimioterapia (T1) e após 2 (T2) e 6 meses (T3). Resultados Seis meses após quimioterapia, a prevalência de ciclos regulares foi de 60%. O AMH sérico diminuiu a níveis indetectáveis em T2 e T3 (T1: 2,53 [1,00–5,31] ]; T2 < 0,08; T3: < 0,08 [< 0,08–1,07] ng/mL) (p< 0,0001). A contagem de folículos antrais foi de 11 [8,0–13,5] folículos em T1, e ainda menor em T2 (5,50 [3,75–8,0] e T3 (5,0 [2,5–7,0]), (p< 0,0001). Em pacientes que mantiveram ciclos regulares durante a quimioterapia ou retomaram a menstruação normalmente, os níveis de FSH e estradiol permaneceram inalterados. Conclusão O AMH e a AFC são marcadores úteis do declínio da OVR em mulheres expostas à quimioterapia. O FSH só é adequado em mulheres que se tornam amenorreicas.

Impact of different kinds of laparoscopic surgery on sex hormone, antral follicle count and ovarian volume of patients with EMs / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To investigate the impact of different kinds of laparoscopic surgery including conventional blunt elimination and modified acute elimination on sex hormone, antral follicle count and ovarian volume of patients with endometriosis (EMs). Methods 100 patients with EMs were chosen from January 2013 to April 2016 and randomly divided into control group (50 patients) with conventional blunt elimination and observation group (50 patients) with modified acute elimination; and the thickness of elimination lesion, the removal rate of ovary cortex, the thickness of ovarian cortex, the level of serum sex hormones, the AFC number of affected side and the volume of ovary before and after operation of the two groups were compared. Results There was no significant difference in the thickness of lesion elimination, the removal rate and removed thickness of ovarian cortical between the two groups (P > 0.05). The thickness of lesion elimination and the thickness of ovarian cortex in middle position of observation group were significantly lower than that in control group (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of AFC number of affected side before and after treatment (P > 0.05). The levels of AFC number of affected side in hilus ovarii of control group after treatment were significantly lower than that before treatment (P < 0.05). The volume of ovary of both groups after treatment were significantly lower than that before treatment (P < 0.05). The volume of ovary of observation group after treatment were significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with conventional blunt elimination, modified acute elimination in the treatment of patients with EMs can efficiently shorten the operation time, reduce the surgical trauma degree, speed up the recovery process after operation, regulate the level of FSH and AMH and be helpful to protect the ovarian reserve function.

Individualization of controlled ovarian stimulation in vitro fertilization using markers of ovarian reserve: a systematic review / Individualização da estimulação ovariana controlada na fertilização in vitro com o uso de marcadores da reserva ovariana: uma revisão sistemática

Introduction: The main objective of individualization of treatment in IVF is to offer every single woman the best treatment tailored to her own unique characteristics, thus maximizing the chances of pregnancy and eliminating the iatrogenic and avoidable risks resulting from ovarian stimulation. Personalization of treatment in IVF should be based on the prediction of ovarian response. Objective: To summarize the predictive ability of ovarian reserve markers, and the therapeutic strategies that have been proposed in IVF after this prediction. Methods: A systematic review of the existing literature was performed by searching Medline, LILACS, SciELO and Pubmed, for publications related to ovarian reserve markers and their incorporation into controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols in IVF. Results: 251 articles were found. Ten articles published between 2010 and 2015 were selected. Conclusion: Antral follicle count (AFC) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), the most sensitive markers of ovarian reserve, are ideal in planning personalized COS protocols. These markers permit prediction of the ovarian response with reliable accuracy. Following the categorization of expected ovarian response clinicians can adopttailored therapeutic strategies for each patient.(AU)

Introdução: O principal objetivo da individualização do tratamento na fertilização in vitro é oferecer a cada mulher o melhor tratamento sob medida para suas próprias características únicas, maximizar, assim, as chances de gravidez e eliminar os riscos de iatrogenia durante a estimulação ovariana. A personalização do tratamento na fertilização in vitro deve basear-se na predição da resposta ovariana. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de marcadores da reserva ovariana para individualização da dose inicial do FSH nos ciclos de FIV. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura feita por meio de pesquisa Medline, Lilacs, SciELO e PubMed, para publicações relacionadas com marcadores reserva ovariana e sua incorporação, estimulação ovariana (COS) e protocolos controlados em fertilização in vitro. Resultados: Foram achados 251 artigos. Foram selecionados dez artigos publicados entre 2010 e 2015. Conclusão: Contagem de folículos antrais (AFC) e hormônio anti-Müulleriano (AMH), os marcadores mais sensíveis da reserva ovariana, são ideais no planejamento de protocolos individualizados. Esses marcadores permitem previsão da resposta ovariana com confiança De acordo com a resposta ovariana esperada, os clínicos podem adotar estratégias terapêuticas sob medida para cada paciente.(AU)

Hormônio antimülleriano para avaliação da reserva ovariana: estado de arte / Anti-Müllerian hormone for ovarian reserve evaluation: state of art

A aferição do hormônio antimülleriano na clínica reprodutiva tem sido realizada com o objetivo de propiciar predição mais fidedigna da reserva folicular ovariana, por ser marcador indireto da quantidade e da qualidade de folículos primordiais. A correlação significativa com a contagem de folículos antrais, a quantidade e a maturidade de oócitos obtidos em técnicas de reprodução assistida têm ficado repetidamente evidentes na literatura, motivo pelo qual, acreditam os autores em um futuro cada vez mais promissor, que o hormônio venha a atuar como marcador propedêutico na avaliação e no prognóstico da paciente infértil. Neste artigo, pretende-se discutir informações atuais sobre o papel desse marcador para avaliação da reserva ovariana em candidatas a técnicas de reprodução assistida.

Measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone has been done in the practice of reproductive medicine for a more accurate prediction of ovarian follicular reserve, being an indirect marker of the quantity and quality of primordial follicles. A significant correlation with antral follicle count, the amount and maturity of oocytes in assisted reproductive techniques have been repeatedly evident in the literature, which is why we believe in the increasingly promising future of this hormone as a marker for the early assessment and prognosis of the infertile patient. In this article, we discuss current information on the role of the marker in the assessment of ovarian reserve in candidates for assisted reproduction techniques.

¿Ha cambiado la forma de diagnosticar la pareja infértil?

Se debate la posible utilidad, o no, de métodos convencionales de evaluación en la pareja infértil, así como la aplicación de marcadores de recientes marcadores de reserva ovárica. Los nuevos enfoques van dirigidos a la evaluación de tres parámetros fundamentales: la ovulación, el estado de las trompas y la capacidad fértil del semen. La determinación de progesterona en día 21 de ciclo, la histerosalpingografía y el seminograma, siguen vigentes como herramienta inicial. Sin embargo, tales parámetros fundamentales deben ser ampliados con el estudio de la reserva ovárica y valorar la integridad uterina. En este sentido, la determinación de la hormona antimülleriana (HAM) o el recuento de folículos antrales (RFA) mediante ecografía transvaginal son hoy avances imprescindibles.

This article debates about the practical use of conventional methods for the evaluation of the infertile couple, and also explores the clinical impact of recently described ovarian reserve markers. Infertile couple work up is based on the evaluation of three main parameters: ovulation, Fallopian tubes patency and sperm quality. Progesterone level on the 21st day of menses, hysterosalpingography, and spermiogram are the best initial tools for infertility evaluation. But also, the ovarian reserve and uterine integrity must be evaluated; for such aim, antral follicle count or determination of antimullerian hormone together with transvaginal ultrasound supposes a great step forward to the correct evaluation of the infertile couple.

The usefulness of ovarian volume using 3D VOCAL transvaginal ultrasound, antral follicle count and age as predictors of menopause in pre- and postmenopausal women / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ovarian volume using 3D VOCAL and 2D ultrasound, antral follicle count, and age as predictors of menopausal status in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: The subjects of this study were premenopausal (n=38) and postmenopausal (n=23) healthy women aged between 35 and 57 years of age who were interviewed about social, demographic, and medical conditions. These women underwent transvaginal ultrasound using 3D VOCAL and 2D probe to determine ovarian volume. Chi-square test was applied to evaluate the correlation between ovarian volume, antral follicle count, age and menopausal status. Receiver operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were elaborated to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values. RESULTS: Premenopausal women presented larger ovaries than postmenopausal women (p<0.01). Premenopausal women had a higher number of antral follicles than postmenopausal women (p<0.01). ROC curves showed that antral follicle count and ovarian volume using 3D VOCAL transvaginal probe were more sensitive and specific markers of menopausal status than age or ovarian volume using 2D transvaginal probe. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian volume and antral follicle count differ according to age in pre- and postmenopausal women. The data suggest that antral follicle count and ovarian volume using 3D VOCAL transvaginal probe are quite useful in predicting menopausal status.