RESUMO
Objective: To estimate the Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) prevalence among the participants/People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) and to verify the association between WHO clinical staging and other risk factors with PTB. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the PTB prevalence. Probable associated risk factors in PLWHAs with and without PTB were compared. The association between WHO clinical staging and other risk factors with PTB was investigated using bivariate analysis. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: This study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2019, recruited about 584 participants with presumptive PTB and 20.72% (121) confirmed with PTB. In the bivariate analysis; participants who are on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Stage 4 (WHO clinical staging) were significantly more likely to develop PTB (p=0.000). PTB was significantly higher among male than female (p=0.000), higher among the older (p=0.030). PTB was significantly more frequent among participants with lower cluster differentiation 4 (CD4) cell counts (p=0.042). A contact history with a Tuberculosis (TB) patient was an important risk factor (p=0.000). PTB was significantly associated with smoking history (p=0.000). Conclusion: A high PTB prevalence was observed. There was a significantly association between the severity of WHO clinical staging, sex, age, lower CD4 cell count, a contact history with a tuberculosis (TB) patient and smoking history with PTB among PLWHAs.
RESUMO
La Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) es un importante problema de salud pública que trae aparejada una gran morbi-mortalidad. Una de las herramientas diagnósticas es la estimación del filtrado glomerular (eFG). Los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar el eFG según dos ecuaciones: MDRD-4 y CKD-EPI, evaluar su comportamiento en valores clínicamente relevantes y evidenciar Enfermedad Renal Oculta (ERO) según cada una de las fórmulas evaluadas, clasificando a la población estudiada en estadíos de ERC. Se evaluaron 2.526 pacientes con factores de riesgo asociados a ERC. La media de los resultados obtenidos con ambas fórmulas fue: para MDRD-4 84,5 mL/min/1,73 m², y para CKD-EPI 90,9 mL/min/1,73 m². De la relación entre el eFG en sus diversos estadíos y los resultados de creatininemia resultó que 83 pacientes se clasificaron como ERO según MDRD-4, y 23 lo hicieron para CDK-EPI, con lo que se manifestó una subestimación de la eFG utilizando la ecuación MDRD-4. La importancia de este estudio radica en el hallazgo precoz y en la prevención de complicaciones que podrían limitar el bienestar de estos pacientes. La participación de Laboratorios nucleados en red brinda herramientas accesibles y de bajo costo para su asistencia temprana, en busca de seguridad, cuidado y educación del paciente.
Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health problem which is associated to an increase in mortality. An important diagnostic tool is the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The aims of this study were to compare GFR according to two different formulas: MDRD-4 and CKD-EPI, in order to evaluate its performance in clinically relevant values and to display occult chronic kidney disease (OCKD) according to each of the equations reviewed to classify the studied population into different stages of CKD. A total of 2526 patients with CKD-associated risk factors were analyzed. Mean of the results with both formulas were: 84.5 mL/min/1.73 m² for MDRD-4 and 90.9 mL/min/1.73 m² for CKD-EPI. Considering the associations between GFR in each of the stages and the results of blood creatinine, 83 patients were classified as OCKD by MDRD-4 while 23 were classified by MDRD-EPI; showing an underestimation of the GFR when using MDRD-EPI. The importance of this study lies in the early detection of the disease and in preventing the complications that could restrict the patients well-being. The support of the networking laboratories brings the appropriate and low cost tools for an early assistance in search of security, care and education forthe patient.
A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é um importante problema de saúde pública que traz grande morbimortalidade. Uma das ferramentas de diagnóstico é a estimativa de filtração glomerular (eFG). Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar eFG de acordo com duas equações: MDRD-4 e CKD-EPI, avaliar seu comportamento em valores clinicamente relevantes e evidenciar Doença Renal Oculta (DRO) de acordo com cada uma das fórmulas avaliadas, classificando a população estudada em estágios de DRC. Foram avaliados 2526 pacientes com fatores de risco associados à DRC. A média dos resultados obtidos com as duas formulações foi: MDRD-4 a 84,5 mL/min /1,73 m², e CKD-EPI 90,9 mL/min/1.73 m². A relação entre o eFG nas suas diversas fases e os resultados de creatininemia mostrou que 83 pacientes foram classificados como ERO segundo MDRD-4, e 23 fizeram para CDK-EPI, demonstrando uma subestimação da eFG usando a equação MDRD-EPI. A importância desse estudo está na detecção precoce e prevenção de complicações que poderiam limitar o bem-estar desses pacientes. A participação de Laboratórios reunidos em uma rede fornece ferramentas acessíveis e de baixo custo para sua assistência precoce, em busca de segurança, cuidado e educação do paciente.
RESUMO
Resumo Quedas e fraturas em pessoas idosas representam um problema relevante de saúde pública. Ambas vêm associadas a elevados índices de morbimortalidade, redução da capacidade funcional, institucionalização do idoso e óbito precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar quedas e fraturas em idosos, residentes em municípios da região metropolitana e serra gaúcha do Rio Grande do Sul, analisando fatores associados, sazonalidade e gravidade. Trata-se de estudo transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo-analítico, quantitativo, com dados secundários, em idosos atendidos por queda entre primeiro de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2010, em unidades de Atendimento de Urgência e Emergência do SUS. A amostra foi de 6.556 idosos atendidos por queda, dos quais 71% eram mulheres, 26,8% dos atendimentos ocorreram no inverno, 30% dos que caíram fraturaram, sendo 32% em mulheres contra 28% em homens (p < 0,0001). O local da queda foi registrado somente em 17,2% dos boletins, sendo 58% fora do domicílio. O inverno foi a estação do ano com 34% de fraturas confirmadas (p = 0,0002), sendo 26,3% com gravidade severa. Como a maioria das quedas e suas consequências podem ser prevenidas e evitadas, urge criar programas e ações multifatoriais de intervenção.
Abstract Falls and fractures in the elderly represent a significant public health problem, associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality, reduction of functional capacity, institutionalization of the elderly and early death. The scope of this study was to investigate falls and fractures in the elderly living in the metropolitan and mountainous region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, analyzing the associated factors, seasonality and severity thereof. It is a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive, analytical and quantitative study of the elderly attended for falls from January 1 to December 31 of 2010 using secondary data from emergency units of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Data were collected from all health care reports filed in medical departments. The total number of bulletins for the elderly attended for falls was 6,556: 71% were women; 26.8% were in winter; 30% involved fractures (32% women and 28% men) (p < 0.0001). In only 17.2% of the cases the fall site was recorded, and 58% were outside the home. Winter was the season with 34% of confirmed fractures (p = 0.0002) with more severe outcomes (26.3%). Most falls and their consequences can be prevented and avoided. It is paramount to implement programs and multifactorial actions for intervention.