Recommendations for Neuroblastoma Associated Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia Syndrome in Childhood / 罕见病研究

@#Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome(OMAS) is a rare neurological disorder. This disease is often associated with neuroblastoma(NB). OMAS and neuroblastoma in children in China are treated separately by neurology, medical and surgical oncology. In this group of children, NB usually has a good prognosis, while OMAS is prone to sequelae, but the lack of standardized evaluation and follow-up is not conducive to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In this study, experts from multidisciplinary fields worked together to develop recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of NB associated OMAS in children, hoping to improve the prognosis of children through standardized management of this group of children.

Síndrome X frágil y otras patologías asociadas al gen FMR1 / Fragile X Syndrome and Other Pathologies Associated with the FMR1 Gene / Síndrome do X frágil e outras patologias associadas ao gene FMR1

Resumen: el síndrome X frágil es la causa más frecuente de retraso psicomotor vinculado al cromosoma X en niños, con una prevalencia de 1 : 5.000 en hombres y 1 : 4.000 - 8.000 en mujeres. Además, es la causa hereditaria más asociada al síndrome del espectro autista. Esta patología posee como base etiológica la expansión del triplete CGG en el extremo distal del gen FMR1, lo que causa su silenciamiento. Los pacientes afectados con este síndrome suelen padecer de problemas conductuales, neurológicos, cardíacos y ortopédicos. Este síndrome también se relaciona con la insuficiencia ovárica primaria asociada al X frágil, y el síndrome de temblor y ataxia asociado al X frágil que afectan a la madre y al abuelo materno, y que, por su reciente descripción, podrían ser desconocidos por el personal sanitario, lo que retrasa su diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar estas enfermedades, con el fin de describir el conocimiento actual sobre su etiología, las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Esto se realizó mediante la recopilación de artículos en Pubmed, con algunas contribuciones de las bases de datos Scielo, Redalyc, Europe PMC, Science Direct, Google Académico y Genetics Home Reference. Entre las conclusiones principales se destaca que los fenotipos asociados a la premutación del gen FMR1 contemplan mecanismos fisiopatológicos diferentes al síndrome X frágil, a pesar de estar íntimamente relacionados.

Abstract: fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of X-linked psychomotor retardation in children, with a prevalence of 1 : 5.000 in males and 1 : 4.000 -8.000 in females. It is also the hereditary cause most associated with autism spectrum syndrome. The etiological basis of this pathology is the expansion of the CGG triplet at the distal end of the FMR1 gene, which causes its silencing. Patients affected with this syndrome usually suffer from behavioral, neurological, cardiac and orthopedic problems. This syndrome is also related to Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, and Fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome affecting the mother and maternal grandfather, which, because of their recent description, may be unknown to health care providers, delaying their diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this article is to analyze these diseases, in order to describe the current knowledge about their etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. This was done by collecting articles in Pubmed, with some contributions from Scielo, Redalyc, Europe PMC, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Genetics Home Reference databases. Among the main conclusions, it is highlighted that the phenotypes associated with FMR1 gene premutation involve different pathophysiological mechanisms to Fragile X syndrome, despite being closely related.

Resumo: a síndrome do X frágil é a causa mais comum de retardo psicomotor ligado ao cromossomo X em crianças, com prevalência de 1 : 5.000 em homens e 1 : 4.000 a 8.000 em mulheres. Além disso, é a causa mais hereditária associada à síndrome do espectro do autismo. Essa patologia tem como base etiológica a expansão do trigêmeo CGG na extremidade distal do gene FMR1, o que causa seu silenciamento. Pacientes com essa síndrome geralmente sofrem de problemas comportamentais, neurológicos, cardíacos e ortopédicos. Essa síndrome também está relacionada à insuficiência ovariana primária associada ao X frágil, à síndrome do tremor e à ataxia associada ao X frágil, que acometem a mãe e o avô materno, e que, devido à sua descrição recente, poderiam ser desconhecidas pelos profissionais de saúde, o que atrasa seu diagnóstico e tratamento. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar essas doenças, a fim de descrever o conhecimento atual sobre sua etiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Isso foi feito através da recopilação de artigos no Pubmed, com algumas contribuições das bases de dados Scielo, Redalyc, Europe PMC, Science Direct, Google Academic e Genetics Home Reference. Dentre as principais conclusões, destaca-se que os fenotipos associados à premutação do gene FMR1 incluem outros mecanismos fisiopatológicos além da síndrome do X frágil, apesar de eles estarem intimamente relacionados.

Ataxias cerebelosas e infecciones virales: caracterización clínica y mecanismos neuropatogénicos / Cerebellar ataxias and viral infections: clinical characterization and neuropathogenic mechanisms

Introducción: La ataxia constituye una alteración en la coordinación de los movimientos, resultado de una disfunción del cerebelo, sus conexiones, así como alteraciones en la médula espinal, nervios periféricos o una combinación de estas condiciones. Las ataxias se clasifican en hereditarias, esporádicas y en adquiridas o secundarias, en las cuales los virus neurotrópicos constituyen los principales causantes. Objetivo: Actualizar los conocimientos relacionados con las ataxias causadas por virus neurotrópicos y los mecanismos neurodegenerativos que pudieran tener relación con la ataxia. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica incluyendo artículos publicados en las principales bases de datos bibliográficas (Web of Sciences, Scopus, SciELO). Se utilizaron las palabras claves: ataxia, virus neurotrópicos, ataxias cerebelosas, ataxias infecciosas, en inglés y español. Análisis e integración de la información: Los virus más conocidos que provocan ataxias infecciosas son el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, virus del herpes simple, virus del herpes humano tipo 6, virus de la varicela zoster, virus Epstein-Barr, virus del Nilo Occidental, y enterovirus 71, aunque existen otros virus que causan esta afectación. Los mecanismos neuropatogénicos sugeridos son la invasión directa del virus y procesos inmunopatogénicos desencadenados por la infección. Estos virus pueden causar ataxia cerebelosa aguda, ataxia aguda posinfecciosa, síndrome opsoclono-mioclono-atáxico y ataxia por encefalomielitis aguda diseminada. Aunque la mayoría de los reportes de casos informan la evolución satisfactoria de los pacientes, algunos refieren complicaciones neurológicas e incluso la muerte. Conclusiones: Actualmente existe la necesidad de profundizar en el estudio de este tipo de ataxia para favorecer su diagnóstico y tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Ataxia is an alteration in the coordination of movements caused by a dysfunction of the cerebellum and its connections, as well as alterations in the spinal cord, the peripheral nerves, or a combination of these factors. Ataxias are classified into hereditary, sporadic and acquired or secondary, in which neurotropic viruses are the main causative agents. Objective: Update knowledge about ataxias caused by neurotropic viruses and the neurodegenerative mechanisms which could bear a relationship to ataxia. Methods: A review was conducted of papers published in the main bibliographic databases (Web of Sciences, Scopus, SciELO), using the search terms ataxia, neurotropic virus, cerebellar ataxias, infectious ataxias, in English and in Spanish. Discussion: The best known viruses causing infectious ataxias are the human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, human herpesvirus 6, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Western Nile virus and enterovirus 71, though other viruses may also cause this condition. The neuropathogenic mechanisms suggested are direct invasion of the virus and immunopathogenic processes triggered by the infection. These viruses may cause acute cerebellar ataxia, acute postinfectious ataxia, opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome and ataxia due to acute encephalomyelitis disseminata. Though most case reports describe a satisfactory evolution of patients, some refer to neurological complications and even death. Conclusions: There is a current need to carry out further research about this type of ataxia to improve its diagnosis and treatment(AU)

Síndrome opsoclonus-mioclonus-ataxia asociado con un teratoma ovárico maduro en un paciente pediátrico / Opsoclonus-mioclonus-ataxia syndrome associated with a mature ovarian teratoma in a pediatric patient

Resumen El síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus-ataxia es una entidad rara que cursa con síntomas motores, neurocognitivos y psiquiátricos, con frecuencia marcadamente debilitantes. El síndrome se reporta con mayor frecuencia en adultos que en niños, la etiología es variada, pero en pediatría se presenta en la mayoría de los casos como un síndrome paraneoplásico. En este contexto la neoplasia más frecuentemente asociada es el neuroblastoma. La evidencia actual apoya la tesis de que este es un síndrome mediado inmunológicamente al haberse identificado una serie de auto-anticuerpos en los pacientes afectados, y a que muchos de ellos responden a terapia inmunosupresora. La importancia del reconocimiento de este síndrome radica en que existe tratamiento médico y quirúrgico que podría mejorar el pronóstico neurológico y psiquiátrico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que se presentó con este síndrome en nuestra institución.

Abstract The opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome is a rare entity that presents with motor, neurocognitive and psychiatric symptoms, often markedly de bilitating. The syndrome is reported more frequently in adults than in chil dren, the etiology is varied, but in pediatrics it occurs in most cases as a paraneoplastic syndrome. In this context, the most frequently associated neoplasm is neuroblastoma followed by gynecological tumors. The current evidence supports the thesis that this is an immune-mediated syndrome because a series of circulating autoantibodies has been described in the affected patients, in addition to many of them responding to immuno suppressive therapy. The importance of recognizing this syndrome is that there is medical/surgical treatment available that could improve the neu rological and psychiatric prognosis. Next, we present the case of a patient who presented with this syndrome in our institution.

Fragilidad del X y otras entidades asociadas al gen FMR1: estudio de 28 familias afectadas / Fragile X syndrome and other entities associated with the FMR1 gene: Study of 28 affected families

El síndrome de fragilidad del cromosoma X es la causa de discapacidad intelectual heredable más frecuente. Asociado a trastornos del espectro autista en un tercio de los pacientes, afecta, con mayor prevalencia, a los varones. Se debe a una expansión de trinucleótidos CGG (citosina, guanina, guanina), llamada mutación completa en el locus Xq27.3 del gen FMR1, que conduce a la hipermetilación en el promotor del gen y reduce los niveles de expresión de FMRP, una proteína implicada en la maduración y plasticidad sináptica. Una expansión menor de CGG es la causa de insuficiencia ovárica primaria y del síndrome de temblor/ataxia asociado a X frágil, caracterizado por ataxia cerebelosa progresiva, de inicio tardío, y temblor de intención. En el presente estudio de serie de casos, se analiza la segregación de mutaciones del gen FMR1 en diferentes familias y la variabilidad de expresión clínica que llevó a la consulta genética.

The fragile X syndrome occurs due to an expansion of CGG trinucleotides, called full mutation, which is found at the Xq27.3 locus of the FMR1 gene. It is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability. Associated with autistic spectrum disorders in one third of the patients, it affects males with higher prevalence. It also leads to hypermethylation of the gene promoter, silencing it and reducing the expression levels of FMRP, a protein involved in synaptic maturation and plasticity. A lower expansion causes primary ovarian failure syndrome as well as tremor and ataxia syndrome characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia of late onset and intention tremor. In the present case-control study we analyze the segregation of mutations of the FMR1 gene in different families and the variability of expression that led to the genetic consultation.

Research progress in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease / 中华神经科杂志

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by localized neuronal loss,and the presence of eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in neurons and glial cells.Biopsy samples of skin,rectal and sural nerve showed hyaline intranuclear inclusions.Reported NIID cases showed familial type according to family history,and three clinical subgroups (infantile,juvenile and adult form) according to onset and disease duration.NIID has been considered as a heterogeneous disease because of the highly variable clinical manifestations including cognitive dysfunction,parkinsonism,cerebellar ataxia,peripheral neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction.Additionally,some NIID cases presented episodes of conscious disturbance,cognitive decline,movement disorder or even fever.Head magnetic resonance imaging of some patients revealed symmetrical leukoencephalopathy in T2 image and fluid attenuated inversion recovery image and high intensity signal in corticomedullary junction in diffusion weighted image.But it is not the only abnormal finding of imaging,and other diseases may also present the similar changing.Other diseases including fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome,Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia should be considered in differential diagnosis.

Treatment experience of ataxia syndrome caused by excessive use of "White & Black Tablet" / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

White & Black Tablet is a kind of over-the-counter drugs commonly used in the treatment of common cold, excessive use may cause poisoning symptoms, the light symptom can be cleared without treatment, the serious manifestation is the appearance of central nervous system signs and symptoms, and even the most serious one may die of respiratory or/and circulatory failure. Our department recently admitted a patient with acute "White & Black Tablet" poisoning leading to ataxia syndrome, and the diagnosis and treatment experiences of this case were summarized in this report.

Tremor-Ataxia syndrome and primary ovarian insufficiency in an FMR1 premutation carrier / Síndrome de Tremor Ataxia y falla ovárica prematura en portadora de la premutación del gen FMR1

Abstract Introduction: The FMR1 gene has four allelic variants according to the number of repeats of the CGG triplet. Premutation carriers with between 55 and 200 repeats are susceptible to developing pathologies such as tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) syndrome. Case description: The patient was a 53-year-old female farmer with severe tremor in the upper limbs at rest that worsens with movement, tremor in the jaw and tongue, and generalized cerebral atrophy. She is a carrier of the FMR1 premutation diagnosed by PCR and Southern Blot, complying with the clinical and radiological criteria of FXTAS, and in addition, has a history of vagal symptoms suggestive of ovarian failure and menstrual cycle disorders that led to hysterectomy at age 33 and was subsequently diagnosed with FXPOI. Conclusion: An unusual case of FXTAS and FXPOI complying with clinical and radiological criteria is reported in a premutation carrier of the FMR1 gene.

Resumen Introducción: el gen FMR1 tiene cuatro variantes alélicas según el número de repeticiones de la tripleta CGG. Los portadores de la premutación con un número entre 55 y 200 repeticiones son susceptibles de desarrollar patologías como el síndrome de temblor y ataxia (FXTAS) y síndrome de falla ovárica prematura (FXPOI) asociados al X frágil. Descripción del caso: Mujer de 53 años, agricultora, con temblor severo en miembros superiores en reposo que empeora con el movimiento, temblor en mandíbula y lengua, atrofia cerebral generalizada, portadora de la premutación del gen FMR1 diagnosticada por PCR y Southern Blot, cumpliendo con criterios clínicos y radiológicos de FXTAS; ademas, historia de síntomas vagales sugestivos de falla ovárica y trastornos del ciclo menstrual que llevaron a histerectomía a los 33 años, haciendose diagnóstico FXPOI. Conclusión: Se reporta un caso inusual en portadoras de la premutación del gen FMR1, con criterios clínicos y radiológicos de FXTAS y FXPOI.

Síndrome de temblor y ataxia asociado a frágil X (FXTAS): revisión dela literatura / Fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: literature review

El síndrome de temblor y ataxia asociado al síndrome del cromosoma X frágil (FXTAS) es un desorden neurodegenerativoprogresivo (1), de inicio tardío, que ocurre entre los portadores de la premutación del gen FMR1(Fragile X Mental Retardation 1), el cual está estrechamente asociado con el síndrome del cromosoma X frágil(FXS). El FXTAS se caracteriza por déficits neurológicos que incluyen temblor de intención progresivo, ataxiacerebelosa, parkinsonismo, neuropatía periférica, déficits cognitivos y disfunción autonómica (2-4).El FXTAS surge como una importante opción diagnóstica en hombres con temblor, alteraciones en la marchay síntomas neurodegenerativos. En general existe subregistro de esta patología dado que es un síndrome recientementedescrito y falta conocimiento de los profesionales de salud al respecto, los cuales, debido a la similitudde su presentación clínica con otros desórdenes neurológicos, generalmente suelen confundir el diagnóstico (5).En Colombia no se ha documentado la prevalencia de SXF o de FXTAS. Sin embargo, se ha descrito un corregimientoen el Valle del Cauca que tiene una prevalencia de más de cien veces lo reportado en la literatura deSFX, lo que nos sugiere que en Colombia existe subregistro del SFX y de FXTAS.Esta revisión tiene por objeto difundir los avances del conocimiento de las manifestaciones clínicas, la neurofisiopatologíay las posibilidades de tratamiento de los pacientes con FXTAS, y así aumentar diagnóstico yaportar a mejorar la calidad de vida de los afectados y de sus familias.

The fragile x-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) / A síndrome de tremor e ataxia associada ao X frágil (FXTAS)

FXTAS (Fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome) is a late- onset neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly men, over 50 years of age, who are carriers of the FMR1 gene premutation. The full mutation of this gene causes the fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. Individuals affected by FXTAS generally present intention tremor and gait ataxia that might be associated to specific radiological and/or neuropathological signs. Other features commonly observed are parkinsonism, cognitive decline, peripheral neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction. Nearly a decade after its clinical characterization, FXTAS is poorly recognized in Brazil. Here we present a review of the current knowledge on the clinical, genetic and diagnostic aspects of the disease.

A FXTAS (síndrome de tremor e ataxia associada ao X frágil) é uma doença neurodegenerativa de início tardio que afeta principalmente homens acima dos 50 anos de idade, portadores de pré-mutação do gene FMR1. A mutação completa desse gene é responsável pela síndrome do cromossomo X frágil (SXF), a causa mais comum de deficiência mental herdada. Indivíduos afetados pela FXTAS geralmente apresentam tremor de intenção e ataxia de marcha que podem estar associados a sinais radiológicos ou neuropatológicos específicos. Outras características comumente observadas são parkinsonismo, declínio cognitivo, neuropatia periférica e disfunções autonômicas. Quase uma década após sua caracterização clínica, a FXTAS é mal conhecida por médicos no Brasil. Esta revisão apresenta o conhecimento atual sobre os aspectos clínicos, genéticos e diagnósticos da síndrome.