Asociación Argentina de Anatomía: sus Inicios / Argentine Association of Anatomy: its Beginnings

Realizamos una reseña de los primeros años de la Asociación Argentina de Anatomía, que se creó en el año 2000 y que actualmente continúa vigente. Se describen sus orígenes, objetivos, primeros presidentes y congresos, así como publicaciones, además de sus relaciones inter-societarias, entre ellas se destaca la Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía.

SUMMARY: We make a review of the first years of the Argentine Association of Anatomy, which was created in the year 2000 and which is currently still in force. Its origins, objectives, first presidents and congresses are described, as well as publications, in addition to its inter-societal relations, among them the Chilean Society of Anatomy stands out.

Minimalist revision of Mesochorus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae) from Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with 158 new species and host records for 129 species / Revisión minimalista de Mesochorus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae) del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, con 158 especies nuevas y registros de hospedantes para 129 especies

Introduction: Species of Mesochorus are found worldwide and members of this genus are primarily hyperparasitoids of Ichneumonoidea and Tachinidae. Objectives: To describe species of Costa Rican Mesochorus reared from caterpillars and to a lesser extent Malaise-trapped. Methods: The species are diagnosed by COI mtDNA barcodes, morphological inspection, and host data. A suite of images and host data (plant, caterpillar, and primary parasitoid) are provided for each species. Results: A total of 158 new species of Mesochorus. Sharkey is the taxonomic authority for all. Conclusions: This demonstrates a practical application of DNA barcoding that can be applied to the masses of undescribed neotropical insect species in hyperdiverse groups.

Introducción: Las especies de Mesochorus se encuentran en todo el mundo y los miembros de este género son principalmente hiperparasitoides de las familias Ichneumonoidea y Tachinidae. Objetivos: Describir las especies de Mesochorus costarricenses obtenidas de orugas y en menor medida por trampas Malaise. Métodos: Las especies se diagnosticaron mediante el uso de código de barra molecular por COI del ADNmt, inspección morfológica y datos del huésped. Se proporciona un conjunto de imágenes y datos de los huéspedes (planta, oruga y parasitoide primario) para cada especie. Resultados: Se encontró un total de 158 nuevas especies de Mesochorus. Sharkey es la autoridad taxonómica para todas las especies. Conclusiones: Se demuestra una aplicación práctica del código de barras de ADN que se puede aplicar a grandes cantidades de especies de insectos neotropicales no descritas para grupos hiperdiversos.

Effects of ICMT gene silencing on the invasion and migration of human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells in vitro / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To investigate the effect of isoprene cysteine carboxymethyltransferase (ICMT) gene on the migration and invasion of salivary adenoid cystic cancer cells (SACC) and the related mechanism, to provide experimental evidence for molecular targeted therapy of SACC.@*Methods@# Adenoid cystic cancer cells SACC-LM and SACC-83 were cultured in vitro, and siRNA was transfected into human SACC-LM and SACC-83 cells (experimental group) by transient transfection of a liposome vector. A blank control group and negative control group were set up respectively (transfected NC-siRNA). qRT-PCR was peformed to measure the mRNA expression of ICMT and RhoA in each group after transfection and to determine the silencing efficiency. The expression of ICMT, membrane RhoA, total RhoA, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Rho associated with coiled helical binding protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) in each group was detected by Western blot. The proliferation abilityies of SACC cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. The migration and invasion ability of SACC cells were detected by comparing the relative healing area of cell scratch assay and the number of Transwell assay cells. @*Results@#After transfection of ICMT-siRNA into SACC-LM and SACC-83 cells, the expression of ICMT gene and protein in the experimental group was significantly decreased compared with the negative control group and blank control group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in the expression of RhoA gene and total protein among all groups (P>0.05). The expression of RhoA membrane proteins, ROCK1, MMP-2, MMP-9 in the experimental group was significantly decreased compared with that in the negative control group and blank control group (P<0.05). Cell proliferation ability was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The migration and invasion abilities were significantly decreased (P<0.05). @*Conclusion @#In vitro silencing of ICMT gene can effectively inhibit the migration and invasion of human SACC-LM and SACC-83 cells, and the mechanism may be related to RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway.

Historia de la Sociedad-Asociación Rioplatense de Anatomía (1964-2000) / History of the Rioplatense Society-Association of Anatomy (1964-2000)

Realizamos una reseña histórica de la Sociedad-Asociación Rioplatense de Anatomía, que fue una agrupación de anatomistas argentino-uruguaya. Se consideran sus orígenes y objetivos, estructura organizativa, congresos y publicaciones. Posteriormente con el crecimiento de la anatomía en ambos países se desdobló en la Asociación Argentina de Anatomía y la Sociedad Uruguaya de Anatomía.

SUMMARY: We carry out a historical review of the Rioplatense Society-Association of Anatomy, which was a group of Argentine-Uruguayan anatomists. Its origins and objectives, organizational structure, congresses and publications are considered. Later, with the growth of anatomy in both countries, it was divided into the Argentine Association of Anatomy and the Uruguayan Society of Anatomy.

A atuação das Ligas Acadêmicas vinculadas à Associação Brasileira das Ligas de Cirurgia Plástica / The Performance of Academic Leagues Linked to the Brazilian Association of Plastic Surgery Leagues

Introdução: As Ligas Acadêmicas de Cirurgia Plástica (LCP) são organizações estudantis que objetivam complementar a formação acadêmica em cirurgia plástica. Atuam por meio dos pilares de ensino, pesquisa e extensão que promovem o contato dos estudantes com a realidade social em que estão inseridos, permitindo-os entender as verdadeiras necessidades da população e atuar como agentes de transformação social. No entanto, a abordagem do tema na literatura ainda é incipiente. O presente trabalho objetiva descrever a atuação das LCP vinculadas à Associação Brasileira das Ligas de Cirurgia Plástica (ABLCP). Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, multicêntrico de abordagem qualiquantitativa, mediante a aplicação de um questionário de 19 perguntas construídas de modo a evitar os vieses demonstrados no Catálogo de Vieses em Questionários. Resultados: Foi observado que existem 78 LCPs e 1873 ligantes, presentes em 58 cidades ao longo de 20 estados, sendo a Região Sudeste com o maior número de ligas e ligantes, já a Região Norte apresenta a menor quantidade de ligas e alunos. Além do mais, foi visto que 78,2% das ligas são vinculadas à ABLCP e apresentam atividades nos três eixos (educação, pesquisa e extensão). Em geral, as ligas têm menos participação em pesquisa. Conclusão: A ABLCP objetiva melhorar a performance das ligas, inspecionar e estimular suas atividades, uma vez que as ligas possuem um papel importante na educação médica.

Introduction: The Academic Leagues are non-profit autonomous civil and scientific student entities, of indefinite duration, which brings together medical students and professors. The Brazilian Association of Plastic Surgery Leagues (ABLCP) is an organization linked to the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery (SBCP), considered its academic segment, thus establishing the proximity between Academic Leagues of Plastic Surgery (PSL) and SBCP. The present study aims to describe the profile of the associated leagues. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter study with qualitative and quantitative approach through application of an online questionnaire with 19 questions. Duplicated or unfinished records were excluded. Results: It was observed that there are 78 PSLs and 1873 binders, present in 58 cities arranged in 20 federative units, being the Southeast region with the largest number of alloys and binders and the one with the smallest number was the North region. In addition, it was observed that 78.2% of the PSLs linked to the ABLCP presented activities in the three axes (Education, Research and Extension/Assistance) simultaneously. In general, the Leagues obtained less participation in research. Conclusions: ABLCPs performance in relation to LCPs has the objective of seeking alignment, inspection and stimulus for their activities, since alloys have an important role in medical education.

Adopción de tecnología y agroempresas asociativas rurales: un análisis desde el capital social territorial

La asociatividad agroempresarial rural se considera una estrategia para la competitividad sectorial. Para ello, estas organizaciones deben adoptar diversas prácticas, tanto tecnológicas como no tecnológicas. En este proceso de adopción, diversos estudios han demostrado los efectos del capital social, como un conjunto de relaciones que tienen un carácter territorial localizado. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar comparativamente la adopción de tecnología en agroempresas asociativas rurales en dos municipios, desde un enfoque del capital social territorial, generado a través de las redes de confianza. Se abordaron dos agroempresas asociativas, ubicadas en los municipios rurales de Sonsón y San Vicente, en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), desde la cadena productiva de aguacate Hass. Se realizaron 94 entrevistas semiestructuradas con productores. La participación en eventos y la observación complementaron la información recolectada. Se calculó el índice de adopción de tecnología y se empleó el análisis de redes sociales, para estimar el capital social. La prueba de correlación de Spearman permitió analizar la adopción y las redes de confianza, a nivel territorial. Las agroempresas presentaron diferentes porcentajes de adopción y las categorías de organización y de administración presentaron los más bajos porcentajes. Solamente la agroempresa del municipio de Sonsón logró correlación estadística con las redes de confianza. Ello, destaca el rol que tienen vínculos localizados en el espacio geográfico.

Rural agribusiness associativity is considered a strategy for competitiveness. These organizations must adopt various practices, both technological and non-technological. In this adoption process multiple studies have demonstrated social capital effects as a set of relationships that have a localized territorial character. The purpose of the study was to comparatively analyze the adoption of technology in rural associative agribusinesses in two municipalities from a territorial social capital approach generated through trust networks. Two rural associative agribusinesses located in rural municipalities of Sonsón and San Vicente, in the Department of Antioquia (Colombia), were approached from the Hass avocado production chain. 94 semi-structured interviews with producers were conducted. Participation in events and observation complemented the information collected. The technology adoption index was calculated, and social network analysis was used to estimate social capital. Spearman's correlation test allowed to analyze adoption, and trust networks at the territorial level. The agricultural companies presented different adoption percentages and the organization and administration categories presented the lowest percentages. Only the rural agribusiness association in Sonsón municipality achieved a statistical correlation with trust networks. These highlights the role of located links in geographic space.

Female empowerment and community-based productive associations: A systematic literature review / Empoderamiento femenino y asociaciones productivas comunitarias: Una revisión sistemática de literatura

Abstract Albeit its long trajectory on social sciences and gender studies, female empowerment promotion has gained a renewed protagonism because of its inclusion on the Millenium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. Among prioritized strategies to achieve this empowerment, international agencies and national governments have focused on gene-rating associative processes around productive activities. This study presents a systematic literature review to analyze the impact of community-based productive rural association's membership over different dimensions of female empowerment: resources, agency, and results. Then, a systematic literature review of five quantitative studies and eight qualitative studies is carried on. The analysis is organized according to each dimension of the empowerment process. In quantitative papers, the standardized size effects are estimated; a content analysis is made for qualitative papers. Results show that impacts of belonging to productive associations have been studied mostly from the empowerment approach as agency -decision-making process-, and for this specific dimension, size effects are statistically significant but small (8=0,05; 0,22).

Resumen Pese a estar presente en diversas discusiones de las ciencias sociales y los estudios de género la promoción del empoderamiento femenino ha alcanzado un renovado protagonismo a partir de su inclusión en los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio y de Desarrollo Sostenible. Dentro de las estrategias priorizadas para lograr este empoderamiento las agencias internacionales y gobierno nacionales han apostado por la generación de procesos asociativos en torno a actividades productivas. En este documento se presenta una revisión sistemática de literatura que tiene por objetivo analizar el impacto de pertenecer a asociaciones productivas rurales en las diferentes dimensiones del proceso de empoderamiento, a saber: recursos, agencia y resultados. Con este fin, se utiliza una metodología de revisión sistemática de literatura de cinco artículos cuantitativos y ocho artículos cualitativos. Para el caso de los cuantitativos, se presenta una organización basada en el componente del proceso de empoderamiento evaluado y se estima el tamaño del efecto estandarizado; para el caso de los cualitativos, se realiza un análisis de contenido de los hallazgos siguiendo la misma organización por dimensiones del proceso. Los resultados muestran que el impacto de la pertenencia a cooperativas ha sido estudiado de forma mayoritaria desde el enfoque de empoderamiento como agencia, entendida como toma de decisiones; y que, para este componente en particular, los tamaños de los efectos (d de Cohen) son significativos, aunque pequeños (8=0,05; 0,22).

Neuro-Behavioral Dynamic Prediction of Interpersonal Cooperation and Aggression / 神经科学通报·英文版

How to quickly predict an individual's behavioral choices is an important issue in the field of human behavior research. Using noninvasive electroencephalography, we aimed to identify neural markers in the prior outcome-evaluation stage and the current option-assessment stage of the chicken game that predict an individual's behavioral choices in the subsequent decision-output stage. Hierarchical linear modeling-based brain-behavior association analyses revealed that midfrontal theta oscillation in the prior outcome-evaluation stage positively predicted subsequent aggressive choices; also, beta oscillation in the current option-assessment stage positively predicted subsequent cooperative choices. These findings provide electrophysiological evidence for the three-stage theory of decision-making and strengthen the feasibility of predicting an individual's behavioral choices using neural oscillations.

Reporte de caso: síndrome de Schaaf Yang / Case report: Schaag Yang síndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome Schaaf Yang (SHFYNG) constituye un desorden multisistémico caracterizado por un grupo de signos y síntomas relacionados con alteraciones genéticas, congénitas y de expresión clínica multivariable. Fue descrito por primera vez por el Dr. Schaaf y la Dra. Yaping, profesores de Genética Molecular y Humana de la Universidad de Houston y Baylor, respectivamente, en 2013 (1). El síndrome SHFYNG tiene una herencia autosómica dominante con una mutación presente en el alelo paterno, ya que el gen MA-GEL2 tiene una impronta materna y solo se expresa el alelo paterno. A diferencia de otras patologías autosómicas dominantes clásicas, el síndrome SHFYNG puede saltar varias generaciones siempre que la mutación resida en el cromosoma materno. Presentación del caso. Preescolar femenina, con antecedente de estancia en UCIN por hipotonía neonatal y pobre succión, bronquitis y neumonía. Su fenotipo está caracterizado por facies hipotónicas, frente prominente, epicanto interno, pómulos prominentes, puente nasal bajo, nariz ancha, labio superior delgado, orejas aladas, cuello corto y obesidad central. Presenta retraso en el neurodesarrollo, lenguaje y psicomotor. Estudios genéticos: cariotipo 46,XX e hibridación genómica comparativa con patrón genómico normal, sexo femenino, en exoma trío se identifica una variante patogénica: c.1996dupC (p.Gln666Profs*47) en el gen MAGEL2 asociada con SHFYNG. Conclusión. Se informa el primer reporte de este síndrome a nivel nacional con una incidencia mundial muy baja, estimándose aproximadamente <1/1.000.000 de nacidos vivos, lo que permite ampliar el conocimiento y sospechar patologías de difícil diagnóstico como esta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Schaaf Yang Syndrome (SHFYNG) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a group of signs and symptoms related to genetic, congenital, and multivariate clinical alterations. It was first described by Dr. Schaaf and Dr. Yaping, professors of Molecular and Human Genetics at the University of Houston and Baylor, respectively, in 2013 (1). SHFYNG has an autosomal dominant inheritance with a mutation located in the paternal allele, since the MAGEL2 gene has a maternal imprint and only the paternal allele is expressed. Unlike other classic autosomal dominant pathologies, SHFYNG syndrome can skip several generations, as long as the mutation resides on the maternal chromosome. Presentation of the case: Female preschooler, with a history of stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, due to neonatal hypotonia and poor suction, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Her phenotype is distinguished by hypotonic facies, prominent forehead, internal epican-thus, prominent cheekbones, low nasal bridge, broad nose, thin upper lip, winged ears, short neck, and central obesity. She presents neurodevelopmental, language, and psychomotor delay. Genetic studies: 46,XX karyotype, comparative genomic hybridization: normal genomic pattern, female sex, trio exam a pathogenic variant c.1996dupC (p.Gln666Profs*47) in the MAGEL2 gene associated with SHFYNG syndrome. Conclusion: It is reported to be the first national report of this syndrome, with a very low worldwide incidence, estimating approximately <1 / 1,000,000 live births, which allows us to expand knowledge and suspect difficult-to-diagnose pathologies like this one.

Representaciones sociales de la discapacidad en una comunidad universitaria de Ibagué, Colombia, mediante las redes de asociaciones / Social representations of disabilities in a university Community of ibagué, colombia, through association networks

La comprensión de la discapacidad como un fenómeno social interpela a los grupos sociales para revisar su responsabilidad frente a la inclusión de las personas en esta condición. Objetivo. Identificar las representaciones sociales de la discapacidad en una comunidad universitaria. Método. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con análisis complementarios cuantitativos y cualitativos, implementando las redes de asociaciones en dos grupos de actores, uno configurado por directivos, profesores y administrativos, y el otro, por estudiantes de todos los programas, en una universidad de Ibagué (Colombia). Resultados. La principal diferencia entre los dos grupos de participantes radicó en que, mientras los estudiantes manifestaron representaciones más positivas hacia las personas con discapacidad, los directivos, los profesores y los administrativos mostraron ciertos rasgos de resistencia a aceptar y a aportar a la inclusión de este colectivo. Conclusiones. Todos los participantes comprenden la discapacidad como el resultado de la interacción entre las variables personales y del medio ambiente, por lo tanto, están dispuestos a trabajar por la inclusión de las personas en esta condición en el ámbito universitario.

The understanding of disability as a social phenomenon challenges social groups to review their responsibility for the inclusion of people in this condition. Objective. To identify the social representations of disability in a university community. Method. A descriptive study was carried out with complementary quantitative and qualitative analyzes, implementing networks of associations in two groups of actors, one made up of coordinators, professors and administrators and, the other, by students of all programs, in a university in Ibagué (Colombia). Results. The main difference between the two groups of participants was that, while students showed more positive representations towards people with disabilities, the coordinators, teachers and administrators, showed certain traits of resistance to accept and contribute to the inclusion of this group. Conclusions. All participants understand disability as the result of the interaction between personal and environmental variables, therefore, they are willing to work for the inclusion of people with this condition in the university environment.

La Asociación Médica Franco-Argentina: fundación y visión pionera. Homenaje al Dr. Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot a cincuenta años de su fallecimiento / The Franco-Argentine Medical Association: foundation and pioneering vision. Tribute to doctor Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot on the 50th anniversary of his death

Se hace una reseña histórica de la fundación de la Asociación Médica Franco-Argentina. Se mencionan sus propósitos fundacionales, sus protagonistas y su contexto social.

A historical review of the foundation of the Franco-Argentine Medical Association is made. Its foundational purposes, their protagonists and the social context are mentioned.

Clinical and Histopathological Profile of Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis.

Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis (SPD) is a chronic, benign, recurrent, pustular eruption of idiopathic nature mainly involving the trunk, intertriginous area and flexor aspects of limbs. It is a neutrophilic dermatosis and the exact aetiology is unknown. There are only limited number of studies on the clinical and histopathological aspects of subcorneal pustular dermatosis as well as the associations of subcorneal pustular dermatosis especially in our country. Hence the study is of significance at present.METHODSA descriptive study was done on 37 patients with clinical features of SPD who attended a tertiary care hospital in Kerala during a period of one and a half years. A detailed history, dermatological and system examination, histopathology, immunofluorescence & relevant laboratory investigations were done, and results were analysed using appropriate biostatistics.RESULTSMajority of the patients were females and belonged to sixth decade. 97.3% of patients had recurrence of the disease during summer season. Trunk and intertriginous areas were predominantly affected. Hypothyroidism was observed in 21.6% of patients. Four patients developed chronic plaque psoriasis during the follow up.CONCLUSIONSSubcorneal Pustular Dermatosis is a chronic relapsing pustular eruption which can mimic various other conditions in our daily practice. Many diseases including inflammatory diseases, malignancies and metabolic diseases have been reported to be associated with SPD. Hence a better understanding of the associations and underlying conditions helps in providing effective treatment for the patients.

Doctor Guillermo Soberón Acevedo: destacado médico mexicano / Doctor Guillermo Soberón Acevedo: outstanding Mexican doctor

En la presente entrevista, realizada en 1999, el doctor Guillermo Soberón Acevedo (1925- 2020) opina sobre distintos temas relacionados con la medicina y la salud pública. Comenta su proceso de formación como médico, la responsabilidad de los especialistas que se preparan en el extranjero y regresan a México, así como sus trabajos como rector de la UNAM y en el sector público, donde dirigió la transformación de la entonces Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia en la actual Secretaría de Salud. Asimismo, aborda temas como el carácter mutifacético de la medicina, la importancia de la investigación y las facultades de medicina, el valor de la certificación, el trabajo de los colegios y las asociaciones médicas y el futuro de la ciencia médica, además de que ofrece su punto de vista sobre la Homeopatía.

In this interview, conducted in 1999, Dr. Guillermo Soberón Acevedo (1925-2020) gives his opinion on different topics related to medicine and public health. He comments on his training process as a doctor, the responsabilities of the specialists who prepare abroad and return to Mexico, as well as his work as Rector of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University of Mexico) As well as his experience in the public sector, in which he directed the transformation of the then Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Ministry of Healthiness and Assistance) into the current Secretaría de Salud (Ministry of Health). It also addresses topics such as the multifaceted nature of medicine, the importance of research and medical schools, the value of certification, the work of medical colleges and associations, and the future of medical science, in addition to offering his point of view on Homeopathy.

Historia de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional / History of the Colombian Association of Occupational Therapy

Aunque no se tiene precisión sobre la fecha, este documento habría sido publicado en el año 2010 en la página web de la entonces Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional. Presenta una serie de hechos relevantes en el recorrido de esta organización gremial desde su nacimiento hasta el 2010. Para su reproducción en este número de la Revista se hicieron ajustes menores de estilo y se precisaron algunos datos relacionados con los congresos.

Retos y compromisos gremiales en el marco de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Professional challenges and commitments amid the COVID-19 pandemic

A través del tiempo, la Revista Ocupación Humana se ha ido constituyendo en un referente de la difusión del conocimiento de la Terapia Ocupacional colombiana y latinoamericana. Diferentes autores han buscado exaltar, a través de sus páginas, el valor de la ocupación y de nuestro desempeño profesional en diferentes contextos, mediante la publicación de artículos originales e inéditos que surten exigentes procesos editoriales. Así mismo, la Revista se ha ido posicionando en la comunidad profesional y estudiantil nacional e internacional, no solo como un medio de consulta, sino como un puente que posibilita la interacción con asuntos relevantes en el campo de la ocupación humana. Una situación particular enmarca este número y también acompaña al nuevo Consejo Directivo Nacional del Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional: la pandemia por COVID-19.

Condiciones de trabajo y de seguridad social en asociaciones de pequeños y medianos agricultores campesinos con prácticas de economía solidaria en tres municipios del oriente antioqueño, Colombia, 2015 / Conditions of working and social security in peasant communities with solidarity economy practices in three municipalities in eastern Antioquia, Colombia 2015 / Condições de trabalho e segurança social nas comunidades camponesas com práticas de economia solidária em três municípios do leste de Antioquia, Colômbia 2015

Resumen Introducción: En algunas asociaciones de pequeños y medianos productores agropecuarios del oriente de Antioquia se identifican prácticas de economía solidaria y de producción agrícola que se han constituido en escenarios de resistencia y alternativas de trabajo para una población económica y socialmente vulnerable. La economía campesina fundamentada en el trabajo agrícola y las incertidumbres relacionadas con las transformaciones productivas que supone la cercanía del oriente antioqueño al Área Metropolitana son aspectos relevantes que deben considerarse a la hora de propender por el fortalecimiento de las organizaciones campesinas de la economía solidaria. Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones de trabajo y de seguridad social de un grupo de pequeños y medianos agricultores del sector solidario, comprometidos con la seguridad alimentaria, en tres municipios del oriente de Antioquia. Metodología: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo transversal de 111 productores, asociados activos de diez asociaciones campesinas de economía solidaria, legalmente constituidas. Se recolectó información primaria mediante encuestas. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, laborales y de seguridad social. Resultados: 85,6 % de los asociados pertenecen a estratos bajos y son trabajadores independientes, con ingreso promedio de $296 000 mensual; el 72 % posee seguridad social en salud en régimen subsidiado; el 91 % presenta desprotección en riesgos laborales, y el 88,3 %, en pensiones. Conclusión: Los ingresos de estos colectivos de agricultores del sector solidario son inferiores al salario mínimo legal y al ingreso promedio de los trabajadores del campo colombiano; las desigualdades son protuberantes en relación con los ingresos del resto de trabajadores del país. La protección social supone retos para el Gobierno, en cuanto a incrementar la cobertura en pensiones y riesgos laborales.

Abstract Introduction: The agricultural-based solidarity economy practiced by rural communities in Eastern Antioqua, Colombia, has become a tool for resistance, as well as an alternative source of employment for a socially and economically vulnerable population. Economies based on agriculture and the uncertainties of the productive transformations derived from a community's proximity to Medellin metropolitan area, are important factors that should be taken into account when examining the potentials of a solidary economy. Objective: To analyze the working and social conditions of a group of small and medium-scale farmers, from 3 towns in Eastern Antioquia, who follow the solidarity economy and are committed to food security. Methodology: A descriptive, transversal study was carried out with 111 active producers belonging to 10 legally consolidated solidarity economy farmers associations. Primary data was gathered through polls and workshops. Variables in respondents sociodemographics, work and social security were analyzed based on the statistical measurements of frequency, proportion and central tendency. Results: 85.6% of respondents are independent workers and belong to a lower socioeconomical strata with a mean monthly income of COP 296.000; 72% have health insurance through the country's subsidized system; 91% work without occupational hazard insurance; 88.3% do not contribute to a pension fund. Discussion: Income of the surveyed population was found to be lower than both the legal minimum wage and average wages of workers in the same field; income inequalities are very pronounced compared to other Colombian workers; increasing pension enrollment and occupational hazard coverage are challenges the government continues to face.

Resumo Introdução: As comunidades camponesas do Leste de Antioquia praticam economia de solidariedade que foi constituída em cenários de resistência e alternativas trabalho para populacoes economica e socialmente vulneráveis. A economia baseada na agricultura e as incertezas associadas com as transformações produtivas colocadas pela sua proximidade à área metropolitana de Medellin, são fatores importantes a ter em conta para demonstrar as possibilidades que tem a economia solidária, através da abordagem com as experiências das comunidades. Objetivo: O objetivo foi analisar as condições de trabalho e segurança social de um grupo do setor de pequenos e medios agricultores, comprometidos com a segurança alimentar em três municípios do Leste de Antioquia. Metodologia: Um estudo descritivo transversal foi realizado em 111 produtores associados ativos de 10 associações camponesas de economia solidária, legalmente constituídas. As informações primárias foram coletadas por meio de pesquisas e workshops. Variáveis sociodemográficas, trabalhistas e de seguranca social foram analisadas. A análise foi feita com medidas estatísticas de frequência, proporção e tendência central. Resultados: 85,6% dos associados pertencem ao estrato baixo e são trabalhadores independentes com renda média de $ 296 mil pesos por mês; 72% têm segurança social em saúde em regime subsidiado; 91% tem falta de proteção nos riscos ocupacionais e 88,3% nas posibilidades de ter aposentadoria. Discussão: A renda é menor do que o salário mínimo legal da média dos trabalhadores no campo colombiano; as desigualdades são acentuadas em relação à renda do resto dos trabalhadores do país; na proteção social apresentam-se desafios para o governo para aumentar a cobertura em pensões e riscos ocupacionais.

Software para la categorización semiautomática de asociaciones libres sobre el bienestar de trabajadores habaneros / Software for semi-automatic categorization of free associations to promote the welfare of workers of Havana

RESUMEN Introducción: Especialistas de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de La Habana propusieron el cuestionario sobre Bienestar Humano Personal, Laboral y Social (BHPLS), que se aplicó a 135 trabajadores cubanos de tres grupos sociolaborales. Dada la variedad de respuestas, se impuso un análisis de contenido (AC) para la Pregunta 1 del cuestionario. Objetivo: Proponer e implementar un software que permita la categorización semiautomática en un AC para dicha pregunta. Material y Métodos: Se utilizó el índice de concordancia Kappa para evaluar el acuerdo entre expertos respecto al esquema de categorías. Se implementó un software en el lenguaje de programación Python para cumplir el objetivo, considerando las funcionalidades de softwares similares. Resultados: Se implementó, validó y registró un software "BHPLS data processing-UH®" que permite establecer las categorías, cargar los datos, categorizarlos semiautomáticamente y guardar el resultado, entre otras funcionalidades. La categorización manual con estudiantes de Psicología obtuvo un índice de concordancia Kappa negativo (bajo acuerdo entre expertos), mientras que usando el software propuesto, se alcanzó un Kappa global 0.7871 con p=0.00 (alta concordancia y alta significación estadística). Además, se propuso un algoritmo para la unificación de las categorizaciones de expertos y se ejecutó un Análisis de Correspondencias (ANACOR) sobre la combinación de categorizaciones obtenidas. Conclusiones: Dada la alta concordancia alcanzada, se recomienda el uso del software por su adaptabilidad, facilidad de uso y la "humanización" del AC. El ANACOR permitió observar similitudes entre los grupos sociolaborales. Las funcionalidades del software pueden aplicarse para el procesamiento de asociaciones libres en otros escenarios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Experts of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Havana proposed the Personal, Labor and Social Human Well-being questionnaire (BHPLS, in Spanish), that was applied to 135 Cuban workers of three social and occupational groups. Given the variety of responses, a content analysis (CA) was used for Question 1 of the mentioned questionnaire. Objective: To present and implement a software that allows a semi-automatic categorization in a CA used for this question. Material and Methods: The Kappa index test was used to evaluate experts´ agreement with respect to category schemes. We implemented a software with the Python programming language to achieve our objective, considering other similar software functionalities. Results: We implemented, validated and registered the software BHPLS data processing-UH® that allows to set up a categories system, load the collected data, categorize associations in a semi-automatic way, and save the results, among other functionalities. This software was validated by Psychology students and, when they performed the manual categorization, a negative Kappa agreement index (low categorization agreement between experts) was obtained whereas using the proposed software, a global Kappa index of 0.7871 with p=0.00 (high and statistically significant categorization agreement between experts) was obtained. Besides, we proposed a unified algorithm for expert's categorizations, and carried out a Correspondence Analysis (ANACOR) on the basis of the categorizations achieved. Conclusions: According to the high concordance attained, we recommend the software due to its adaptability, ease of use, and "humanization'' of the process. The CA allowed us to observe similarities in social and occupational groups. The software functionalities can be applied for processing free associations in other scenarios.

Reflexión acerca del desarrollo de la bioética en las organizaciones profesionales farmacéuticas. La excelencia profesional / Reflection on the development of bioethics in pharmaceutical professional organizations. Professional excellence / Reflexão sobre o desenvolvimento da Bioética nas organizações profissionais farmacêuticas. A excelência professional

Resumen Desde hace unos años, las organizaciones colegiadas de la profesión farmacéutica se han visto desafiadas, no solo por agentes externos, sino también por los propios profesionales. Hay una cierta crítica de respuesta, especialmente en aspectos que tienen que ver con el rol que deben jugar en el desarrollo y la actividad de la práctica profesional, en sus fines domésticos, externos e internos, y en las características que deben poseer como organizaciones al servicio de estos profesionales y la sociedad. Entendemos que el desarrollo, la revisión y actualización de la bioética, así como la formación en esta materia en las organizaciones profesionales, contribuye a esa excelencia transversal en la profesión, provoca un conocimiento real de esta en todas sus dimensiones y otorga poder para actuar en total libertad frente a las amenazas o restricciones internas o externas.

Abstract For some years, the collegiate organizations of the pharmaceutical profession are being challenged, not only by external agents, but also by the professionals themselves. There is a certain criticism in the response, especially in aspects that have to do with the role they must play in the development and activity of professional practice, in their domestic, external and internal purposes and in the characteristics they must possess as organizations in service of these professionals and society. We understand that the development, revision and updating of Bioethics, as well as training in this field in professional organizations, contributes to that transcendent excellence in the profession, provokes a real knowledge of it in all its dimensions and with the power to act in total freedom from threats or internal or external restrictions.

Resumo Há alguns anos, as organizações colegiadas da profissão farmacêutica estão sendo desafiadas, não somente por agentes externos, mas também pelos próprios profissionais. Existe certa crítica de resposta, em especial em aspectos que estão relacionados com o papel que devem desempenhar e com a atividade da prática profissional, em seus fins domésticos, externos e internos, e nas características que devem possuir como organizações ao serviço desses profissionais e da sociedade. Entendemos que o desenvolvimento, a revisão e a atualização da Bioética, bem como a formação nessa matéria nas organizações profissionais, contribuem para a excelência transversal na profissão, promovem um conhecimento real desta em todas suas dimensões e outorgam poder para agir em total liberdade ante as ameaças ou as restrições internas ou externas.

The 80-year history of the professional associations of nutritionists in Brazil: A historical-documentary analysis / As entidades de classe na história de 80 anos do nutricionista no Brasil: uma análise histórico-documental

ABSTRACT Objective To carry out a mapping of the historical trajectory of the professional associations of nutritionists (scientific associations, councils and professional labor unions) in Brazil. Methods The study consists of a historical-documentary analysis. To obtain the data, information and documents, the websites of the Federal Council of Nutritionists; Brazilian Association of Food and Nutrition; National Federation of Nutritionists and Nutritionists' Unions were browsed. A systematic bibliographic survey was carried out in the databases of the Scientific Electronic Library Online and National Library of Medicine to retrieve scientific articles about the associations of nutritionists in Brazil over the 80 years of their history, focusing on the last ten years. Results The historical analysis indicates that, over the course of eighty years, there has been strengthening of professional associations of nutritionists and achievements concerning training regulation, professional practice, fields of work and working conditions. The labor reform act of 2017 reduces the rights related to working conditions, creating setbacks in the achievements of nutritionists. Conclusion The professional associations of nutritionists have played an important role in the process of professionalization and legitimacy of training and performance of the profession in the country. There are indications of the unified performance of professional associations, but it is still incipient and scarce. Nowadays, unified, transparent and committed action of these professional associations is imperative for the professionalization and improvements of the working conditions of Brazilian nutritionists.

RESUMO Objetivo Realizar mapeamento da trajetória histórica das entidades de classe do nutricionista (associações científicas, conselhos e sindicatos profissionais) no Brasil. Métodos O estudo consiste em uma análise histórico-documental. Para obtenção dos dados, informações e documentos foram feitas visitas aos sítios eletrônicos do Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas; Associação Brasileira de Alimentação e Nutrição; Federação Nacional de Nutricionistas e Sindicatos de Nutricionistas. Realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico sistematizado nas bases Scientific Electronic Library Online e National Library of Medicine para capturar artigos científicos sobre a temática no Brasil ao longo dos 80 anos de sua história, com ênfase nos últimos dez anos. Resultados A análise histórica da Associação Brasileira de Alimentação e Nutrição, do Sistema Conselho Federal/Conselhos Regionais de Nutricionistas e da Federação Nacional de Nutricionistas/Sindicatos de Nutricionistas indica que, ao longo da trajetória de oitenta anos, houve fortalecimento das entidades de classe, com várias conquistas no arcabouço de regulamentação da formação, exercício profissional, campos de atuação e condições de trabalho. A reforma trabalhista, instituída em 2017, imprime redução de direitos relativos às condições de trabalho, acenando para retrocessos nas conquistas trabalhistas do nutricionista. Conclusão As entidades de classes do nutricionista têm desempenhado relevante papel no processo de valorização e legitimidade da formação e atuação da profissão no país. Há indícios da atuação unificada das entidades de classe, mas ainda incipientes e pontuais. Na atualidade, urge uma atuação unificada, transparente e comprometida destas entidades de classe em busca de valorização da profissão e melhorias das condições de trabalho do nutricionista brasileiro.

Spatial patterns and interactions of dominant tree species in an Amazon tropical rainforest / Patrones e interacciones espaciales de especies arbóreas dominantes en un bosque tropical en la Amazonia

Abstract Knowledge of spatial patterns and interactions of tree species allows for understanding the ecological processes of spatiotemporal structures of tropical forests, becoming essential for the establishment of strategies for the conservation and management of their resources in the long term. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial patterns and interactions of Astronium lecointei, Dinizia excelsa and Peltogyne paniculata, three dominant timber tree species in the Jamari National Forest, Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon. The Kernel estimator was used aiming to verify the possible influence of first-order factors on species distributions. Inhomogeneous K-functions were applied to analyze species spatial patterns and interactions by means of second-order factors. Univariate analyses revealed different scale-dependent spatial patterns for the species. Aggregation related to ecological characteristics, such as habitat preference and dispersal limitation, was verified for A. lecointei and P. paniculata. D. excelsa presented a random spatial pattern, explained by specific features of its establishment, such as the need for clearings due to light requirements. Interspecific associations were evidenced by bivariate analyses, in which spatial attraction of species resulted from the same preference for microhabitats and the repulsion was a result of niche segregation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1009-1017. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen El conocimiento de los patrones e interacciones espaciales de las especies arbóreas permite la comprensión de los procesos ecológicos de estructuración espacio-temporal de los bosques tropicales, tornándose imprescindible para el establecimiento de estrategias de conservación y manejo de sus recursos a largo plazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los patrones y las interacciones espaciales de Astronium lecointei, Dinizia excelsa y Peltogyne paniculata, tres especies arbóreas madereras dominantes en la Selva Nacional del Jamari, Rondônia, Amazonia Brasileña. Para ello, se utilizó el estimador Kernel, con el objetivo de verificar la posible influencia de factores de primer orden en la distribución de las especies. Para el análisis de los patrones e interacciones espaciales de las especies por medio de los factores de segundo orden, se empleó la función K no homogénea. Los análisis univariados revelaron diferentes patrones espaciales dependientes de la escala para las especies. Agregación relacionada a características ecológicas, como preferencia de hábitat y limitación de la dispersión, fue constatada para A. lecointei y P. paniculata. Dinizia excelsa presentó un patrón espacial aleatorio, explicado por características particulares de su establecimiento, como la necesidad de claros debido a sus requisitos lumínicos. Las asociaciones interespecíficas fueron evidenciadas por los análisis bivariados, en que la atracción espacial de las especies resultó de la misma preferencia por micro hábitats y la repulsión fue resultado de la segregación de nichos.