RP-HPLC simultaneous quantification of rutin, avobenzone, and octyl methoxycinnamate in the presence of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD)

Abstract Development and validation of a simple and fast method of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the simultaneously analysis of rutin, avobenzone, and octyl p-methoxycinnamate is presented. These substances were separated using a Kromasil C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm) column, methanol: water (88:12 v/v) as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1. The experiment was performed at room temperature and elution was under isocratic conditions. Quantification was performed by external calibration at the wavelength of 325 nm. The validated parameters included linearity, selectivity, precision (repeatability), intermediate precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. The results of validation were statistically treated using the Action Stat version 3.5.152.34. The selectivity was also evaluated in the presence of two cyclodextrins (2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether sodium). The absence of parallelism between the curves of octyl p-methoxycinnamate in the absence and presence of the β-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether sodium in the mobile phase revealed interference from this matrix, thereby indicating the necessity of validating the method in the presence of this, and other matrices. The proposed method was selective, linear, precise, accurate, and robust for the simultaneous determination of rutin, avobenzone, and octyl p-methoxycinnamate.

Desenvolvimento, caracterização e avaliação da formação de complexos de inclusão de rutina, avobenzona e ρ-metoxicinamato de octila na presença de ciclodextrinas / Development, characterization and evaluation of inclusion complexes between rutin, avobenzone and octyl ρ-methoxycinnamate with cyclodextrins

A radiação UV pode causar danos à pele humana, e, evitar estes danos, é uma preocupação crescente para a população e um desafio à comunidade científica. Para uma ação efetiva de fotoproteção, a associação de filtros, como avobenzona (BMBM) e ρ-metoxicinamato de octila (EHMC), são empregados. Devido à semelhança estrutural com os filtros solares químicos, a rutina (RUT), tal como outros flavonoides, apresenta atividade fotoprotetora. Apesar da disponibilidade de diferentes classes de filtros solares, o desenvolvimento de fotoprotetores contendo filtros químicos é um desafio, devido à instabilidade inerente a certos filtros orgânicos. As ciclodextrinas (CDs) são oligossacarídeos cíclicos, de formato tronco-cônico, cuja estrutura externa é hidrófilica e sua cavidade interna central hidrofóbica, com a capacidade de acomodar substâncias lipofílicas, formando complexos de inclusão. A formação dos complexos de inclusão pode levar à alterações de propriedades físico-químicas da molécula hóspede, tais como, solubilidade, fotoestabilidade e biodisponibilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver, caracterizar e avaliar a formação de complexos de inclusão entre RUT, BMBM e EHMC e as CDs (HPßCD e SBEßCD). Os complexos de inclusão (RUT:HPßCD, RUT:SBEßCD, BMBM:HPßCD, BMBM:SBEßCD, EHMC:HPßCD e EHMC:SBEßCD) foram obtidos pelo método de liofilização e quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os sistemas binários foram caracterizados em solução, pelo método de equilíbrio de solubilidade, e, no estado sólido, empregando calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TG/DTG) e difração de raios-X de pó (PDRX). As substâncias isoladas e os complexos binários foram avaliados quanto à fotoestabilidade em estado sólido, e, em solução. Incremento na solubilidade (X mcg mL-1) foi observado para os complexo RUT:HPßCD (4,13x); RUT:SBEßCD (4,38x); BMBM:HPßCD (43,3x); BMBM:SBEßCD (53,3x); EHMC:HPßCD (12,7x); e EHMC:SBEßCD (70,0x). Os ensaios de DSC, TG/DTG, e P-DRX indicaram a formação de complexos de inclusão para os todos os sistemas, onde a supressão dos eventos endotérmicos característicos das substâncias isoladas foram observados; porém, nos complexos de BMBM, a presença de avobenzona livre no meio foi detectada, sugerindo, que a complexação não foi completa. A formação dos complexos de inclusão promoveu o aumento da fotoestabilidade em todos os sistemas avaliados, tanto no estado sólido, como em solução. Os resultados reportados neste estudo, indicaram que a complexação de substâncias fotoprotetoras com HPßCD e SBEßCD, pode representar, uma estratégia promissora quanto ao aumento da solubilidade e da fotoestabilidade

UV radiation may cause demage on human skin, and preventing it, is an increasing worry for the population and a challenge to the scientific community. For an effective action of photoprotection, the association of filters, like avobention (BMBM) and octyl ρ-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), are used. Due to the structural similarity with the chemical solar filters, the rutin (RUT), like other flavonoids, shows photoprotective activity. Despite the availability of different classes of sunscreens, the development of photoprotectors containing chemical filters is a challenge, due to the inherent instability of certain organic filters. The cyclodextrins (CD) are cyclic oligosaccharides of truncated conical structure, which external structure is hydrophilic and its internal central hydrophobic cavity, with capacity to accommodate lipophilic substances, forming inclusion complexes. The formation of the inclusion complexes can lead to changes in physicalchemical properties of the host molecule, such as, solubility, photostability and bioavailability. The objective of this work was to develop, characterize and evaluate the formation of the inclusion complexes between RUT, BMBM and EHMC and the CDs (HPßCD and SBEßCD). The inclusion complexes (RUT:HPßCD, RUT:SBEßCD, BMBM:HPßCD, BMBM:SBEßCD, EHMC:HPßCD and EHMC:SBEßCD) were obtained by the lyophilization method and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The binary systems were characterized in solution, by solubility equilibrium method and in solid state, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD). The isolated substances and binary complexes were evaluated the photostability in solid state, and in solution. The increase in solubility (X mcg mL-1) was observed for the complexes RUT:HPßCD (4.13x); RUT:SBEßCD (4.38x); BMBM:HPßCD (43.3x); BMBM:SBEßCD (53.3x); EHMC:HPßCD (12.7x); and EHMC:SBEßCD (70.0x). The analysis of DSC, TG/DTG, and P-DRX indicated the formation of inclusion complexes for all systems, where the suppression of the endothermic events characteristic of the isolated substances were observed; however, in the BMBM complexes, the presence of free avobenzone was detected, suggesting that the complexation was not complete. The formation of inclusion complexes promoted the increase of photostability in all evaluated systems, as in solid state as in solution. The results reported in this study indicated that the complexation of photoprotective substances with (HPßCD e SBEßCD). may represent a promising strategy for increasing solubility and photostability

Characterization of Encapsulation Process of Avobenzone in Solid Lipid Microparticle Using a Factorial Design and its Effect on Photostability.

Avobenzone (AVO)liposphereswere obtained using as encapsulating material carnauba wax and applying the method of hot emulsification. A factorial design 23 was performed to optimize and recognize the influence of the initial amount of AVO, the stearyl alcohol (SA) and polysorbate (PS-20)concentrationsin the AVO loading, mean and D90 particle size. The results showed a variation of AVO loading between 1.8 and 20%, which was mainly affected by initial amount of AVO. The mean particle size D [4.3] ranged from 11.11 to 37.15 μm, this was affected by the levels of SA and PS-20, while D90 was influenced by three variables under study. Lipospheres highly loaded and under a narrow particle distribution was obtained when initial amount of AVO, SA and PS-20 were set in the maximum level. The study showed that the encapsulation process enhanced the photostability going from 31.5% for free AVO to 16.2% for the encapsulated AVO.

Influência da rutina na fotoestabilização da avobenzona (filtro UVA) e do ρ-metoxicinamato de octila (filtro UVB) / Influence of rutin in photostabilization of avobenzone (UVA filter) and octyl methoxycinnamate (UVB filter)

Com o intuito de promover proteção de amplo espectro, na maioria dos protetores solares estão associados pelo menos dois filtros orgânicos (UVA e UVB). A combinação da avobenzona (BMBM), filtro UVA, e do p--metoxicinamato de octila (EHMC), filtro UVB, é conhecida e muito utilizada em formulações manipulas e industrializadas, porém apresenta alteração na absorção espectral após exposição à radiação UV. A estratégia empregada com maior frequência para reduzir a instabilidade da combinação é baseada na adição de agentes fotoestabilizadores. A adição de substâncias naturais em formulações fotoprotetoras vem sendo explorada, especialmente o grupo dos flavonoides, como a rutina, que apresenta resultados positivos em relação à eficácia fotoprotetora. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avaliar o potencial da rutina como substância fotoestabilizadora dos filtros EHMC e BMBM. Foram desenvolvidas formulações contendo os dois filtros associados ou não com rutina de acordo planejamento fatorial em três níveis. As formulações foram avaliadas quanto a eficácia fotoprotetora in vitro aplicadas em placas de PMMA e analisadas por espectrofotometria de refletância com esfera de integração antes e após a exposição à radiação UV. As interações moleculares dos filtros com a rutina foram avaliadas por 1H RMN, DSC, TG e análise qualitativa da supressão do estado energético singleto. A adição de rutina nas formulações contendo 5,0% (p/p) de BMBM e 10,0% (p/p) de EHMC promoveu elevação na conservação do FPS in vitro de 53,9% para 65,8 (0,1% de rutina) e 70,8% (1,0% de rutina). As curvas DSC e TG da rutina apresentaram alterações promovidas pela presença dos filtros BMBM e EHMC, indicando interação entre o flavonoide e os filtros. Após dose de 5760 J cm-2 de radiação UV o valor da razão trans/cis para o filtro EHMC em solução adicionado do filtro BMBM foi elevado de 5,5±0,1, sem adição de rutina, para 12,6±0,4, com adição da rutina. A análise qualitativa da supressão do estado singleto indicou que um dos mecanismos envolvidos na fotoestabilização dos filtros BMBM e EHMC é a supressão do estado energético singleto. Os resultados reportados neste estudo indicaram que a adição da rutina em formulações fotoprotetoras representa um caminho simples e efetivo para elevar a fotoestabilidade da combinação dos filtros BMBM e EHMC. A adição da rutina em formulações fotoprotetoras representa uma estratégia promissora, pois aliada a ação fotoestabilizadora, verificada nesse estudo, esse flavonoide possui propriedades antioxidante e quelante de metais que podem colaborar para o desenvolvimento de formulações fotoprotetoras de amplo espectro com aumento da segurança e eficácia

In order to promote broad-spectrum protection, most sunscreens are associated with at least two organic filters (UVA and UVB). The combination of avobenzone (BMBM), UVA filter, and octyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), UVB filter, is well known and widely used in industrial formulations and pharmaceutical compounding, but shows alteration in spectral absorption after UV radiation exposure. The most commonly used strategy to reduce the instability of the combination is based on the addition of photostabilizer agents. The addition of natural substances in sunscreen formulations has been explored, especially the group of flavonoids such as rutin, which shows positive results regarding photoprotective efficacy. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of rutin as a photostabilizer substance of EHMC and BMBM. Formulations were developed containing the two filters associated or not with rutin, according to factorial design at three levels. The formulations were evaluated for in vitro photoprotective efficacy applied on PMMA plates and analyzed by spectrophotometer with integrating sphere reflectance before and after exposure to UV radiation. Molecular interactions of filters with rutin were evaluated by 1H NMR, DSC, TG and qualitative analysis of the suppression of singlet energy state. The addition of rutin in the formulations containing 5.0 % (w/w) BMBM and 10.0 % (w/w) EHMC promoted an increase in the preservation of in vitro SPF of 53.9% to 65.8 (0.1 % rutin) and 70.8 % (1.0% rutin). The DSC and TG curves of rutin showed changes promoted by the presence of BMBM and EHMC filters, indicating interaction between the flavonoid and filters. After 5760 J cm-2 of UV radiation the value of the trans/cis ratio for the EHMC filter added from the BMBM filter was increased from 5.5 ± 0.1 without addition of rutin, to 12.6 ± 0 4,with the addition of rutin. Qualitative analysis of the suppression of the singlet state indicated that one of the mechanisms involved in the photostabilization BMBM and EHMC filters is suppression of singlet excited state.The results reported in this study indicate that the addition of rutin in sunscreen formulations is a simple and effective way to increase the photostability of the combination of BMBM and EHMC. The addition of rutin in sunscreen formulations represents a promising strategy, for allied with the photostabilization action, observed in this study, this flavonoid has antioxidant and chelating properties of metals that can contribute to the development of broad-spectrum sunscreens formulations with increased safety and efficacy

Encapsulación de un filtro solar (avobenzona) en liposomas / Encapsulation of a sunscreen (avobenzone) in liposomes

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprobar la optimización de la encapsulación de avobenzona en liposomas, y evaluar si constituye una barrera física de protección contra la fotodegradación de avobenzona en presencia de octilmetoxicinnamato. Se aplicó un diseño experimental para optimizar los procesos de encapsulación. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un aumento significativo en la eficiencia de encapsulación al encontrar una relación óptima del agente encapsulante con el agente a encapsular y las interacciones apropiadas entre los factores evaluados. Los valores obtenidos en la eficiencia de encapsulación están alrededor de un 90,00 por ciento y el tamaño logrado fue de 9,156 mm. La fotoestabilidad de la avobenzona en presencia del filtro solar UVB, octilmetoxicinnamato, mejoró al estar encapsulado en liposomas con un porcentaje de degradación del 22,07 por ciento contra un 32,96 por ciento de la avobenzona sin encapsular, y la estabilización coloidal de la dispersión de liposomas mejoró con la utilización de carbopol 940 al 1,00 por ciento. En conclusión, la encapsulación de avobenzona en liposomas al usar isolecitina se logra con alta eficiencia, y se comproba que la degradación de la avobenzona promovida por la luz disminuye al estar encapsulada, aun en presencia de octilmetoxicinnamato.

This study was aimed at confirming the optimization of Avobenzone encapsulation in liposomes, and at evaluating whether this is a physical barrier to protect AVO from photodegradation in presence of octylmetoxycinnamate or not. An experimental design served to optimize the processes of encapsulation. The results showed a significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency since optimal relationship between the encapsulating agent and the agent to be encapsulated, as well as adequate interactions among the studied factors were found. The values of encapsulation efficiency were roughly 90.00 percent and the particle size obtained was 9.156 mm. The Avobenzone photostability in presence of UVB filter octylmetoxycinnamate improved when being encapsulated in liposomes, with a degradation percentage of 22.07 percent against 32.96 percent of the non-encapsulated, and the colloidal stabilization of liposomal dispersion improved with the use of 1.00 percent Carbopol 940. It can be concluded that the encapsulation of avobenzone in liposomes using isolecitine is highly efficient, and it is confirmed that Avobenzone photodegradation decreases when it is encapsulated, regardless of octylmetoxycinnamate.