Unveiling the clinical spectrum of relapsing polychondritis: insights into its pathogenesis, novel monogenic causes, and therapeutic strategies

Abstract Relapsing polychondritis is a rare multisystem disease involving cartilaginous and proteoglycan-rich structures. The diagnosis of this disease is mainly suggested by the presence of flares of inflammation of the cartilage, particularly in the ears, nose or respiratory tract, and more rarely, in the presence of other manifestations. The spectrum of clinical presentations may vary from intermittent episodes of painful and often disfiguring auricular and nasal chondritis to an occasional organ or even life-threatening manifestations such as lower airway collapse. There is a lack of awareness about this disease is mainly due to its rarity. In 2020, VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome, a novel autoinflammatory syndrome, was described. VEXAS syndrome is attributed to somatic mutations in methionine-41 of UBA1, the major E1 enzyme that initiates ubiquitylation. This new disease entity connects seemingly unrelated conditions: systemic inflammatory syndromes (relapsing chondritis, Sweet's syndrome, and neutrophilic dermatosis) and hematologic disorders (myelodysplastic syndrome or multiple myeloma). Therefore, this article reviews the current literature on both disease entities.

Policondritis recidivante / Relapsing polychondritis

La policondritis recidivante, es una infrecuente enfermedad inflamatoria del tejido conjuntivo, de etiología desconocida. Se caracteriza por inflamación episódica y progresiva de tejido cartilaginoso, principalmente del pabellón auricular, nariz y árbol traqueo-bronquial. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 58 años, que consulta por enrojecimiento y dolor en pabellón auricular derecho, con episodios previos similares en ambos oídos y nariz, además de estudio por poliartritis simétrica. Al examen físico destaca: eritema, edema y dolor local en pabellón auricular, respetando lóbulo. Con exámenes complementarios normales y presencia de tres criterios característicos de McAdam, se diagnostica policondritis recividante, iniciando prednisona oral, con respuesta favorable. Pese a ser una enfermedad poco frecuente, es importante considerarla en casos recurrentes de eritema y dolor local en regiones cartilaginosas, principalmente en pabellón auricular y nariz, de tal forma de lograr un diagnóstico precoz, para suprimir las crisis y mejorar el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a rare inflammatory connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by episodic and progressive inflammation of cartilage tissue, especially ear, nose and tracheobronchial tree. We report the case of 58 year old Chilean female patient, who consulted for redness and pain in the right ear, with similar previous episodes in both ears and nose; along with symmetric polyarthritis study it is presented. Physical examination highlighted erythema, edema and local pain in ear, respecting lobe. With normal complementary examinations and presence of three diagnostic criteria of McAdam y col. relapsing polychondritis diagnosed, initiating oral prednisone, with favorable response. Despite being a rare disease, it is important to consider in recurrent cases of erythema and local pain in cartilaginous regions, mainly in ear and nose, so to achieve early diagnosis, to suppress the crisis and improve the prognosis of these patients.

Policondrite recidivante / Relapsing polychondritis

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A policondrite recidivante (PR) é uma doença multissistêmica, caracterizada por inflamação e destruição das cartilagens auriculares, nasais, laringotraqueais e articulares. Ocasionalmente, há o acometimento de outros tecidos. Com poucos relatos na literatura mundial, a PR é uma doença rara, com maior frequência na quarta década de vida. Sua etiologia permanece desconhecida, no entanto, fortes evidências sugerem patogênese autoimune. A PR pode ter curso grave ao comprometer o trato respiratório e levar à sua obstrução, ocasionando o óbito. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever os diversos aspectos clínicos da PR, como sua patogênese, quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento, visando a ampliação do diagnóstico diferencial na clínica médica. CONTEÚDO: Através dos bancos de dados LILACS, Medline/Pubmed e Scielo foram selecionados 61 artigos, sendo estes de pesquisa, revisão de literatura e relato de caso. Utilizaram-se os descritores: policondrite recidivante, policondrite recorrente. O período considerado englobou 87 anos (1923-2010). CONCLUSÃO: A PR é uma doença pouco prevalente com dados restritos na literatura mundial, mas de potencial gravidade. Seus achados clínicos são sugestivos e incluem condrite auricular, nasal e poliartrite. O tratamento estipulado é empírico, e utiliza-se de anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINES), glicocorticóides, imunossupressores e em casos refratários, os agentes anti-TNF-α. Devido à possibilidade de evolução grave, a PR deve ter sua suspeita clínica sempre considerada em qualquer faixa etária acometida, visando um diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado de acordo com a atividade da doença.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a multisystemic disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of auricular, nasal, laryngotracheal and junction cartilages. Ocasionally, other tissues are affected. With few reports in the world literature, RP is a rare disease, being more prevalent in the fourth decade of life. Its etiology remains unknown. However, strong evidences suggest an autoimmune pathogenesis. The RP may show a severe evolution when the respiratory tract is affected, and could lead to obstruction, causing patient's death. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review about the general clinical aspects of RP, such as its pathogenesis,clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment, aiming at expanding the differential diagnosis in clinical medicine.CONTENTS: Through the LILACS, Medline/Pubmed and Scielo databases, 61 articles were selected. Among them, there where research articles, literature review and case reports. We used the following keywords: relapsing polychondritis, recurrent polychondritis. The considered period encompassed 87 years (1923-2010). CONCLUSION: RP is a barely prevalent disease, with restricted data in the world literature, but potentially severe. The clinical findings are suggestive of RP, including auricular and nasal chondritis, and polyarthritis. The prescribed treatment is empirical,with drugs such as non-steroid anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants and, in refractory cases,the anti-TNF-α agents. Due to the possibility of severe outcome of the RP, its clinical suspicion must be always considered in any age group, thus aiming at an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment according to the disease activity.

Policondrite recidivante na infância: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Relapsing polychandritis in the childhood: case report and literature review

A policondrite recidivante é uma doença rara caracterizada por episódios recorrentes de inflamação das cartilagens articular, auricular, nasal e laringotraqueal de intensidade variável. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui as doenças difusas do tecido conjuntivo, as vasculites e as síndromes febris periódicas na infância. Relatamos o caso de um adolescente de 11 anos com artrite de joelhos, conjuntivite aguda, acometimento de orelha, nariz e vias aéreas superiores cuja doença foi controlada com o uso de corticosteróides e imunossupressores. Os achados clínicos e laboratoriais são discutidos e comparados com os dados da literatura.

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disease characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation of the articular, auricular, nasal and laryngotracheal cartilages of variable intensity. Differential diagnosis includes connective tissue diseases, vasculitis and periodic febrile syndromes of childhood. We report a case of 11 year-old boy with knee arthritis, acute conjunctivitis, ear, nose and upper airway cartilage involvement whose disease was controlled with the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. The clinical and laboratory findings were discussed and compared with case reports from literature.

A Case of Relapsing Polychondritis / 대한이비인후과학회지

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disorder that involves a multisystem characterized by recurrent inflammation, degeneration of cartilage and connective tissue. The following tissues, in the order of decreasing frequency, may be involved: auricules, joint, nose, eyes, respiratory tract, heart valve and skin. The cause is unknown but an autoimmune mechanism has been thought to be the causative factor. Authors have recently experienced a case of relapsing polychondritis in a 71 year old man diagnosed by direct immunofluoroscene and auricular chondritis.