Effect of 12 weeks of aquatic strength training on individuals with multiple sclerosis / Efeito de 12 semanas de treinamento aquático de força em pacientes com esclerose múltipla

RESUMO Antecedentes: Programas de exercícios físicos são recomendados para pacientes com esclerose múltipla. No entanto, são limitados os estudos que envolvem o treinamento aquático de força para a melhoria das capacidades funcionais. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito de um programa de treinamento aquático de força nas capacidades funcionais e nos níveis de força e fadiga de pessoas diagnosticadas com esclerose múltipla. Métodos: Foram selecionados 29 voluntários com esclerose múltipla. Todos os participantes realizaram uma bateria de testes, incluindo os de capacidades funcionais, nível de força e níveis de fadiga em dois momentos distintos: pré-intervenção e pós-intervenção. O programa de treinamento de força foi realizado durante 12 semanas. Foram utilizados exercícios de força localizados, com controle específico de carga de trabalho, que variou entre 50 e 90% do máximo, de acordo com a semana de treinamento. Para a análise estatística, optou-se por utilizar o teste t de Student na comparação ente os momentos pré- e pós-intervenção. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram melhora significativa em todas as variáveis investigadas: teste de 6 min de caminhada (p=0,00); força mão dominante (p=0,02); força mão não dominante (p=0,00); levantar (p=0,00); sentar e levantar-se (p=0,00); subir 15 degraus (p=0,00); descer 15 degraus (p=0,00); calçar meias (p=0,00); gravidade da fadiga (p=0,01); impacto da fadiga (p=0,01). Conclusão: O treinamento aquático de força foi eficiente para melhorar as capacidades funcionais relacionadas à qualidade de vida de pacientes com esclerose múltipla.

ABSTRACT Background: Physical exercise programs are recommended for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, studies involving aquatic strength training to improve functional capacity in MS are limited. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of an aquatic strength-training program in improving physical function, strength, and fatigue levels in individuals with (MS). Methods: Twenty-nine patients with MS were enrolled in the study. All participants underwent a battery of tests to measure physical function, strength and fatigue levels at two time points: before and after the 12-week intervention. The training program included strength exercises with clearly defined load and percentage of repetitions based on the patient's maximal performance. Statistical analyses were carried out using the Student's T test for comparison between pre- and post-intervention measures. Results: All test results were improved significantly after the intervention: 6-minute walk time (p=0.00), dominant hand grip strength (p=0.02), non-dominant hand grip strength (p=0.00), getting up (p=0.00), sitting and getting up (p=0.00), walking up 15 steps (p=0.00), walking down 15 steps (p=0.00), putting on socks (p=0.00), severity of fatigue (p=0.01), and impact of fatigue (p=0.01). Conclusion: The aquatic strength-training program was effective in increasing physical capacities of patients with MS.

Uso de estatinas melhora a proteção cardiometabólica promovida pelo treinamento físico em ambiente aquático: Um ensaio clínico randomizado / Statin use improves cardiometabolic protection promoted by physical training in an aquatic environment: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Resumo Fundamento: O uso de estatinas destaca-se como a terapia mais frequentemente utilizada para o tratamento de dislipidemias e pode ser considerado a intervenção farmacológica mais eficiente para a redução da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL). Por outro lado, o treinamento físico pode ser considerado uma estratégia não farmacológica eficiente e segura para promover melhorias no perfil lipídico. No entanto, não se sabe qual seria a influência das estatinas nas adaptações lipídicas decorrentes do treinamento aquático em populações com dislipidemia. Objetivos: Analisar a influência do uso de sinvastatina nas adaptações lipídicas decorrentes do treinamento aeróbico em meio aquático e de resistência em mulheres idosas com dislipidemia. Métodos: Sessenta e nove mulheres idosas (66,13 ± 5,13 anos), sedentárias e dislipidêmicas, tanto não usuárias quanto usuárias de sinvastatina (20 mg e 40 mg), foram randomizadas nos 3 grupos seguintes: treinamento aeróbico em meio aquático (WA), treinamento de força em meio aquático (WR) e grupo controle (GC). A duração total das intervenções, para todos os grupos experimentais, foi de 10 semanas, com 2 sessões semanais. As análises bioquímicas foram realizadas antes do início das intervenções e repetidas após o final do ensaio. Foram utilizadas equações de estimativa generalizada para comparar esses dados, estabelecendo α = 0,05. Resultados: Na análise por intenção de tratar, as participantes medicadas demonstraram uma redução de magnitude maior do colesterol total (CT) (−3,41 a −25,89 mg.dl−1; p = 0,038), LDL (−5,58 a −25,18 mg.dl−1; p = 0,007) e da relação CT/HDL (−0,37 a −0,61; p = 0,022) quando comparadas às participantes não medicadas, essa redução sendo estatisticamente significativa apenas no grupo WR. Conclusões: O uso de estatina incrementa as adaptações promovidas pelo treinamento físico aquático no CT, nos níveis de LDL e na relação CT/HDL, sendo mais pronunciado após WR.

Abstract Background: Statin use is highlighted as the most commonly utilized therapy for the treatment of dyslipidemias and can be considered as the most efficient pharmacological intervention for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduction. On the other hand, physical training can be considered an efficient and safe non-pharmacological strategy to promote improvements in lipid profile. However, the influence of statins on lipid adaptations arising from water-based training in populations with dyslipidemia is not known. Objectives: To analyze the influence of simvastatin use on lipid adaptations arising from water-based aerobics and resistance training in elderly women with dyslipidemia. Methods: Sixty-nine elderly (66.13 ± 5.13 years), sedentary, and dyslipidemic women, both non-users and users of simvastatin (20 mg and 40 mg), were randomized into the following 3 groups: water-based aerobic training (WA), water-based resistance training (WR), and control group (CG). Total duration of interventions, for all experimental groups consisted of 10 weeks, with 2 weekly sessions. Biochemical analyses were performed before the beginning of the interventions and repeated after the end of the trial. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare these data, setting α = 0.05. Results: In intention-to-treat analysis, the medicated participants obtained a greater magnitude of decrease in total cholesterol (TC) (−3.41 to −25.89 mg.dl−1; p = 0.038), LDL (−5.58 to −25.18 mg.dl−1; p = 0.007) and TC/HDL ratio (−0.37 to −0.61; p = 0.022) when compared to the non-medicated participants, and this decrease was statistically significant only in the WR group. Conclusions: Statin use enhances the adaptations promoted by water-based physical training in CT, LDL levels, and CT/HDL ratio, and it is more pronounced after WR.

Functional effects of aquatic exercise in pregnant women: a systematic review

Introduction: During pregnancy, there are changes in all systems of the human body, along with anatomical changes. It is common for women to decrease the intensity of physical activities, especially in the last trimester. Water activities during pregnancy have shown positive effects for this population. To review the effects of functional exercises in the aquatic environment for women during pregnancy. Methods: Systematic review using the PICO methodology, searched on the Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS, and Science Direct platforms, using the descriptors: Pregnancy, hydrotherapy, quality of life, pregnant women, and aquatic environment. Published randomized controlled trials that addressed the functional effects of aquatic exercise in pregnant women, published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in the years 2010 to 2020 were included. In addition, the Boolean operators "and" and "or" were used. The research was conducted from May to July 2020. Results: The search initially resulted in 537 articles, of which 95 records remained after removing duplicates, 14 after reading abstracts and titles, and 5 articles were included in the end. The samples ranged from 46 to 140 participants. Of the five studies selected, all obtained positive results, including pain reduction during pregnancy, as well as improved weight control, blood pressure, and sleep quality. Conclusion: The practice of aquatic exercise for pregnant women acts positively in weight control, improves sleep quality, controls blood pressure, and decreases low back and joint pain. (AU)

Metodología de actividades físicas para adultos mayores obesos con hábitos sedentarios / Methodology of physical activities for obese older adults with sedentary habits

Resumen Actualmente el número de personas obesas aumenta considerablemente, lo que se convierte en una preocupación, debido a los problemas de salud que genera esta enfermedad. Aunque la actividad física es considerada como beneficiosa, en personas con sobrepeso puede tener algunos efectos negativos. La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en la circunscripción 34 del Consejo Popular Centro Histórico, de Nueva Gerona, en la Isla de la Juventud, Cuba, con el objetivo de proponer una metodología de actividades físicas para adultos mayores obesos con hábitos sedentarios de 65 años y más, de dicha comunidad, aprovechando el medio acuático marino. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología mixta, basada en métodos descriptivos: analítico-sintético y lógico-abstracto, así como mediante el análisis experimental como: observación científica, encuestas, entrevistas; se emplearon además los estadísticos para el procesamiento de la información obtenida, moda y mediana. Como resultado de esta metodología, se elevó el estilo de vida lo que contribuyó a la disminución de grasas en los adultos mayores obesos de esta comunidad, con el aprovechamiento del medio acuático marino.

Abstract Currently the number of obese people increases considerably, becoming a concern because of the health problems caused by this disease. Although physical activity is considered beneficial, in overweight people it can have some negative effects. This research was carried out in the 34th circumscription of the Consejo Popular Centro Histórico, of Nueva Gerona in the Isla de la Juventud, Cuba with the objective of proposing a methodology of physical activities for obese older adults with sedentary habits of 65 years of age and older from this community taking advantage of the marine aquatic environment. For this purpose, a mixed methodology was used, based on descriptive methods: analytical-synthetic and abstract logic, as well as through experimental analysis such as: scientific observation, surveys, interviews; statistic methods were also used to process the information obtained, mode and median. As a result of this methodology, the lifestyle was improved and contributed to the reduction of fat in obese older adults in this community taking advantage of the marine aquatic environment.

Effect of temperature and salinity on larval survival and development of Litopenaeus vannamei / Efecto de temperatura y salinidad sobre la supervivencia y desarrollo larval de Litopenaeus vannamei

ABSTRACT Objective. The combined effect of salinity (25, 30, 35, and 40psu) and temperature (25, 30, and 35oC) was evaluated on survival and development from nauplii V (NV) larvae until postlarvae (PL1) of Litopenaeus vannamei. Materials and methods. Four replicates were applied to each combination of salinity and temperature. The larvae were placed in 12 L beakers a density of 100larvae/L. Salinity was increased dissolving commercial salt without iodine, into marine water, whereas fresh filtered tap water was used to decrease the salinity from seawater. The NV were adapted at 35psu and 30°C during 30 minutes. Thereafter, were transferred at each experimental combination of salinity and temperature. Every 24 h, samples of larvae were obtained to determine in vivo their stage of development and survival. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Results. Survival and larval development were significantly (p<0.05) affected by salinity, temperature and interaction of both factors. Maximum ultimate survival to PL1 was obtained at 30°C and 30psu (82.2%) followed by 30 and 35°C at 25psu (71.5 y 71.6%). The highest development at PL1 was found at 30°C and 30psu (6.76). Larval development during experiment was lower at 25°C as compared to 30 and 35°C, regardless of the salinity levels. Conclusions. The most adequate conditions for survival and larval development were obtained between 30-35°C and 25-30psu.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar el efecto combinado de salinidad (25, 30, 35 y 40 ups) y temperatura (25, 30 y 35°C) sobre la supervivencia y el desarrollo de larvas nauplio V (NV) hasta postlarvas (PL1) de Litopenaeus vannamei. Materiales y métodos. Los experimentos se realizaron por cuadriplicado por cada combinación de salinidad y temperatura. Las larvas se mantuvieron en acuarios de 12 L a una densidad de 100larvas/L. La salinidad se incrementó disolviendo sal granulada libre de yodo, a partir de agua de mar, mientras que para alcanzar las salinidades menores se utilizó agua dulce filtrada. Los NV aclimatados a 35ups y 30°C durante 30 minutos fueron transferidos a cada combinación experimental de salinidad y temperatura. Cada 24 h, se obtuvieron muestras de larvas para determinar in vivo su etapa de desarrollo y supervivencia. Los datos fueron analizados por un ANOVA de dos vías. Resultados. La supervivencia y el desarrollo larval fueron significativamente afectadas por la salinidad, temperatura y su interacción (p<0.05). La máxima supervivencia final a PL1 se obtuvo a 30°C y 30ups (82.2%), seguido por 30 y 35°C a 25ups (71.5 y 71.6%). El desarrollo más alto a PL1 fue encontrado a 30°C y 30ups (6.76). El desarrollo larval durante el experimento fue más bajo a 25°C en comparación con 30 y 35°C, independientemente de los niveles de salinidad. Conclusiones. Las condiciones más adecuadas para la supervivencia y desarrollo larval se obtuvieron entre 30-35°C y 25-30ups.

Comparative metagenome of a stream impacted by the urbanization phenomenon

Abstract Rivers and streams are important reservoirs of freshwater for human consumption. These ecosystems are threatened by increasing urbanization, because raw sewage discharged into them alters their nutrient content and may affect the composition of their microbial community. In the present study, we investigate the taxonomic and functional profile of the microbial community in an urban lotic environment. Samples of running water were collected at two points in the São Pedro stream: an upstream preserved and non-urbanized area, and a polluted urbanized area with discharged sewage. The metagenomic DNA was sequenced by pyrosequencing. Differences were observed in the community composition at the two sites. The non-urbanized area was overrepresented by genera of ubiquitous microbes that act in the maintenance of environments. In contrast, the urbanized metagenome was rich in genera pathogenic to humans. The functional profile indicated that the microbes act on the metabolism of methane, nitrogen and sulfur, especially in the urbanized area. It was also found that virulence/defense (antibiotic resistance and metal resistance) and stress response-related genes were disseminated in the urbanized environment. The structure of the microbial community was altered by uncontrolled anthropic interference, highlighting the selective pressure imposed by high loads of urban sewage discharged into freshwater environments.

Estudo ecotoxicológico da nanopartícula de prata em Daphnia similis / Ecotoxicological study of silver nanoparticle on Daphnia similis

Objetivo ­Verificar a toxicidade da NPAg em organismos aquáticos por meio do ensaio de ecotoxicidade aguda. O aumento na produção e utilização das nanopartículas de prata (NPAg) em diversas áreas, tem provocado preocupação quanto aos impactos e riscos potenciais que estas podem causar ao meio ambiente. Métodos ­ O teste de ecotoxicidade aguda foi realizado seguindo a Norma Brasileira ABNT NBR 12713, utilizando como organismo-teste a Daphnia similis. A exposição dos organismos ocorreu em cinco concentrações de NPAg, durante 48 horas. O resultado de CE50, concentração do agente tóxico que causa imobilidade a 50% dos organismos expostos, da NPAg foi obtida pelo método estatístico de Trimmed Spearman-Karber. Resultados ­ A média da CE50 da NPAg obtidas nos três ensaios realizados foi de 4,70 µg L­1. Conclusão ­ De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a NPAg causou imobilidade a 50% dos organismos expostos na concentração de 4,70 µg L­1. Estudos devem ser continuados para melhor esclarecimento dos impactos no meio ambiente aquático.

Objective ­ To assess the toxicity of AgNP in aquatic organisms through acute ecotoxicity test. The increasing of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production and use in several areas, has caused great concern about the potential impacts and risks that they can cause to the environment. Methods ­ The ecotoxicity tests were carried out according to the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 12713, using Daphnia similis as test-organisms. The organisms were exposed to five AgNP concentrations for a period of 48 hours. The AgNP EC50 result, concentration of the toxic agent which causes immobility to 50% of exposed organisms, was obtained by the statistical method of Spearman-Karber Trimmed. Results ­ The average of AgNP EC50 result from three performed tests was 4.70 µg L­1. Conclusion ­ According to the results, AgNP showed immobility to 50% of exposed organisms in the concentration of 4.70 µg L­1. Studies must be continued to better understand the impacts on the aquatic environment.

Detection of resistance genes and evaluation of water quality at zoo lakes in Brazil / Detecção de genes de resistência e qualidade da água dos lagos de zoológico, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The investigation of the presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in aquatic environments is important to identify possible reservoirs of resistant microorganisms that could be a threat to human and animal health. The aims of this study were to analyze the presence of genes conferring resistance to antimicrobials in the aquatic environment and to assess the quality of water in zoo lakes. Results showed a pattern of genes conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics and turbidity, which was expected to be due to the presence of contaminants. The most frequent genes were sul I and sul II (sulfonamides), which were present in all the lakes, followed by genes encoding β-lactamases such as blaPSE I (77.8%) and ampC (66.7%). However, tet(K), tet(M), and ermC genes were not detected. There was a positive correlation between the number of Enterobacteriaceae and resistance genes. In conclusion, the source of contamination of all lakes was probably the neighboring urban sewage or wastewater that increased the frequency of the total coliforms and resistance genes, which in turn posed a threat to the conservation of the animal life inhabiting the zoo.

RESUMO: A investigação da presença de genes de resistência a antibióticos (ARGs) em ambientes aquáticos é importante para identificação de possíveis reservatórios de microrganismos resistentes que podem ser uma ameaça para a saúde humana e animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presença de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos e a qualidade da água de zoológico. Os resultados mostraram um padrão de genes de resistência a múltiplos antibióticos e turbidez da água, devido à presença de contaminantes. Os genes mais frequentes foram sul I e sul II (sulfonamidas) que estão presentes em todos os lagos, e β-lactamases como blaPSE I (77,8%) e ampC (66,7%). Os genes tet(K), tet(M) e ermC não foram detectados. Houve correlação entre o número de Enterobacteriaceae e aumento na detecção de genes de resistência. As fontes de contaminação dos lagos são, provavelmente, esgoto urbano vizinho ou de águas residuais que aumentam a presença de coliformes totais e a frequência dos genes de resistência, que podem ser um risco para vida de animais silvestres em cativeiro.

Biomechanical analysis of the contact phase in drop jumps performed in water and on dry land / Análise biomecânica da fase de contato no salto em profundidade no solo e na água

Abstract Plyometric training in the aquatic environment has been used as way of reducing loads through the action of buoyancy. However, little is known about the biomechanical characteristics of plyometric exercises in water, which can assist in the prescription of training in this environment. This study aimed to analyze the vertical component of the ground reaction force and contact duration of drop jumps (DJ) performed on land and at hip level water immersion. Participants were 22 male athletes (19.1 ± 3.7 years), who performed three maximum DJs in water and on dry land. Peak force and duration of braking and propulsion sub-phases of the DJ contact were analyzed with the use of two underwater force platforms, a 2-D waterproofed electrogoniometer, acquisition systems ADS2000-IP and TeleMyo 2400TG2, and a signal synchronizer. The effect of immersion was investigated through comparison tests for dependent samples (p <0.05). In water, the following results were observed: (a) reduction of 41.8% (p <0.001, d = 2.24) and 23.8% (p <0.001, d = 1.50) of peak forces during braking and propulsion sub-phases respectively; and (b) increase of 41.8% in the braking (p <0.001, d = 1.41) and 12.3% in the propulsion contact times (p = 0.006, d = 0.75). The aquatic environment can be an alternative when one aims to reduce the load during the DJ contact; however, the longer duration increasing of contact sub-phases in water at hip immersion may compromise the proper functioning of the stretch-shortening cycle in water.

Resumo O treinamento pliométrico em ambiente aquático tem sido proposto porque reduz as cargas proporcionada pela ação do empuxo. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre as características biomecânicas dos exercícios pliométricos na água, as quais podem auxiliar na prescrição do treinamento neste ambiente. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a força vertical de reação do solo e a duração do contato do salto em profundidade (SP) realizado no solo e na água. Participaram da pesquisa 22 atletas do sexo masculino (19,1±3,7 anos), os quais executaram três SPs máximos no solo e na água (imersão do quadril). Analisou-se o pico de força e a duração das subfases de frenagem e propulsão do contato do SP com o uso de duas plataformas de força subaquáticas, um eletrogoniômetro 2-D impermeabilizado, os sistemas de aquisição ADS2000-IP e TeleMyo 2400TG2, e um sincronizador de sinais. O efeito do ambiente foi investigado através de testes de comparação para amostras dependentes (p<0,05). Na água, observou-se (a) uma redução de 41,8% (p<0,001; d=2,24) e de 23,8% (p<0,001; d=1,50) do pico de força durante as subfases de frenagem e propulsão, respectivamente; e (b) um aumento de 41,8% na duração da frenagem (p<0,001; d=1,41) e de 12,3% na duração da propulsão (p=0,006; d=0,75) do contato. O ambiente aquático pode ser uma alternativa quando se tem o objetivo de reduzir a carga durante o contato do SP; entretanto, o aumento da duração das subfases do contato pode comprometer o funcionamento adequado do ciclo alongamento-encurtamento na água.

Avaliação da capacidade funcional de exercício no ambiente aquático / Evaluación de la capacidad funcional del ejercicio hecho en ambiente acuático / Functional exercise capacity evaluation in an aquatic environment

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a correlação da distância percorrida e comparar a velocidade média durante a caminhada por meio do teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min) realizado em solo com o teste de caminhada de três minutos aquático (TC3minA) em jovens saudáveis, bem como contrastar variáveis fisiológicas (frequência cardíaca, saturação periférica de oxigênio e pressão arterial) e sintomatológicas entre os testes. Estudo transversal com amostragem de vinte indivíduos jovens saudáveis. Todos foram submetidos à espirometria, responderam a um questionário sobre saúde e atividade física, além de realizarem o TC6min e o TC3minA. Na análise estatística foi utilizado teste de Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar normalidade dos dados, o teste t de Student pareado e Wilcoxon nas comparações entre as variáveis e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para verificar associações. A significância estatística de p<0,05 foi adotada. A média de idade foi de 22 (±2) anos, IMC de 23 (±3) Kg/m2 e todos os indivíduos apresentaram valores normais de função pulmonar. A distância média percorrida no TC6min foi de 657 (±43) e no TC3minA 135 (±13) metros. Foi encontrada fraca correlação entre o TC3minA e TC6min (r=0,35). A velocidade durante os testes apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante (TC3minA 0,75±0,07 versus TC6min 1,85±9,1, p<0,0001). Não houve diferença nas variáveis fisiológicas iniciais e finais entre o TC3minA e o TC6min. Aquele embora possa ser uma boa ferramenta a ser utilizada para avaliação e prescrição de exercício no ambiente aquático mostrou uma fraca correlação com o TC6min e semelhante esforço fisiológico, porém novos estudos são sugeridos para comprovar esse achado.

RESUMEN En este estudio se verificó la correlación de la distancia recorrida en jóvenes saludables y se comparó la velocidad media durante la caminata mediante el test de caminata de seis minutos (TC6min) realizado en suelo y del test de caminata de tres minutos acuático (TC3minA), así como se contrastó las variables fisiológicas (frecuencia cardiaca, saturación periférica de oxígeno y presión arterial) y de síntomas entre los test. Es un estudio transversal con muestra de veinte sujetos jóvenes saludables. Se les sometieron a la espirometría y se les aplicaron un cuestionario sobre salud y actividad física, además de que realizaron el TC6min y el TC3minA. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba Shapiro-Wilk para evaluar la normalidad de los datos, la prueba t Student emparejada y Wilcoxon para las comparaciones entre las variables y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para verificar las asociaciones. Se utilizó la significancia estadística de p<0,05. El promedio de edad fue el de 22 (±2) años, el IMC de 23 (±3) Kg/m2 y todos los participantes presentaron valores normales para la función pulmonar. El promedio de distancia recorrida en el TC6min fue de 657 (±43) y en el TC3minA de 135 (±13) metros. Se encontró una débil correlación entre el TC3minA y el TC6min (r=0,35). La velocidad durante los test presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas (TC3minA 0,75±0,07 versus TC6min 1,85±9,1, p<0,0001). No hubo diferencias en las variables fisiológicas iniciales y finales entre el TC3minA y el TC6min. Aunque el TC3minA pueda ser una buena herramienta a utilizarse para la evaluación y la prescripción del ejercicio en el ambiente acuático se mostró una débil correlación con el TC6min y semejante esfuerzo fisiológico, sin embargo se recomiendan nuevos estudios para comprobarlo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between distance achieved and compare the average speed while walking in the six-minute walk test (6MWT) performed on solid ground and in the three-minute walk test in water (3MWT-W) with healthy young individuals, as well as compare physiological (heart rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) and symptomatic variables between tests. It is a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 20 healthy young subjects. All patients underwent spirometry, answered a questionnaire on health and physical activity, in addition to performing the 6MWT and 3MWT-W. Statistical analysis used the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate normality of the data, the paired Student's t-test and Wilcoxon in the comparisons between the variables and the Pearson correlation coefficient to verify associations. Statistical significance of p < 0.05 was adopted. The mean age was 22 (±2) years, the mean BMI was 23 (±3) kg/m2 and all subjects had normal pulmonary function. The average distance achieved in the 6MWT was of 657 (±43) meters and in the 3MWT-W of 135 (±13) meters. A weak correlation between the 3MWT-W and 6MWT (r=0.35) was found. The speed during the tests showed a statistically significant difference (3MWT-W 0.75±0.07 versus 6MWT 1.85±9.1, p<0.0001). There was no difference in the initial and the final physiological variables between 3MWT-W and 6MWT. The 3MWT-W may be a good tool for evaluation and exercise prescription in the aquatic environment, but showed a weak correlation with the 6MWT and similar physiological strain, though further studies are suggested to confirm this finding.

Effects of immobilization and remobilization on the ankle joint in Wistar rats

A sprained ankle is a common musculoskeletal sports injury and it is often treated by immobilization of the joint. Despite the beneficial effects of this therapeutic measure, the high prevalence of residual symptoms affects the quality of life, and remobilization of the joint can reverse this situation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of immobilization and remobilization on the ankle joint of Wistar rats. Eighteen male rats had their right hindlimb immobilized for 15 days, and were divided into the following groups: G1, immobilized; G2, remobilized freely for 14 days; and G3, remobilized by swimming and jumping in water for 14 days, performed on alternate days, with progression of time and a series of exercises. The contralateral limb was the control. After the experimental period, the ankle joints were processed for microscopic analysis. Histomorphometry did not show any significant differences between the control and immobilized/remobilized groups and members, in terms of number of chondrocytes and thickness of the articular cartilage of the tibia and talus. Morphological analysis of animals from G1 showed significant degenerative lesions in the talus, such as exposure of the subchondral bone, flocculation, and cracks between the anterior and mid-regions of the articular cartilage and the synovial membrane. Remobilization by therapeutic exercise in water led to recovery in the articular cartilage and synovial membrane of the ankle joint when compared with free remobilization, and it was shown to be an effective therapeutic measure in the recovery of the ankle joint.

Comportamento da frequência cardíaca de gestantes praticantes de hidroginástica / Heart rate behavior in pregnant women participating in water aerobics

Na gestação ocorrem alterações no organismo como o aumento da frequência cardíaca (FC) de repouso no primeiro trimestre, seguido de um aumento moderado até o final. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da FC de 15 mulheres no segundo trimestre e 15 no terceiro trimestre gestacional antes e depois da prática de hidroginástica. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados estava composto por fichas clinicas de dados individuais do período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009. Realizou-se uma análise estatística descritiva sistemática e o teste T pareado, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Quando se compararam as médias da FC entre as gestantes no segundo trimestre antes (89,46) e após o exercício na água (85,08), foi encontrada redução significativa dessa frequência (p=0,02). Comparando-se as médias da FC entre as gestantes no terceiro trimestre antes (86,92) e após o exercício na água (81,33), não foi observada redução considerada estatisticamente significativa (p=0,08). Conclui-se que a atividade física no ambiente aquático é capaz de prevenir o aumento da FC das gestantes, inclusive com redução significativa dessa variável no segundo trimestre da gravidez

During pregnancy, changes such as increase in heart rate (HR) at rest occur in the body in the first trimester, followed by a moderate increase toward the end. The goal of this study was to assess the HR behavior of 15 pregnant women in the second trimester and 15 in the third trimester, before and after practicing water aerobics. The instrument used for data collection was composed of medical records of individual data from January 2008 to December 2009. Systematic, descriptive and statistical analysis and the paired t-test were performed considering a significance level of 5%. When the HR averages of the pregnant women in the second trimester were compared, before (89.46) and after (85.08) water aerobics, a significant decrease in this frequency was observed (p=0.02). Comparing the HR averages in pregnant women in the third trimester, before (86.92) and after water aerobics (81.33), there was no reduction considered statistically significant (p=0.08). It is concluded that physical activity in the water is able to prevent the increase of HR in pregnant women, including significant reduction of this variable in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Uso de biomarcador histopatológico em brânquias de Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1972) na avaliação da qualidade da água do Parque Ecológico Laguna da Jansen, São Luís - MA / Using histopathological biomarker in gills of Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1972) in assessing the water quality at Ecological Park Laguna da Jansen, São Luís -MA

Com o objetivo de analisar a intensidade das alterações histológicas em brânquias de Centropomus undecimalis para avaliar a qualidade da água do Parque Ecológico Laguna da Jansen, em São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, coletaram-se exemplares de peixes no período chuvoso de 2012 e amostras de água nos períodos seco de 2011 e chuvoso de 2012 para análises físico-química e bacteriológica. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos estava de acordo com os valores estabelecidos pela Resolução do CONAMA nº 357 de 2005. As alterações histológicas observadas foram: elevação do epitélio lamelar; proliferação excessiva de células dos epitélios filamentar e lamelar causando fusão total ou parcial das lamelas; alteração da estrutura das lamelas; hiperplasia das células mucosas; ruptura do epitélio lamelar; espessamento descontrolado do tecido proliferativo filamentar e lamelar e aneurismas de vários tamanhos. Também foi observada a presença de parasito em alguns exemplares. O Índice de Alteração Histológica (IAH) por indivíduo variou de 2 a 114. O valor médio do IAH obtido foi de 40,3, demonstrando que as brânquias dos indivíduos amostrados da espécie C. undecimalis apresentaram alterações de moderadas para severas no tecido. As alterações histológicas encontradas indicam que esses indivíduos desenvolveram mecanismos de defesa contra a ação de estressores presentes na água da laguna e a um provável desequilíbrio parasito-hospedeiro-ambiente associado à baixa qualidade do ambiente...

Aiming to analyze the intensity of the histological changes in the gills of Centropomus undecimalis to assess the water quality at Ecological Park of the Laguna da Jansen, in São Luís, State of Maranhão, specimens of fish were collected during the rainy season of 2012 and water samples during the dry season in 2011 and rainy season in 2012 for physical-chemical and bacteriological analyses. The results showed that most of the physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters analyzed agreed with the values established by CONAMA Resolution nº 357 of 2005. The histological changes were elevation of the lamellar epithelium, excessive cell proliferation of the filamentum and lamellar epithelium causing total or partial melting of the lamellar; changing the structure of the lamellar, hyperplasia of mucous cells, disruption of the lamellar epithelium, uncontrolled proliferative tissue filamentum thickening and lamellar and aneurysms in various sizes. We noted the presence of parasites in some samples. The Index Histological Amendment (IAH) per individual ranged from 2 to 114. The mean IAH obtained was 40.3, demonstrating that the gills of the individuals of the C. undecimalis species showed moderate to severe changes in the tissue. The histological findings indicate that these individuals have developed defense mechanisms against the action of stressors present in the water of the Laguna da Jansen and a probable parasite-host-environment imbalance associated with the environment's low quality...

Supervivencia de postlarvas de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei a diferentes salinidades y temperaturas / Survival of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei poslarvae at different salinities and temperatures

Objetivo. Analizar el efecto combinado de salinidad (5, 15, 25, 35 y 45ups) y temperatura (15, 20, 25, 30 y 35°C) sobre la supervivencia y frecuencia de mudas en postlarvas (PL12) de Litopenaeus vannamei. Materiales y métodos. Los experimentos se realizaron por cuadriplicado por cada combinación de salinidad y temperatura. Las postlarvas se mantuvieron en acuarios de 3 L a una densidad de 100PL/l. La salinidad se incrementó disolviendo sal granulada libre de yodo, a partir de agua de mar, mientras que para alcanzar las salinidades menores se utilizó agua dulce filtrada. Las postlarvas aclimatadas a 35ups y 28°C (condición inicial) fueron sometidas abruptamente a las salinidades y temperaturas experimentales por 30 minutos. Después, se filtraron y se colocaron nuevamente en su condición inicial para su recuperación. Transcurridos 30 minutos, se contaron las postlarvas vivas y las mudas. Los datos fueron analizados por un ANOVA de dos vías. Resultados. Se determinó que la supervivencia y frecuencia de mudas fueron significativamente afectadas por la salinidad, temperatura y su interacción (p<0.05). Se obtuvo una supervivencia máxima y mínima de 99.8 y 94.4%. Los porcentajes de supervivencia y frecuencias de mudas disminuyeron a una baja salinidad en combinación a bajas y altas temperaturas, y aumentaron independientemente de la salinidad y temperatura, a excepción de 5ups con 15, 30 y 35°C. La mortalidad máxima de postlarvas fue de 5.6% (5ups y 30°C). Conclusiones. Se determinó que a temperaturas de 20 y 25°C en combinación a las salinidades utilizadas, fueron las mejores condiciones de supervivencia y de resistencia de las postlarvas ante dichas condiciones hidrológicas.

Objective. The combined effect of salinity (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45psu) and temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C) was evaluated on survival and molt frequency in Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL12). Materials and methods. Four repetitions were applied to each combination of salinity and temperature. The PL were placed in 3 L beakers at a density of 100PL/l. Salinity was increased by dissolving commercial salt without iodine, into marine water, whereas fresh filtered tap water was used to decrease the salinity from seawater. The PL were adapted at 35psu and 28°C (initial conditions) during 30 minutes. Thereafter, they were transferred to each experimental combination of salinity and temperature by 30 minutes. Following this procedure, the PL were filtered and returned to their initial acclimatization conditions. After 30 minutes of recuperation, the live PL and molts were counted. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Results. Survival and molt frequency were significantly (p<0.05) affected by salinity, temperature and the interaction of both factors. The maximum and minimum survival rates of 99.8 and 94.4% were obtained. Survival and molt frequency rates were significantly (p<0.05) affected by salinity, temperature and the interaction of both factors. Survival and molt frequency percentage rates decreased at lower salinity in combination with lowest and highest temperatures, and significantly increased, independently from salinity and temperature conditions, with exception of 5psu at 15, 30 and 35°C. The highest mortality rate (5.6%) was obtained at 5psu and 30°C. Conclusions. It was determined that survival of postlarvae was higher at temperatures of 20 and 25°C given salinity combination, which are considered the best conditions for survival and resistance.

Evaluation of the haematology and biochemistry of Clarias gariepinus as biomakers of environmental pollution in Tiga dam, Nigeria

This study aimed to evaluate the haematological and biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus as biomarkers of environmental pollution in Tiga dam, Nigeria (wild aquatic environment). Water and fishes were sampled twice, a week apart, from the controlled and the wild aquatic environment. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences between the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen contents of both aquatic environments. Similarly, there were no significant (p>0.05) changes in the haematological parameters of the reared and wild the C. gariepinus except in their white blood cell counts, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher in wild C. gariepinus. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (serum enzymes) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the wild C. gariepinus. However, the concentrations of serum total triglyceride (serum metabolite) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the wild C. gariepinus. The haematological and biochemical alterations in the wild C. gariepinus, which were strongly indicative of cellular damages, might have been a consequence of the toxic pollution of Tiga dam, Nigeria.

Disposal Practice for Unused Medications among the Students of the International Islamic University Malaysia.

This survey has lead to an enhanced international awareness of the potential detrimental effects on the environment. The main objective of this survey is to develop of public awareness about harmful effect of medications waste.This was a descriptive crosssectional survey involving with patients based on a structured questionnaire format with answer sets and asked why people do not use all of their medications; why they are keep unused medications, storage and how to dispose their medications. This study carried out at International Islamic University Malaysia (Health center Gombak campus, Selangor) and the medical college of the International Islamic University Malaysia (kuantan campus, Pahang). Although,87% of the respondents; they known about medications waste but only near about 2% of the respondents who are follow drug-take-back system because of above 93% of the respondents, they did not know about drug-take-back system. Most of the participants reported disposing of these in a manner that leads to their ending up in a landfill more than 65%. Finally, 83% of the respondents added to a disposal system ultimately ending up in a landfill. In this survey suggests that there is an urgent need to develop of public awareness and there is also need to develop dispensing policies & delivered to collection bag which deduction the volume of medication waste.

Treinamento de força no meio aquático em mulheres jovens / Aquatic strength training in young women

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito de um treinamento de força no meio aquático (TFA) na força muscular de mulheres jovens saudáveis. O grupo treinamento de força (GTF, n=13) realizou o treinamento por onze semanas enquanto o grupo controle (GC, n=7) não realizou nenhum exercício físico regular durante esse período. O TFA consistiu em duas sessões semanais de 50 minutos, sendo a parte principal da sessão organizada em forma de circuito. A força máxima dinâmica (FM) foi mensurada através do teste de uma repetição máxima em sete exercícios de força. Utilizou-se o teste t pareado para a comparação entre as situações pré e pós-treinamento (p<0,05). O GTF demonstrou um aumento significativo (p<0,001) na FM em todos os exercícios avaliados sendo que esse aumentos variaram de 12,53 ± 9,28% a 25,90 ± 17,84%. Já o GC não apresentou alterações significativas da FM em nenhum exercício. Dessa forma, é possível recomendar treinamentos de força no meio aquático de onze semanas como um método alternativo e eficaz para a melhora da força muscular de mulheres jovens e saudáveis.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an aquatic strength training (AST) upon muscle strength in young and healthy women. The aquatic training group (ATG, n=13) trained during eleven weeks and the control group (CG, n=7) did not practice any exercise throughout this period. The AST was performed twice a week for 50 minutes and the main part was performed in circuit form. The maximum dynamic strength (MS) was evaluated by the one repetition maximum test in seven strength exercises. The paired t test was used to compare the situations pre and post training (p<0.05). The AST showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in MS in all exercises and the increases ranged between 12.53 ± 9.28% to 25.90 ± 17.84%. No significant changes were observed in the CG. In general ways, we may recommend aquatic strength training of eleven weeks as an alternative and effective method to increase muscle strength in health and young women.

Influência da imersão nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias em repouso: [revisão] / Influence of immersion on resting cardiorespiratory responses: [review]

Diversos benefícios nos componentes da aptidão física podem ser adquiridos com a prática de exercícios aquáticos. Além disso, a água proporciona um ambiente para a prática de exercícios com reduzido impacto nos membros inferiores e maior ou menor sobrecarga cardiorrespiratória, de acordo com os movimentos realizados. Porém, tais exercícios podem produzir respostas fisiológicas diferentes daquelas ao ar livre, visto que ocorrem alterações fisiológicas importantes durante a imersão, sendo importante a compreensão das mesmas em repouso para melhor prescrição nesse meio. O presente estudo tem como objetivo revisar estudos sobre o comportamento da frequência cardíaca e do consumo de oxigênio durante a imersão em repouso e compreender os fatores que influenciam nesse comportamento. Várias pesquisas indicam que a frequência cardíaca de repouso é reduzida com a imersão em meio aquático, porém, é importante salientar que fatores tais como temperatura da água, posição corporal, profundidade de imersão e frequência cardíaca inicial podem minimizar ou maximizar tais respostas. Os estudos que abordaram as respostas de consumo de oxigênio não são conclusivos; entretanto, ao contrário da frequência cardíaca, os mesmos indicam semelhante ou maior resposta durante a imersão em repouso. Assim, pode-se concluir que, devido às alterações cardiorrespiratórias verificadas com a imersão em ambiente aquático, a prescrição de exercícios nesse meio deve ser diferenciada daquela para exercícios em ambiente terrestre.

Several benefits in the physical fitness components can be acquired with the practice of aquatic exercises. Moreover, water provides an environment for the practice of exercises with reduced impact on lower limbs and major or minor cardiorespiratory overload, depending on the movements performed. However, such exercises can produce physiological responses different from those on dry land, since important physiological alterations occur during immersion, being important to understand them at rest for better prescription in this environment. The present study has the purpose to review studies about the heart rate behavior and the oxygen uptake during immersion at rest and to understand the factors that influence in this behavior. Several investigations indicate that heart rate at rest is reduced with immersion in aquatic environment; however, it is important to highlight that factors such as water temperature, body position, immersion depth and initial heart rate may minimize or maximize such responses. The studies which approached the oxygen uptake responses are not conclusive; however, contrary to heart rate, the same ones indicate similar or greater response during immersion at rest. Thus, it can be concluded that, due to the verified cardiorespiratory alterations with immersion in aquatic environment, the prescription of exercises in this environment must be differentiated from exercises on dry land.

Distribution of Genomic Species and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Acinetobacters Isolated from Gangjin Bay, Korea

A total of 90 Acinetobacter isolates from freshwater and seawater in Gangjin Bay of Korea was investigated for the distribution of genomic species, antimicrobial resistance patterns and clonal relatedness. By amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, eighty-nine Acinetobacter isolates were classified into 11 Acinetobacter genomic species. A. johnsonii (n=23) was the most prevalent, followed by A. baumannii (n=13), A. calcoaceticus (n=13), Acinetobacter genomic species 11 (n=10), A. phenon 6/ct13TU (n=9), A. junii (n=5), A. venetianus (n=5), Acinetobacter genomic species 17 (n=4), 14BJ (n=3), A. phenon 10/1271 (n=2), Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (n=1), and ungrouped (n=1). The majority of Acinetobacter genomic species were isolated from the site A and B, and some known nosocomial pathogens in the clinical environment were observed among them. Of the 11 antimicrobial drugs tested, several A. johnsonii isolates exhibited high-frequency resistance to a wide variety of antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.001). Some Acinetobacter genomic species were resistant to currently used antibiotics but all isolates were susceptible to imipenem, amikacin, and tetracycline. Based on the results of antimicrobial resistance pattern and phylogenetic analysis, 23 A. johnsonii isolates were classified into 19 pulsotypes. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in the distribution of Acinetobacter species between freshwater and seawater. Predominance of A. johnsonii strains was probably due to their ability to proliferate in the contaminated aquatic environment originated from local geographic features. Therefore, the waste effluent from animals and humans plays an important role in the distribution of Acinetobacter species in aquatic environment.