Considerações acerca de representações de práticas corporais nas obras confucianas Registro dos ritos e Discursos / Considerations on the social representations of physical practices in the confucian works Discourses and Book of Rites / Consideraciones sobre las representaciones de las prácticas corporales en las obras confucianas Libro de los ritos y Discursos

Resumo Em meio às obras que tomam parte no corpo de conhecimentos produzido pelo confucionismo figuram o Registro dos ritos (Liji) e Discursos (Zhonglun). No presente estudo, buscamos investigar como manifestações da cultura corporal são apresentadas nas referidas obras e o que tais formas de atividades poderiam representar frente ao processo formativo de um indivíduo no contexto de produção desses escritos, conforme o prisma confuciano. Foram identificadas como relevantes para essa discussão informações a respeito da prática de arquearia, presentes no Registro dos ritos, assim como o conceito das Seis Artes, presente na obra Discursos.

Abstract Among the writings that constitute the body of knowledge produced by the Confucianism, one can mention the "Book of Rites" (Liji) and "Discourses" (Zhonglun). In this study, we aim to investigate how these books portray physical culture manifestations and what such type of activities could represent to the formative process of an individual, accordingly with the confucian approach, in the context in which these works were first written. We have considered as relevant issues for this discussion the information regarding the practice of archery included in the Book of Rites, as well as the concept of the "Six Arts", included in the Discourses.

Resumen Entre las obras que forman parte del conjunto de conocimientos producido por el confucianismo se encuentran el Libro de los ritos (Liji) y Discursos (Zhonglun). En el presente estudio queremos investigar cómo las manifestaciones de la cultura corporal se presentan en estas obras y lo que podrían representar estas formas de actividades en el proceso formativo de un individuo en el contexto en que se escribieron estas obras, conforme al prisma confuciano. Se identificaron como relevantes para esa discusión informaciones acerca de la práctica del tiro con arco, presente en el Libro de los ritos, así como el concepto de las «seis artes¼, presente en la obra Discursos.

The Characteristics of Shoulder Muscles in Archery Athletes

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the shoulder girdle muscle characteristics of elite archery athletes and provides suggestions for archery training programs. METHODS: This study enrolled 15 cases of high level archery athletes (7 males, 8 females) and 30 cases of (15 males, 15 females) sex, age-matched, healthy, non-athletic individuals. We measured peak torques of flexion (FL), extension (EX), abduction (ABD), adduction (ADD), external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) of both shoulders at an angular velocity of 30°/sec, 60°/sec, and 180°/sec. The peak torques and peak torque ratios of FL/EX, ABD/ADD, and ER/IR of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The archer group had a greater peak torque of IR and ADD, but only in the left shoulder (p < 0.05). In the same group, both shoulders had greater peak torque of EX and lower peak torque of FL. The peak torque ratios of FL/EX of both shoulders were significantly lower in the archer group at all three angular velocities (p < 0.05). The peak torque ratios of ABD/ADD were significantly greater in only the left shoulder of the archer group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prominent characteristics of the shoulder girdle muscles of an elite archer are stronger adductor muscles of the bow shoulder and stronger extensors of both shoulders, as compared to healthy, non-athletic individuals. These muscle groups of the shoulder probably contribute a major role in maintaining the accuracy and stability during archery shooting. Hence, a training program that selectively enhances the adductor and extensor muscles could prove helpful in enhancing the archery skills of the athlete.

Shoulder Disease Patterns of the Wheelchair Athletes of Table-Tennis and Archery: A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the shoulder disease patterns for the table-tennis (TT) and archery (AR) wheelchair athletes via ultrasonographic evaluations. METHODS: A total of 35 wheelchair athletes were enrolled, made up of groups of TT (n=19) and AR (n=16) athletes. They were all paraplegic patients and were investigated for their wheelchair usage duration, careers as sports players, weekly training times, the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI) scores and ultrasonographic evaluation. Shoulders were divided into playing arm of TT, non-playing arm of TT, bow-arm of AR, and draw arm of AR athletes. Shoulder diseases were classified into five entities of subscapularis tendinopathy, supraspinatus tendinopathy, infraspinatus tendinopathy, biceps long head tendinopathy, and subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis. The pattern of shoulder diseases were compared between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney and the chi-square tests RESULTS: WSUPI did not significantly correlate with age, wheelchair usage duration, career as players or weekly training times for all the wheelchair athletes. For the non-playing arm of TT athletes, there was a high percentage of subscapularis (45.5%) and supraspinatus (40.9%) tendinopathy. The percentage of subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis showed a tendency to be present in the playing arm of TT athletes (20.0%) compared with their non-playing arm (4.5%), even though this was not statistically significant. Biceps long head tendinopathy was the most common disease of the shoulder in the draw arm of AR athletes, and the difference was significant when compared to the non-playing arm of TT athletes (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a high percentage of subscapularis and supraspinatus tendinopathy cases for the non-playing arm of TT wheelchair athletes, and a high percentage of biceps long head tendinopathy for the draw arm for the AR wheelchair athletes. Consideration of the biomechanical properties of each sport may be needed to tailor specific training for wheelchair athletes.

Impacto da desidratação na geração de força de atletas de arco e flecha durante competição Indoor e Outdoor / Impact of dehydration in the strength generation of archery athletes during Indoor and Outdoor competition

INTRODUÇÃO: O arco e flecha é um esporte estático que requer força e resistência da parte superior do corpo, sendo que a habilidade do arqueiro é definida pela capacidade de atirar a flecha no alvo em um intervalo de tempo com precisão. A contração muscular gerada durante a execução do gesto esportivo propicia o aumento da temperatura corporal, da oxidação de glicose e da sudorese, podendo esta ser potencializada pelas condições climáticas às quais o atleta é exposto. Todos estes fatores alteram a percepção de esforço e a própria geração de força, impondo um estresse negativo à performance. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e relacionar o estado de hidratação de atletas de arco e flecha com alterações fisiológicas e de força intervenientes no rendimento competitivo. MÉTODOS: Participaram 11 arqueiros em duas competições distintas (indoor e outdoor). Foram mensurados parâmetros relacionados ao estado de hidratação, glicemia, percepção de esforço subjetivo e alteração na força de preensão palmar. RESULTADOS: Os atletas analisados apresentaram alterações significativas nos parâmetros relacionados ao estado hídrico em diferentes dias, provavelmente relacionadas às condições climáticas adversas na competição outdoor (34ºC e 60 por cento URA) em relação à competição indoor (22ºC e 90 por cento URA). O mesmo não foi observado para a glicemia. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho é o primeiro a comprovar a relação direta entre fatores climáticos e de rendimento em arqueiros de alto nível durante evento competitivo, assim como a evidenciar quais métodos não invasivos seriam os mais indicados para a avaliação do impacto destas alterações.

INTRODUCTION: Archery is a static sport that requires strength and resistance from the upper part of the body, and the skill of the archer is defined by the capacity to shoot the arrow on the target in an interval of time with accuracy. The muscle contraction generated during the performance of the sports gesture causes the increase in body temperature, glucose oxidation and the sweat loss, being able to be boosted by the climate conditions to which the athlete is exposed. These factors combined modify the effort perception and the proper strength generation, imposing hence stress negative to performance. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and to relate the hydration status of archery athletes to intervening physiological and strength alterations in the competitive performance. METHODS: 11 archers participated in two distinct competitions (indoor and outdoor). Parameters related to the hydration status, glycemia, subjective perceived exertion and alteration in handgrip were measured. RESULTS: The analyzed athletes presented significant alterations in the parameters related to their hydration on different days, probably related to the adverse weather conditions in the outdoor events(34ºC and 60 percent). The same situation was not observed for glycemia. CONCLUSION: This investigation is a pioneer in proving the straight relation between weather conditions and performance in high-level archers during competitive events, as well as evidencing which non-invasive methods would be recommended to assessment of the impact of these alterations.