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RESUMO Normas de associação para 1004 palavras do português brasileiro são apresentadas. Aplicando-se o paradigma da Associação Livre, coletou-se a primeira palavra que viesse à mente dos participantes, evitando-se efeitos de inibição e encadeamento de respostas. Associadas de cada pista foram produzidas por um mínimo de 100 participantes. Oriundos de IES pública e privada, matriculados em 44 cursos, 871 estudantes universitários participaram da coleta. As normas relatam a Força Associativa Direta de todas as associadas, e várias incluem a Força Associativa Reversa. O número de associadas por pista variou de 2 a 26, sendo que as palavras mais fortemente associadas ocuparam as primeiras seis posições associativas. Discutem-se a generalidade e a validade de normas de associação.
ABSTRACT Association norms for 1004 Brazilian Portuguese words are presented. The free association paradigm was applied collecting the first word associated with the cue, thus avoiding response chaining and response inhibition. At least 100 participants produced the first associate of each word cue. Eight hundred seventy one undergraduates enrolled in 44 majors in public and private universities participated in the research. The norms report Forward Association Strength of all word cues and Backward Association Strength is included in several words. The number of associates per cue varied from 2 to 26. Stronger cue-to-target associations corresponded to the first six associative positions. Issues related to the validity and generality of norms are discussed.
RESUMO
O priming semântico é um tipo de memória implícita que se caracteriza pelo efeito facilitador de um estímulo precedente no processamento de um estímulo posterior, causado pela relação semântica existente entre os dois. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar relações entre os efeitos de priming semântico em crianças de 3ª série do Ensino Fundamental e as variáveis força de associação entre prime e alvo e frequência do alvo. Para isso, foram feitas correlações entre estas variáveis. Os resultados mostraram que quanto maior a frequência de ocorrência da palavra-alvo, mais rápidas e precisas eram as respostas das crianças na tarefa de decisão lexical. Além disso, verificou-se uma fraca correlação negativa entre a força de associação prime-alvo e as variáveis tempo de reação e precisão das respostas. Estes achados trazem implicações para a construção e interpretação de tarefas/experimentos de avaliação de funções cognitivas com estímulos linguísticos. Além disso, demonstram há necessidade de controlar e/ou manipular certas variáveis psicolinguísticas dos estímulos para aumentar a qualidade dos experimentos.
The semantic priming effect (SPE) can be understood as an improvement in performance derived from the context, in which a target processing is facilitated by the preceding stimulus (prime) because of a semantic association between them. This study aimed to verify if the association strength between prime and target and the frequency of the target is related to semantic priming effects found in third graders. For that, tests of correlations were done among these variables. Data demonstrated negative correlation between frequency of the target and variables reaction time and error percentage. Besides, it was also found a weak negative correlation between these variables and the association strength. These findings bring implications to the construction and interpretation of tasks and experiments that evaluate cognition with linguistic stimuli. Moreover, they demonstrate the need to control or manipulate some psycholinguistic variables of the stimuli in order to improve the quality of the experiments.
RESUMO
Objective To explore the characteristics of semantic priming effects in Chinese words with different association strength in patients with aphasia by auditory stimulation.Method Stimulus-response word pairs with different association strength including strong,moderate,weak,and no association categories were chosen from word association thesaurus as experiment materials.Both patients with aphasia(n=11)and normal subjects (n=16)were requested to finish an auditory lexical decision task for target words.Semantic priming effects were investigated by means of measuring reaction time(RT)and error rate of each word-pair.Results In patients with aphasia and normal subjects,the mean RTs were significantly shorter in strong,moderate and weak association strength words than in no association strength words(patients with aphasia(1270.20±47.70)ms,(1340.50±266.25)ms,(1429.70±317.07)ms vs(1549.00±325.87)ms,P＜0.05 and normal subjects(1140.2±274.48)ms,(1196.50±284.06)ms,(1262.10±274.31)ms vs(1391.20±315.68)ms,P＜0.05).In strong,moderate,and no association strength words,the mean RTs were no significant differences between two groups.In the weak association strength words,mean RTs were significantly longer in patients with aphasia than in normal subjects((1429.70±317.07)ms vs(1262.10±274.31)ms,P＜0.05).In two groups,mean error rates were significantly less in strong,moderate and weak association strength words than in no association strength words(patients with aphasia:7.73±6.07,4.55±7.23,6.82±8.15 vs 14.09±12.41,P＜0.05 and normal subjects:3.44±4.37,2.81±3.64,5.31±5.91 vs 10.94±11.14,P＜0.05).However,in strong association strength words,mean error rates were significantly higher in patients with aphasia than in normal subjects(7.73±6.07 vs 3.44±4.37,P＜0.05).In moderate,weak and no association strength words,there were no significant differences between two groups.Conclusion The patients with aphasia follow gradient of the association strength words like normal subjects and have semantic priming effects in the strong,moderate association strength words.