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Objective To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China.The questionnaire consists of the following topics:tobacco use and cessation,passive smoking,access to tobacco products,tobacco control and tobacco advertisement,and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco.Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis.Results Current tobacco use rate was 6.9％ in middle school students in China.The rate was higher in boys (11.2％) than in girls (2.2％),and in rural area (7.8％) than in urban area (4.8％).Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3％),followed by the students in middle area (6.4％),and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5％).Parent smoking (especially mother smoking),friend smoking,teacher smoking,pocket money for a week ＞ 20 yuan,tobacco advertisement or promotion,passive smoking,misconception of tobacco addiction,active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use.Conclusions Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level.A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents,including health education,increasing cigarette price,banning tobacco advertisement and promotion,and smoke-free legislation.
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Objective To understand tobacco use rate and explore the factors associated with tobacco use in middle school students in China.Methods A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 155 117 eligible middle students selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 31 provinces of China.The questionnaire consists of the following topics:tobacco use and cessation,passive smoking,access to tobacco products,tobacco control and tobacco advertisement,and knowledge about and attitudes to tobacco.Software SAS 9.3 was used for sample weighting and data analysis.Results Current tobacco use rate was 6.9％ in middle school students in China.The rate was higher in boys (11.2％) than in girls (2.2％),and in rural area (7.8％) than in urban area (4.8％).Students in western area had the highest tobacco use rate (10.3％),followed by the students in middle area (6.4％),and the rate in students in eastern area was lowest (4.5％).Parent smoking (especially mother smoking),friend smoking,teacher smoking,pocket money for a week ＞ 20 yuan,tobacco advertisement or promotion,passive smoking,misconception of tobacco addiction,active attitude to smoking behavior were the risk factors for tobacco use.Conclusions Smoking rate in boys in China was higher than the average global level.A comprehensive intervention strategy by Framework Convention on Tobacco Control should be used to reduce tobacco use in adolescents,including health education,increasing cigarette price,banning tobacco advertisement and promotion,and smoke-free legislation.
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Objetivos: Establecer los factores asociados a la presencia de pie diabético en pacientes atendidos en el Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe en Barranquilla (Atlántico, Colombia), en el periodo julio-octubre de 2009. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de casos y controles. Se tomó como muestra a 200 pacientes, entre hombres y mujeres, atendidos en el Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe; 100 de ellos eran pacientes con pie diabético y otros 100 con diabetes sin la presencia de pie diabético. Se aplicó una encuesta de 27 preguntas a cada uno de ellos para determinar los factores relacionados con la aparición de pie diabético. La tabulación y análisis de los datos se hizo de manera computarizada, utilizando el software Epi Info versión 6.04d y el paquete Microsoft Office 2003. Resultados: La macroangiopatía y la microangiopatía fueron importantes en la presencia del pie diabético (OR = 44.33; p = 0.000 y OR = 13.62; p = 0.00 respectivamente), la neuropatía (OR = 10.14; p = 0.00) y la deformidad de los pies (OR = 10.02; p = 0.00) se asociaron significativamente al pie diabético. Se encontró como factor protector el autocuidado (OR = 0.21; p = 0.00000) y la educación relacionada con el control de factores de riesgo para la diabetes (OR = 0.32; p = 0.00007). Conclusión: La macroangiopatía, la microangiopatía, la neuropatía y la deformidad en los pies se comportaron como factores asociados a la presencia del pie diabético. El autocuidado contribuyó a la prevención del mismo.
Objective: To establish the factors associated with the presence of diabetic foot in patients treated at the Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe in Barranquilla (Atlántico), July-October 2009. Materials and methods: Analytical study of cases and controls. It was taken as a sample 200 patients, men and women, treated at the Centro de Diabetes Cardiovascular del Caribe in Barranquilla; 100 with presence of diabetes food, and 100 without of presence of diabetic foot; A twenty-seven question survey was done to each patient; whose objective was to determine the factor related to diabetic foot. The tabulation and analysis of data were computed using the software Epi Info version 6.04d and the Microsoft Office 2003 package. Results: The macroangiopaty and the microangiopaty were important in diabetic foot presence (OR = 44.33; p = 0.000 y OR = 13.62; p = 0.00 respective), the neuropathy (OR = 10.14; p = 0.00) and the foot deformity (OR = 10.02; p= 0.00) were associated significantly. Self-care was found to be a protective factor (OR = 0.21; p = 0.00). Conclusions: The macroangiopaty, the microangiopaty, the neuropathy and the feet deformity were considered as associated factors to the presence of diabetic foot disease. Self-care contributed to the prevention of the disease.
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Conocer qué factores personales (epidemiológicos, socioeconómicos), institucionales y médicos están relacionados con la inasistencia a la consulta prenatal. Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital "Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara", Puerto Cabello, Estado Carabobo. Estudio descriptivo epidemiológico, analítico de corte transversal, basado en una entrevista-encuesta, en 1000 pacientes que en el embarazo actual o pasado no se controlaron durante el año 2008. En factores epidemiológicos, predominó residencia en barrios (57,2 por ciento), educación secundaria (59,7 por ciento), estado civil soltera (48,1 por ciento) y la edad entre 20-29 años (40,4 por ciento). Con los factores sociales, dominó el domicilio lejano (52,3 por ciento), en los económicos, el desempleo (27,3 por ciento) y en la educación prenatal, el desconocimiento de la importancia del control (48,8 por ciento). En los factores institucionales fue determinante el ambiente inadecuado de la consulta (39,2 por ciento) y la ubicación lejana del centro de salud (19,3 por ciento). En factores de atención médica refirieron, consulta de baja calidad (29,8 por ciento), seguida de la opinión de pocas horas de consulta (23,2 por ciento). La falta a la consulta prenatal está relacionada con múltiples factores, esto conlleva a la instauración de actividades educativas, incluye desarrollar acciones efectivas para elevar la calidad de vida, rescate de programas preventivos de salud, además de reparación y dotación de las instalaciones de salud; sin olvidar mejoras del acto médico
To know what personal (epidemiological, socioeconomic), institutional and medical factors are related to non attendance to prenatal care. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital "Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara", Puerto Cabello, Estado Carabobo. Descriptive, epidemiological, analytical, transversal study, based in a interview-survey, in 1000 patients with no prenatal care in the actual or previous pregnancy during 2008. In epidemiological factors, prevailed suburb residency (57.2 percent), high school education (59.7 percent), marital status single (48.1 percent), and age between 20-29 years (40.4 percent). In social factors, predominated distant residence (52.3 percent), in the economical, unemployment (27.3 percent) and in prenatal education, ignorance of the importance of the prenatal care (48.8 percent). In the institutional factors was determinant unappropriated environment (39.2 percent) and distant location of the health center (19.3 percent). In the medical attention factors, reported low quality of the consultation (29.8 percent), followed by few hours of attendance (23.2 percent). The lack of prenatal care is related to multiple factors, that suggest the instauration of educative activities to elevate the life quality, rescue of the health preventive programs, and repairing and equip of health infrastructure; without forget the improvement of the medical act