Percepción de los principios bioéticos aplicados en las prácticas hidroterapéuticas: ecos de los terapeutas

El artículo informa de una investigación acerca de la aplicación de los principios bioéticos del personalismo en la práctica hidroterapéutica a nivel internacional. Se usó una metodología cualitativa, de tipo fenomenológica, con un muestreo intencional y opinático. La muestra estuvo constituida por 12 terapeutas acuáticos seniors internacionales, quienes participaron en entrevistas semiestructuradas en modalidad online. Se realizó análisis de contenido categorial temático, con apoyo del software Atlas Ti, versión 9. Como resultado se levantaron cuatro principios del personalismo y tres categorías emergentes: valores, principio de vulnerabilidad y el principio costo-beneficio. Se concluye que la práctica hidroterapéutica es consistente con la corriente personalista. Emerge un principio del utilitarismo y de la Declaración de Barcelona, y valores tales como la honestidad, el respeto y la humildad. Se plantea la necesidad de profundizar en torno a los principios bioéticos del personalismo en la práctica acuática generalizada, como asimismo en los procesos formativos y en las competencias bioéticas adquiridas por los terapeutas.

Article reports an investigation into the application of the bioethical principles of personalism in hydrotherapeutic practice internationally. A qualitative, phenomenological, purposive and opinionated sampling methodology was used. The sample consisted of 12 international senior aquatic therapists, who participated in semi-structured online interviews. Thematic categorical content analysis was carried out with the support of Atlas Ti software, version 9. As a result, four principles of personalism and three emerging categories were identified: values, principle of vulnerability and the cost-benefit principle. It is concluded that hydrotherapeutic practice is consistent with the personalist current. A principle of utilitarianism and the Barcelona Declaration emerges, as well as values such as honesty, respect and humility. The need to deepen the bioethical principles of personalism in general aquatic practice, as well as in the training processes and bioethical competences acquired by therapists, is raised.

O artigo informa sobre uma investigação acerca da aplicação dos princípios bioéticos do personalismo na prática hidroterápica a nível internacional. Se utilizou uma metodologia qualitativa, de tipo fenomenológica, com uma amostra intencional e opinático. A amostra foi constituída por 12 terapeutas aquáticos seniors internacionais, que participaram em entrevistas semi-estruturadas na modalidade online. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo categorial temático, com apoio do software Atlas Ti, versão 9. Como resultado identificaram-se quatro princípios do personalismo e três categorias emergentes: valores, princípio de vulnerabilidade e o princípio custo-benefício. Concluiu-se que a prática hidroterápica é consistente com a corrente personalista. Emerge um princípio do utilitarismo e da Declaração de Barcelona, e valores tais como a honestidade, respeito e humildade. Se propõe a necessidade de aprofundar os princípios bioéticos do personalismo na prática aquática generalizada, bem como nos processos formativos e nas competências bioéticas adquiridas pelos terapeutas.

Impacto da fisioterapia aquática em UTIN sobre a mobilidade diafragmática avaliada por ultrassonografia cinesiológica: ensaio clínico / Impact of Aquatic Therapy in the NICU on diaphragmatic mobility assessed by ultrasound: clinical trial

INTRODUÇÃO: A fisioterapia aquática é uma modalidade de hidroterapia realizada em recém-nascidos (RN) nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). Os efeitos sobre nível de dor, estado comportamental e função respiratória já são conhecidos, porém pouco se refere aos efeitos sobre a função diafragmática na população recém-nascida a termo prematura. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da fisioterapia aquática sobre a amplitude diafragmática por meio da ultrassonografia cinesiológica diafragmática (USCD) em RNs internados em UTIN, bem como a segurança de sua realização quanto a estabilidade clínica dos RNs, estado comportamental, dor e desconforto respiratório. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico tipo antes e depois, de caráter transversal. Os RNs participantes do estudo receberam uma única intervenção com fisioterapia aquática durante 10 minutos. Foi realizada a avaliação utilizando a USCD antes e depois da sessão, e anotado as frequências cardíaca e respiratória, estado comportamental, dor e desconforto respiratório. RESULTADOS: Participaram 26 RNs. Observou-se aumento significativo da amplitude diafragmática (p= 0,02) e da saturação periférica de oxigênio (p= 0,05); os parâmetros fisiológicos permaneceram nos limites da normalidade e a intervenção não provocou desorganização comportamental, dor ou desconforto respiratório aos RNs. CONCLUSÃO: A fisioterapia aquática promoveu aumento da amplitude diafragmática, sugerindo que esta técnica pode ser utilizada como forma de estimular a contração da musculatura respiratória em RN, além de se mostrar uma técnica segura, pois não gerou instabilidade clínica, desorganização comportamental, dor ou desconforto respiratório aos participantes.

INTRODUCTION: Aquatic physiotherapy is a modality of hydrotherapy performed on newborn babies (NB) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The effects on pain levels, behavior, and respiratory function are already known; however, little has been said about the effects on diaphragmatic function in the preterm newborn population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of aquatic physiotherapy on diaphragmatic amplitude using diaphragmatic kinesiologic ultrasound (DKUS) in NBs admitted to a NICU, as well as the safety regarding the clinical stability of the NBs, behavioral state, pain, and respiratory distress. METHODS: Crosssectional before-and-after clinical trial. The NBs participating in the study received a single intervention with aquatic physiotherapy for 10 minutes. An assessment was performed using the USCD before and after the session, and heart and respiratory rates, behavioral state, pain, and respiratory discomfort were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-six NBs participated. There was a significant increase in diaphragmatic amplitude (p= 0.02) and peripheral oxygen saturation (p= 0.05); physiological parameters remained within normal limits, and the intervention did not cause behavioral disorganization, pain, or respiratory discomfort in NBs. CONCLUSION: Aquatic physiotherapy promoted an increase in diaphragmatic amplitude, suggesting that this technique can be used as a way to stimulate the contraction of the respiratory muscles in NB, in addition to being a safe technique, as it did not generate clinical instability, behavioral disorganization, pain, or respiratory discomfort to the participants.

Efectividad de la Terapia Acuática en la Función Motora Gruesa en Población Infantojuvenil con Parálisis Cerebral. Una Revisión Narrativa / Effectiveness of Aquatic Therapy on Gross Motor Function in Children and Young People with Cerebral Palsy. A Narrative Review

Introducción. La parálisis cerebral (PC) es una de las principales causas de discapacidad en la población infantil, afectando diversas áreas del desarrollo como la función motora gruesa; equilibrio y marcha. Hay evidencia de los beneficios de la terapia acuática y de cómo puede complementar la rehabilitación. Objetivo. Describir la efectividad de las intervenciones acuáticas en personas con PC, determinar mejoras en la función motora gruesa uso de métodos, protocolos y dosificación. Métodos. Se analizaron 9 estudios aleatorizados controlados desde el 2012 a la fecha, seleccionados por un experto y cuyos sujetos tenían PC espástica, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) I a IV, entre los 2 y 20 años. Post intervención acuática se reportan mejoras significativas en el promedio de los ítems medidos por Gross motor function measure (GMFM). De los métodos que contribuyeron a mejoras se encuentra Halliwick y ejercicios acuáticos sin un programa específico. Resultados. Se obtuvieron mejoras de 35 a 100 minutos, y de 12 a 30 sesiones en total. No se logra concluir el tipo de terapia más efectiva, ya que las medidas de resultado y las características de los sujetos eran diversas. Conclusión. Una dosificación mínima de 2 veces por semana, 35 minutos de intervención en un total de 16 sesiones (9,3 horas en total) pareciera mejorar la función motora gruesa, cuyos resultados son transferibles a las actividades en tierra inmediatamente, sin embargo, no se obtiene información si se mantienen a mediano o largo plazo.

Background. Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the main causes of disability in the child population, affecting various areas of development such as gross motor function; balance and gait. There is evidence of the benefits of aquatic therapy and how it can complement rehabilitation. Objective. to describe the effectiveness of aquatic interventions in people with CP, to determine improvements in gross motor function using methods, protocols, and dosage. Methods. Nine randomized controlled studies were analyzed from 2012 to date, selected by an expert and whose subjects had spastic CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) I to IV, between 2 and 20 years of age. Results. After the aquatic intervention, significant improvements were reported in the average of the Gross motor function measure (GMFM) items measured. Of the methods that contributed to improvements, there is Halliwick and aquatic exercises without a specific program. Results. Improvements were obtained from 35 to 100 minutes, and from 12 to 30 sessions in total. It is not possible to conclude the most effective type of therapy, since the outcome measures and the characteristics of the subjects were diverse. Conclusion. A minimum dosage of 2 times per week, 35 minutes of intervention in a total of 16 sessions (9.3 hours in total) seems to improve gross motor function, the results of which are immediately transferable to activities on land, however, it is not obtains information if they are maintained in the medium or long term.

Relative bioavailability of cadmium in aquatic products and its application on the cadmium exposure risk assessment / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo understand the relative bioavailability （RBA） of cadmium in different aquatic products. Based on the consideration of the gender differences and the relative bioavailability of cadmium in different foods， the physiologically based toxicokinetic （PBTK） model of cadmium was further optimized and verified. The correlation between internal and external exposure in quantitative risk assessment of food safety was optimized， and the provisional tolerable daily intake （PTDI） value of cadmium was derived. MethodsThe relative bioavailability of cadmium in different aquatic products was determined in four-week-old Balb/c female mice. The PBTK model of cadmium metabolism was optimized by ABC-MCMC method using combined internal and external exposure data of cadmium in Shanghai residents， and the PTDI was calculated accordingly. ResultsExcept for scallops and squid， the RBA of aquatic samples was less than 1， indicating that the absorption rate of cadmium in aquatic products was lower than that of cadmium chloride. The higher RBA of squid and scallop may be due to the presence of cadmium in the visceral organs， which is conducive to cadmium absorption and its higher concentration of cadmium. Frying at the temperature less than 160 ℃ reduced cadmium absorption but may increase cadmium absorption at the temperature greater than 160 ℃. The optimized model parameters converged well and the model could reasonably estimate urinary cadmium level according to the external exposure of cadmium. The PTDI value was0.466 4 μg·（kg·day）-1 according to the optimized single-chamber model. ConclusionThe relative bioavailability of cadmium in different foods varies greatly， except for squid and scallops， RBA is less than 1， and cooking processing will affect the RBA of food. The construction of the PBTK model did not only consider the effects of gender differences on cadmium metabolism， but also included the relative bioavailability data to optimize and adjust the correlation coefficient of absorption rate. Compared with the model without RBA adjustment， the adjusted model has enhanced the ability to predict urinary cadmium level， which provides a new， more accurate method for the risk assessment of food safety.

Invertebrate dispersal by waterbird species in neotropical wetlands

Abstract Endozoochory by waterbirds is particularly relevant to the dispersal of non-flying aquatic invertebrates. This ecological function exercised by birds has been demonstrated in different biogeographical regions, but there are no studies for the neotropical region. In this work, we identified propagules of invertebrates in faeces of 14 syntopic South American waterbird species representing six families, and hatched additional invertebrates from cultured faeces. We tested whether propagule abundance, species richness and composition varied among bird species, and between the cold and warm seasons. We found 164 invertebrate propagules in faecal samples from seven different waterbirds species, including eggs of the Temnocephalida and Notonectidae, statoblasts of bryozoans (Plumatella sp.) and ephippia of Cladocera. Ciliates (including Paramecium sp. and Litostomatea), nematodes and rotifers (Adineta sp. and Nottomatidae) hatched from cultured samples. Potential for endozoochory was confirmed for 12 of 14 waterbird species. Our statistical models suggest that richness and abundance of propagules are associated with bird species and not affected by seasonality. Dispersal by endozoochory is potentially important to a broad variety of invertebrates, being promoted by waterbirds with different ecological and morphological traits, which are likely to drive the dispersal of invertebrates in neotropical wetlands.

Resumo A endozoocoria promovida por aves aquáticas é particularmente relevante para a dispersão de invertebrados aquáticos não-voadores. Essa função ecológica exercida pelas aves tem sido demonstrada para diferentes regiões biogeográficas, porém, não existem estudos para a região neotropical. Neste trabalho nós identificamos propágulos de invertebrados encontrados em fezes de 14 espécies sintópicas de aves aquáticas da América do Sul, representando seis famílias de aves, e também invertebrados emergidos de amostras fecais cultivadas em laboratório. Testamos se a abundância, riqueza de espécies e composição de propágulos de invertebrados variavam entre as espécies de aves e entre estações. Nós encontramos 164 propágulos de invertebrados em amostras fecais de sete espécies de aves, incluindo ovos de Temnocephalida e Notonectidae, estatoblastos de briozoários (Plumatella sp.) e efípios de Cladocera. Ciliados (incluindo Paramecium sp. e Litostomatea), nematóides e rotíferos (Adineta sp. e Nottomatidae) eclodiram de amostras cultivadas. O potencial para endozoocoria foi confirmado para 12 das 14 espécies de aves aquáticas investigadas. Nossos modelos estatísticos sugerem que a riqueza e abundância de propágulos estão associadas às espécies de aves e não são afetadas pela sazonalidade. A dispersão por endozoocoria é importante para uma ampla variedade de invertebrados, sendo promovida por aves aquáticas com diferentes características ecológicas e morfológicas as quais provavelmente regulam a dispersão de invertebrados entre áreas úmidas neotropicais.

A picture key for semiaquatic and aquatic adults of Curculionoidea (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Brazil / Chave pictórica para identificação de adultos de Curculionoidea semiaquáticos e aquáticos do Brasil

Abstract A pictorial key for the identification of aquatic and semiaquatic adults of Curculionidae associated with aquatic macrophytes from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and the Amazon is presented for the first time based on the study of 13,252 specimens belonging to the two families of Curculionoidea (Brentidae and Curculionidae), six subfamilies, eight tribes, 22 genera and 24 species, most belonging to Tanysphyrini (Curculionidae, Brachycerinae). This key can be extrapolated to the Neotropical Region fauna due to the wide distribution of the included species, which is discussed in relation to taxonomic, biogeographical, and ecological studies.

Resumo Apresenta-se pela primeira vez uma chave pictórica para identificação dos adultos aquáticos e semiaquáticos de Curculionidae associados às macrófitas aquáticas do Pantanal mato-grossense e da Amazônia, baseada no estudo de 13.252 exemplares pertencentes a duas famílias de Curculionoidea (Brentidae e Curculionidae), seis subfamílias, oito tribos, 22 gêneros e 24 espécies, a maioria pertencente a Tanysphyrini (Curculionidae, Brachycerinae). A chave proposta pode ser extrapolada para a fauna da Região Neotropical devido a ampla distribuição das espécies incluídas, as quais são discutidas em relação aos estudos taxonômicos, biogeográficos e ecológicos.

Dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) from northeast Santa Catarina and notes on the occurrence of species in the region / Libélulas (Insecta, Odonata) no nordeste de Santa Catarina e notas sobre a ocorrência de espécies na região

Abstract We present a checklist of Odonata (Insecta) species occurring in streams in the municipality of Araquari, northeastern state of Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil. Five stream reaches were surveyed bi-annually from March 2016 to March 2018. Overall, we recorded 18 taxa (16 species) from 12 genera and four families. Coenagrionidae and Libellulidae were the most species-rich families (seven species each; 43% of the total number of species recorded each). Idioneura ancilla Selys, 1860, Telagrion longum Selys, 1876 (Coenagrionidae) and Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Libellulidae) are recorded for the first time in the state of Santa Catarina. Species occurrence patterns were remarkably seasonal in the studied streams, with 70% of the species recorded in the summer only, and only 25% of the species occurring in both seasons at the same stream. Our findings revealed odonate communities with marked space-time interactions in species occurrence and contribute to understand odonate biology in subtropical streams in a human-dominated landscape, and also contribute to improve the knowledge on odonate distribution in South America.

Resumo Apresentamos uma lista de espécies de Odonata (Insecta) em riachos do município de Araquari, nordeste do estado de Santa Catarina (SC), sul do Brasil. Cinco riachos foram pesquisados semestralmente entre março de 2016 e março de 2018. Ao todo, registramos 18 taxa (16 espécies) de 12 gêneros e quatro famílias. Coenagrionidae e Libellulidae foram as famílias mais ricas em espécies (sete espécies cada; cada família com 43% do total do número de espécies). Idioneura ancilla Selys, 1860, Telagrion longum Selys, 1876 (Coenagrionidae) e Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Libellulidae) são registradas pela primeira vez no estado de Santa Catarina. Os padrões de ocorrência das espécies foram notavelmente sazonais nos riachos estudados, com 65% das espécies registradas apenas no verão e apenas 25% das espécies ocorrendo em ambas as estações no mesmo riacho. Nossas descobertas revelaram comunidades de Odonata com interações espaço-temporais marcantes na ocorrência de espécies e contribuem para a compreensão da biologia de Odonata em riachos subtropicais em uma paisagem dominada pelo homem, e também contribuem para melhorar o conhecimento sobre a distribuição de Odonata na América do Sul.

Efecto de ejercicios especiales para el entrenamiento de las figuras en nadadoras artísticas / Effect of special exercises for figure training in artistic swimmers / Efeito de exercícios especiais para o treino da figura em nadadores artísticos

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar el efecto del entrenamiento de las figuras a través de ejercicios especiales durante el período preparatorio. Las participantes fueron 13 nadadoras artísticas con edades de 9 a 12 años. Se realizó un pre-experimento pretest-postest para un solo grupo y se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon. En cuanto a los resultados del postest con respecto al pretest en la figura pierna de ballet recta, en los indicadores diseño Z (-2,536b) y control Z (-2,539b) se muestra un mayor efecto del entrenamiento y fue de igual manera en la figura barracuda Z (-2,536b). Se puede afirmar, que la propuesta resalta su funcionabilidad.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to test the effect of figure training through special exercises during the preparatory period. The participants were 13 artistic swimmers aged 9 to 12 years. A pretest-posttest pre-experiment was performed for a single group and the Wilcoxon nonparametric test was applied. Regarding the results of the post-test with respect to the pretest in the figure straight ballet leg, in the indicators design Z (-2.536b) and control Z (-2.539b) a greater effect of the training is shown and it was the same way in the figure barracuda Z (-2.536b). It can be affirmed that the proposal highlights its functionality.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi testar o efeito do treino da figura através de exercícios especiais durante o período preparatório. Os participantes foram 13 nadadores artísticos com idades compreendidas entre os 9 e os 12 anos. Foi realizado um pré-experimento pré-teste-pós-teste para um único grupo e foi aplicado o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. No que diz respeito aos resultados do pós-teste em relação ao pré-teste na figura da perna de ballet reta, no desenho de indicadores Z (-2,536b) e no controlo Z (-2,539b), verifica-se um maior efeito do treino, o mesmo acontecendo na figura da barracuda Z (-2,536b). Pode-se afirmar, que a proposta evidencia sua funcionalidade.

Preliminary checklist of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Checklist preliminar de libélulas (Insecta: Odonata) do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Abstract In this study, we provide a checklist of the species of Odonata (Insecta) from the state of Santa Catarina (southern Brazil), along with their location records in the municipalities across the state (whenever possible). We compiled 147 species from 60 genera and nine families, making Santa Catarina the second state with the most Odonata species recorded in southern Brazil. The families with the highest number of species were Libellulidae (54 species from 18 genera), followed by Coenagrionidae (36 species from 17 genera), Gomphidae (20 species from ten genera) and Aeshnidae (15 species from eight genera). Several regions of Santa Catarina are unexplored (mostly the westernmost and central regions of the state), whereas the knowledge in the southern coast and the subtropical highland grasslands remains restricted to sparse occurrence records. Moreover, the distribution records in the state show an enormous historical track associated with the establishment of late entomologists in the region. Our study highlights the role of Atlantic Forest biome in maintaining high levels of diversity of Odonata species richness in Brazil and also shows that many areas in subtropical forests in Brazil are not adequately sampled.

Resumo Neste estudo, fornecemos um checklist das espécies de Odonata (Insecta) do estado de Santa Catarina (sul do Brasil), juntamente com seus registros de localização nos municípios do estado (quando disponíveis na literatura). Compilamos 147 espécies distribuídas em 60 gêneros e nove famílias, tornando Santa Catarina o segundo estado com mais espécies de Odonata registradas na região Sul do Brasil. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Libellulidae (54 espécies distribuídas em 18 gêneros), seguida por Coenagrionidae (36 espécies distribuídas em 17 gêneros), Gomphidae (20 espécies distribuídas em dez gêneros) e Aeshnidae (15 espécies distribuídas em oito gêneros). Diversas regiões de Santa Catarina seguem inexploradas (principalmente as regiões centrais e do extremo oeste do estado), enquanto conhecimento no litoral sul e campos de altitude subtropicais permanecem restritos a registros pontuais de ocorrência. Além disso, os registros de distribuição no estado mostram um enorme legado histórico associado à fixação de entomologistas tradicionalmente lotados na região. Nosso estudo destaca o papel do bioma Mata Atlântica na manutenção de altos níveis de diversidade da riqueza de espécies de Odonata no Brasil e também mostra que muitas áreas de florestas subtropicais no Brasil não são amostradas adequadamente.

Food preference of Phylloicus sp. (Insecta: Trichoptera): experimental study with plant species from the Cerrado / Preferência alimentar de Phylloicus sp. (Insecta: Trichoptera): trabalho experimental com espécies vegetais do Cerrado

Abstract The aquatic insects of the genus Phylloicus play a crucial role in aquatic ecosystems, shredding leaves and contributing to nutrient cycling in streams. Therefore, this genus is often used in laboratory experiments. However, in Cerrado regions such as Araguaia, these studies are impractical due to a lack of knowledge about basic aspects, such as their feeding preferences for local plants. Hence, our objective is to determine the native plant species in the Araguaia region preferred as food by Phylloicus. We conducted an experimental study comparing the consumption of three native Cerrado plant species: Casearia sylvestris, Astronium fraxinifolium, and Ficus guaranítica by Phylloicus. To assess differences in consumption, we performed an Analysis of Variance. The results revealed that Phylloicus larvae exhibited a feeding preference for Casearia sylvestris (F = 9.71; p = 0.004). This finding will contribute to the development of future experimental studies using Phylloicus in the Araguaia region, as understanding the feeding preferences of animals used in experiments is essential for their maintenance in the laboratory.

Resumo Os insetos aquáticos do gênero Phylloicus desempenham um papel essencial nos ecossistemas aquáticos, fragmentando folhas e contribuindo para a ciclagem de nutrientes nos riachos. Por isso, esse gênero é frequentemente utilizado em experimentos de laboratório. No entanto, em regiões de Cerrado como o Araguaia, esses trabalhos são inviáveis por não se conhecer aspectos básicos como a sua preferência alimentar por plantas locais. Por isso, nosso objetivo é responder quais são as espécies vegetais nativas da região do Araguaia preferidas para a alimentação de Phylloicus. Fizemos um trabalho experimental comparando o consumo de três espécies vegetais nativas do Cerrado: Casearia sylvestris, Astronium fraxinifolium e Ficus guaranítica pelos Phylloicus. Para avaliar as diferenças no consumo, realizamos uma Análise de Variância. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que as larvas de Phylloicus demonstraram preferência alimentar por Casearia sylvestris (F = 9.71; p = 0.004). Esse achado ajudará no desenvolvimento de futuros trabalhos experimentais utilizando Phylloicus na região do Araguaia, uma vez que é essencial o conhecimento da preferência alimentar dos animais utilizados nos experimentos para sua manutenção em laboratório.

Inventory of birds in two urban wetlands in Temuco (Chile): a basis for monitoring species / Inventario de aves en dos humedales urbanos de Temuco (Chile): una base para el monitoreo de especies

Abstract: In the city of Temuco, Chile, the importance of urban wetlands has been recognized with the legal declaration of two key ecosystems: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán and Humedales de Antumalén. This paper presents an inventory of birds in these wetlands, following the Darwin Core standard, and compares the results with other selected inventories in Chile. Observations were made using point counts and 21-hour transects. A total of 50 species from 26 families and 15 orders were identified, with a predominance of native species. Fourteen species were found in both wetlands, 20 exclusively in Chivilcán and 15 in Antumalén. Comparison with other studies revealed significant differences in bird composition between urban and peri-urban habitats, illustrating that urban habitats maintain a unique diversity distinct from that of peri-urban areas. The diversity of habitats and the 'least concern' status of most species highlight the importance of these wetlands as refuges for avian biodiversity. The structure of the Darwin Core database facilitates their integration with other biodiversity systems, highlighting the need for continued conservation and study of these urban ecosystems.

Resumen: En la ciudad de Temuco, Chile, se ha reconocido la importancia de los humedales urbanos con la declaración de dos ecosistemas clave: Humedal Vegas de Chivilcán y Humedales de Antumalén. Este trabajo presenta un inventario de aves en estos humedales, siguiendo la norma Darwin Core, y compara los hallazgos con otros inventarios seleccionados en Chile. Las observaciones se realizaron mediante conteos puntuales y transectos durante 21 horas. Se identificaron un total de 50 especies de 26 familias y 15 órdenes, predominando las especies nativas. Catorce especies se encontraron en ambos humedales, 20 eran exclusivas de Chivilcán y 15 de Antumalén. La comparación con otros estudios reveló diferencias significativas en la composición de aves entre hábitats urbanos y periurbanos, mostrando que los hábitats asociados a ciudades mantienen una diversidad singular que difiere de los hábitats periurbanos. La diversidad de hábitats y el estatus de "preocupación menor" de la mayoría de las especies resaltan la importancia de estos humedales como refugios para la biodiversidad aviar. La estructura de la base de datos Darwin Core facilita su integración con otros sistemas de biodiversidad, subrayando la necesidad de continuar con la conservación y el estudio de estos ecosistemas urbanos.

Aquatic therapy in congenital malformation during the use of external fixator for bone lengthening: It is possible?

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the rehabilitation of individuals with Congenital Malformations (CMF) during the use of an External Fixator (EF) in Aquatic Therapy (AT) and to analyze the association between diagnosis, EF type and location with rehabilitation process outcomes, surgical intervention, and adverse effects. Methods: This retrospective study included 29 medical records from which the personal and rehabilitation data of the patient were collected. The AT used was described and the outcome variables were associated. The medical records were selected by screening the database of the CMF clinic at the AACD. The inclusion criteria were participants with CMF who used EF treated between 2011 and 2019 of both genders and without age restriction. The exclusion criteria were incomplete medical record data or not undergoing AT while using EF. The extracted data included diagnosis, gender, age, EF type and location, objective of the surgery, adverse events, surgical interventions, time of rehabilitation in AT, physiotherapeutic objectives, and rehabilitation process outcomes in AT. Results: The mean age of the participants was 12.1 ± 3.99 years, with male predominance (55 %) and hemimelia cases (37 %). The most used EF was circular (51 %), located in the femur (37 %), and the main objective of surgery was bone lengthening (52 %). The most recurrent adverse effect was infection (62 %) and 76 % completed AT. There was no association between the variables analyzed. Conclusions: It was possible to describe CMF rehabilitation with EF in AT. There was no association between the variables analyzed.

Curicta Stål, 1862 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Nepidae) from Maranhão, Brazil

ABSTRACT The genus Curicta Stål comprises aquatic insects commonly known as water scorpions and typically occurs in habitats associated with marginal mud. It is exclusively distributed in the New World, with 17 species recorded in the Neotropical Region, including 12 in Brazil. In the state of Maranhão, only one species, Curicta montei De Carlo, has been documented to date. Thus, this study aims to explore the diversity of Curicta in the state of Maranhão. A total of 124 specimens were collected, representing three species: Curicta granulosa De Carlo, C. johnpolhemi Keffer, and C. montei. Notably, C. johnpolhemi and C. granulosa are reported here as new distribution records for the state of Maranhão. Previously described based solely on a single female, our investigation of C. johnpolhemi enabled the description of the male, providing additional taxonomic insights for the species. Photographs of one specimen from each species are provided and diagnostic features are illustrated.

Invertebrate dispersal by waterbird species in neotropical wetlands / A dispersão de invertebrados por aves aquáticas na região neotropical

Abstract Endozoochory by waterbirds is particularly relevant to the dispersal of non-flying aquatic invertebrates. This ecological function exercised by birds has been demonstrated in different biogeographical regions, but there are no studies for the neotropical region. In this work, we identified propagules of invertebrates in faeces of 14 syntopic South American waterbird species representing six families, and hatched additional invertebrates from cultured faeces. We tested whether propagule abundance, species richness and composition varied among bird species, and between the cold and warm seasons. We found 164 invertebrate propagules in faecal samples from seven different waterbirds species, including eggs of the Temnocephalida and Notonectidae, statoblasts of bryozoans (Plumatella sp.) and ephippia of Cladocera. Ciliates (including Paramecium sp. and Litostomatea), nematodes and rotifers (Adineta sp. and Nottomatidae) hatched from cultured samples. Potential for endozoochory was confirmed for 12 of 14 waterbird species. Our statistical models suggest that richness and abundance of propagules are associated with bird species and not affected by seasonality. Dispersal by endozoochory is potentially important to a broad variety of invertebrates, being promoted by waterbirds with different ecological and morphological traits, which are likely to drive the dispersal of invertebrates in neotropical wetlands.

Resumo A endozoocoria promovida por aves aquáticas é particularmente relevante para a dispersão de invertebrados aquáticos não-voadores. Essa função ecológica exercida pelas aves tem sido demonstrada para diferentes regiões biogeográficas, porém, não existem estudos para a região neotropical. Neste trabalho nós identificamos propágulos de invertebrados encontrados em fezes de 14 espécies sintópicas de aves aquáticas da América do Sul, representando seis famílias de aves, e também invertebrados emergidos de amostras fecais cultivadas em laboratório. Testamos se a abundância, riqueza de espécies e composição de propágulos de invertebrados variavam entre as espécies de aves e entre estações. Nós encontramos 164 propágulos de invertebrados em amostras fecais de sete espécies de aves, incluindo ovos de Temnocephalida e Notonectidae, estatoblastos de briozoários (Plumatella sp.) e efípios de Cladocera. Ciliados (incluindo Paramecium sp. e Litostomatea), nematóides e rotíferos (Adineta sp. e Nottomatidae) eclodiram de amostras cultivadas. O potencial para endozoocoria foi confirmado para 12 das 14 espécies de aves aquáticas investigadas. Nossos modelos estatísticos sugerem que a riqueza e abundância de propágulos estão associadas às espécies de aves e não são afetadas pela sazonalidade. A dispersão por endozoocoria é importante para uma ampla variedade de invertebrados, sendo promovida por aves aquáticas com diferentes características ecológicas e morfológicas as quais provavelmente regulam a dispersão de invertebrados entre áreas úmidas neotropicais.

Variabilidad de comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en charcas temporales del norte de Colombia

Introducción: Las charcas temporales son ecosistemas acuáticos variables en su estructura física y biótica, efímeros en el paisaje e importantes en el flujo de materia y energía. Los macroinvertebrados acuáticos constituyen el grupo más abundante y diverso en estos ecosistemas y requieren mayor estudio, particularmente en los trópicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad alfa y beta de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos de seis charcas temporales durante dos épocas climáticas en el norte de Colombia. Métodos: En Magdalena, Colombia, hicimos seis arrastres aleatorios con redes manuales en la zona litoral, y seis arrastres en zigzag con redes tipo D en la zona lacustre; recolectamos macrofauna en tres lances con una draga Ekman; y muestreamos cada charca durante la alta precipitación (noviembre, 2020) y la baja precipitación (febrero, 2021). Resultados: Identificamos 3 358 individuos (13 órdenes, 39 familias y 68 géneros). La mayor abundancia y diversidad (N= 485, 0D= 32) durante la época de lluvia se presentó en Los Campanos, mientras que la charca Villa Leidy tuvo el mayor número de taxones comunes (18) y dominantes (14). En la época de sequía, la charca Los Trillizos presentó la mayor abundancia (533) y diversidad (43); mientras que Villa Leidy y El Miquito el mayor número de taxones dominantes (16). Las charcas tienen composiciones particulares (sin agrupamientos espaciales o temporales); el recambio de taxones es alto, y la correspondencia canónica se agrupa por temporada. Conclusiones: la composición de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos de las charcas temporales son muy diversas, presentando alto recambio tanto espacial como temporal, reflejando altos valores de remplazo de taxones entre épocas climáticas. La zona litoral mantuvo una composición similar durante las dos temporadas.

Introduction: Temporary ponds are variable aquatic ecosystems in their physical and biotic structure, ephemeral in the landscape and important in the flow of matter and energy. Aquatic macroinvertebrates constitute the most abundant and diverse group in these ecosystems and need further study, particularly in the tropics. Objective: To evaluate the alpha and beta diversity of the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of six temporary pools during two climatic seasons in Northern Colombia. Methods: In Magdalena, Colombia, we did six random trawls with hand nets in the coastal zone, and six zig zag trawls with D nets in the lacustrine zone; we collected macrofauna in three random hauls with an Ekman dredge; and sampled each pond in high rainfall (November 2020) and low rainfall (February 2021). Results: We identified 3 358 individuals (13 orders, 39 families and 68 genera). The highest rainy season abundance and diversity (N= 485, 0D= 32) were in Los Campanos, while Villa Leidy Pond had the highest number of common (18) and dominant (14) taxa. During the dry season, Los Trillizos Pond had the highest abundance (533) and diversity (43); while Villa Leidy and El Miquito had the largest number of dominant taxa (16). The pools have a particular composition (no spatial or temporal grouping); taxa turnover is high, and the canonical correspondence clustered by season. Conclusions: The aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the temporary ponds are diverse and have high turnover in space and time, reflecting high replacement of taxa between climatic periods. The littoral zone had a similar composition in the two seasons.

Composición de los macroinvertebrados según la calidad del agua en turberas de altura, Costa Rica / Composition of macroinvertebrates according to water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: En Costa Rica, las turberas de altura se localizan en la Cordillera de Talamanca de 2 400 a 3 200 m. Se forman a partir de depósitos de materia orgánica en descomposición, con oxígeno reducido y baja disponibilidad de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación en la composición de macroinvertebrados acuáticos según parámetros fisicoquímicos de calidad del agua superficial en turberas de altura, Costa Rica. Métodos: Se colocaron 32 sustratos artificiales en las turberas para ser colonizados por macroinvertebrados. Se realizaron evaluaciones fisicoquímicas mensuales del agua superficial en ocho turberas con visitas mensuales durante la estación lluviosa. Se utilizaron los índices ICA-NSF y BMWP-CR para evaluar la calidad del agua. Resultados: Se registraron un total de diez familias correspondientes a siete géneros. Las familias más representativas fueron Chironomidae y Limnephilidae. La calidad del agua se clasificó según el ICA-NSF como de "calidad media" y como de "calidad regular a mala" según el BMWP-CR. Conclusiones: Las turberas de altura son ecosistemas poco estudiados, esta investigación evidencia la necesidad de diseñar metodologías e índices que evalúen la fauna acuática. Las turberas son diferentes entre sí, y las familias de macroinvertebrados encontrados son tolerantes a las características fisicoquímicas del agua. Es necesario realizar estudios periódicos que evalúen la calidad del agua y su relación con los macroinvertebrados acuáticos para entender la dinámica de las turberas, generar conocimiento e incrementar su protección.

Abstract Introduction: In Costa Rica, high peatbogs are located in the Cordillera de Talamanca from 2 400 to 3 200 m. They are formed from deposits of decomposing organic matter, with reduced oxygen and low nutrient availability. Objective: To evaluate the variation in the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates according to physicochemical parameters of superficial water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica. Methods: 32 artificial substrates were placed in the peatbogs to be colonized by macroinvertebrates. Monthly physicochemical evaluations of surface water were performed in eight peatbogs with monthly visits during the rainy season. The ICA-NSF and BMWP-CR indexes were used to evaluate the water quality. Results: A total of ten families corresponding to seven genera were recorded. The most representative family was Chironomidae and Limnephilidae. Water quality was classified according to the ICA-NSF as "medium quality" and as "regular to poor quality" according to BMWP-CR. Conclusions: The high peatbogs are poorly studied ecosystems; this research shows the need to design methodologies and indices to evaluate the aquatic fauna. The peatbogs are different from each other, and the families of macroinvertebrates found are tolerant to the physicochemical characteristics of the water. Periodic studies that evaluate water quality and its relationship with aquatic macroinvertebrates are necessary to understand the dynamics of peatlands, generate knowledge and increase their protection.

Coleópteros acuáticos (Insecta: Coleoptera) depositados en la Colección Zoológica de la Universidad del Tolima (CZUT) / Aquatic beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) deposited in the Zoological Collection of the University of Tolima (CZUT)

Introducción: Los Coleópteros acuáticos exhiben una gran importancia dentro de los cuerpos de agua, no solo por su papel en la cadena trófica, sino también por su papel como bioindicadores de la calidad del agua. A pesar de la gran importancia que representan, los estudios a nivel específico o sobre su riqueza y distribución son pocos en el departamento del Tolima y en general del país, por lo que surge este estudio. Objetivo: Ampliar el conocimiento sobre la biota de coleópteros acuáticos en el departamento del Tolima. Materiales y métodos: Se tuvo como base el material depositado en la Colección Zoológica de la Universidad del Tolima (CZUT), se realizó la determinación taxonómica y se estableció la distribución del material en las diferentes cuencas y municipios del departamento del Tolima. Resultados: Se encontraron 16 familias, 22 subfamilias y 61 géneros, siendo las familias Dytiscidae (13 géneros), Elmidae (13 géneros) y Staphylinidae (9 géneros), por otra parte, estos resultados representaron el 39,6% de los géneros reportados para Colombia y el 78,2% para el departamento del Tolima. El material evaluado proviene de 14 de las 18 cuencas mayores del departamento, siendo Saldaña, Totare y Prado las que mostraron la mayor riqueza y abundancia de Coleópteros acuáticos. Conclusión: Finalmente, y teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se evidencia que las colecciones biológicas representan importantes repositorios de biodiversidad, dado que son pocas las ocasiones en las que se puede realizar la revisión y el aprovechamiento de un material con un amplio rango temporal, altitudinal y espacial, por lo que, seguir realizando estudios que involucren estos espacios es vital para conocer y dilucidar la biodiversidad del país.

Aquatic Coleoptera exhibit great importance within bodies of water, not only for their role in the food chain but also as bioindicators of water quality. Despite the great importance they represent, studies at a specific level or on their wealth and distribution are few in the department of Tolima and the country in general, which is why this study arises. Objective: Expand knowledge about the biota of aquatic beetles in the department of Tolima. Materials and methods: The material deposited in the Zoological Collection of the University of Tolima (CZUT) was used as a basis, the taxonomic determination was carried out and the distribution of the material in the different basins and municipalities of the department of Tolima was established. Results: 16 families, 22 subfamilies, and 61 genera were found, the families being Dytiscidae (13 genera), Elmidae (13 genera), and Staphylinidae (9 genera), on the other hand, these results represented 39,.6% of the genera reported for Colombia and 78.2% for the department of Tolima. The material evaluated comes from 14 of the 18 major basins of the department, with Saldaña, Totare, and Prado being those that showed the greatest richness and abundance of aquatic Coleoptera. Conclusion: Finally, and taking into account the above, it is evident that biological collections represent important repositories of biodiversity, given that there are few occasions in which the review and use of material with a wide temporal and altitudinal range can be carried out. and spatial, therefore, continuing to carry out studies that involve these spaces is vital to knowing and elucidating the country's biodiversity.

Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) dietary supplementation ameliorates fluoride toxicity in the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L

Fluoride is the organic and inorganic compound of the element fluorine, has detrimental effect to all animals including fish at higher concentration. Ground water with elevated concentration of fluoride is a major global problem including India. On the other hand, Morinda citrifolia (also called ‘Noni’ in Polynesia) is a medicinal plant, has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. The ameliorating effect of M. citrifolia fruit extract dietary supplementation against fluoride induced toxicity on the growth performance, haematological parameters, and fluoride accumulation in the muscular tissue was investigated in the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L. for 35 days in triplicate. One hundred and twenty acclimated C. carpio fingerlings were randomly allocated into five experimental groups (Groups I, II, III, IV and V) each with 24 fish divided into three replicates (eight fish/replicate). Group I (Control) and II (Toxic control or negative control) were provided with basal/control diet, whereas groups III, IV, and V were provided with 0.25% (2.5 g/kg), 0.50% (5.0 g/kg) and 0.75% (7.5 g/kg) M. citrifolia fruit extract supplemented diet respectively. All groups except for group I were exposed to 10% of the LC50 of fluoride. Selected growth and haematological parameters were estimated. The fluoride content in the muscular tissue of fish was also estimated following SPADNS method. Results revealed that exposure of sublethal concentration of fluoride significantly (P <0.05) reduced the growth performance and haematological parameters in Gr. II (toxic control) compared to the Gr. I (control). However, M. citrifolia dietary supplementation significantly (P <0.05) improved fluoride induced alteration of growth performance and haematological parameters of fish in the groups III, IV and V compared to Gr. II. Morinda citrifolia fruit extract dietary supplementation also significantly (P <0.05) decreased the accumulation fluoride in the muscular tissue of fish in groups III, IV and V compared to the Gr. II (toxic control). In conclusion, M. citrifolia dietary supplementation ameliorates the fluoride toxicity by preventing the accumulation of fluoride in the muscular tissue of the fish. The M. citrifolia dietary supplementation at 0.25% showed the best response, hence it is considered as the optimum dose.

Optimization of pretreatment methods for N-nitrosamine compounds in ready-to-eat aquatic products / 预防医学

Objective@#To optimize the pretreatment method of N-nitrosamine compounds in ready-to-eat aquatic products. @*Methods@#Market-sold ready-to-eat aquatic products were collected, homogenized and distilled by steam. The samples were extracted for 10 minutes using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with ethanol, trichloromethane and sodium chloride (3.0 g). After centrifugation, the organic phase in the lower layer was collected and subjected to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The six common N-nitrosamine compounds were determined in ready-to-eat aquatic products using multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) and quantified by the internal standard method. @*Results@#The optimized method exhibited a good linear relationship at concentrations of 10.0 to 500 μg/L for determination of 6 N-nitrosamine compounds (correlation coefficient of greater than 0.999), with 0.05 to 0.60 μg/kg limit of detection, 0.15 to 1.60 μg/kg limit of quantitation, mean spiked recovery rates of 71.8% to 108.9%, and relative standard deviations of 1.4% to 8.6%. N-Nitrosodimethylamine showed the highest detection rate in 20 market-sold ready-to-eat aquatic products (90%), and the detection rates of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine, N-Nitrosodiethylamine and N-dibutylnitrosamine were 15%, 10% and 10%, respectively. @*Conclusion@#Steam distillation combined with DLLME may optimize the pretreatment method of N-nitrosamine compounds in ready-to-eat aquatic products and meet the measurement requirements.

Pathogenic risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in raw aquatic products of animal origin by using sQMRA / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To evaluate the risk of disease of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products of raw food animals for population in guangzhou,and determine risk management points. Methods VP quantitative detection was carried out in aquatic products of raw food animals sold in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2022.sQMRA was applied to assess Vibrio parahaemolyticus risk of aquatic products of raw food animals. According to stratified analysis based on the pollution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and evaluation results,carry out risk management and analysis. Results Among the 98 samples were detected positive of VP from 1 343 samples from 2009 to 2022 , with an overall positive rate of 7.30%.The number of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection cases caused by eating aquatic products of raw food animals in Guangzhou was 3012. If the proportion of raw food is reduced , the number of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection cases will be significantly reduced. The number of cases caused by eating raw fash will be reduced from 2128 to 217.The detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw fresh water products was much higher than that in marine products. The probability of infection in the population was higher. The number of cases caused by eating raw fash was the highest.The detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was higher in raw crustaceans and molluscs. The incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection cases caused by eating raw fash in the four quarters varied from high to low as such sequence ,4.93×10-5 in the three quarters , 2.53×10-5 in the second quarter , 2.40×10-5 in the first quarter ,1.77×10-5 in the fourth quarter . Conclusion The risk of disease of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products of raw food animals was higher. The public health education should be done well. Aquatic products should be cooked thoroughly before eating . Reduce the intake of raw aquatic products and avoid cross contamination. Focus on the risks of summer and autumn seasons and seafood such as crustaceans and molluscs. Concentrate on scientific research on Vibrio parahaemolyticus pollution of fresh water products.