Análisis del protocolo SPIKES desde la perspectiva del paciente oncológico: Estudio prospectivo / Further exploring the SPIKES protocol from the perspective of oncology patients in terms of personality traits

Background: Establishing adequate communication is part of the therapeutic process and of the integral approach to the oncology patient. The SPIKES protocol defines a series of general recommendations aimed at facilitating this process. To date, there is no questionnaire that makes it possible to personalize the communication of bad news in a systematized way. Some studies support the hypothesis that personality influences the communicative modes; therefore, the aim of this work is to try to establish nuances in the SPIKES protocol based on personality traits. Methods: Single-center, observational, prospective, descriptive and correlational study, conducted on a sample of 51 oncology patients based on a personality questionnaire and a communication questionnaire (based on the SPIKES protocol). Results: The scores recorded in all domains of the communication questionnaire were high. There was no significant correlation with the personality questionnaire domains. Conclusions: There are certain needs tending towards universality in the communication of bad news that the SPIKES protocol adequately reflects; it can be considered the gold standard. However, it is not possible to establish nuances in it according to personality traits based on the results of this work. In the strategy phase, attention should be paid to life and family planning in the context of oncologic disease.

Introducción: Establecer una adecuada comunicación forma parte del proceso terapéutico y del abordaje integral del paciente oncológico. El protocolo SPIKES emite una serie de recomendaciones generales destinadas a facilitar este proceso. No existe hasta la fecha un cuestionario que permita personalizar de una manera sistematizada la comunicación de malas noticias. Existen estudios que apoyan la hipótesis de que la personalidad influye en los modos comunicativos. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue intentar establecer matices en el protocolo SPIKES con base en los rasgos de personalidad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio unicéntrico, observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo y correlacional, realizado sobre una muestra de 51 pacientes oncológicos con base en un cuestionario de personalidad y un cuestionario de comunicación, el cual se basa a su vez en el protocolo SPIKES. Resultados: Las puntuaciones registradas en todos los dominios del cuestionario de comunicación fueron elevadas. Ninguna correlación con los dominios del cuestionario de personalidad resultó significativa. Conclusiones: Existen determinadas necesidades tendentes a la universalidad en torno a la comunicación de malas noticias que el protocolo SPIKES recoge adecuadamente, por lo que puede considerarse el gold standard. No se pueden establecer matices en este cuestionario en función de los rasgos de personalidad con base en los resultados de este trabajo. En la fase de estrategia, conviene prestar atención a la planificación vital y familiar en el seno de la enfermedad oncológica. Palabras Clave: protocolo SPIKES, comunicación de malas noticias, psicooncología, medicina personalizada, relación médico-paciente. ABSTRACT Background:Establishing adequate communication is part of the therapeutic process and of the integral approach to the oncology patient. The SPIKES protocol issues a series of general recommendations aimed at facilitating this process. To date, there is no questionnaire that makes it possible to personalize the communication of bad news in a systematized way. There are studies that support the hypothesis that personality influences the communicative modes. Therefore, the aim of this work is to try to establish nuances in the SPIKES protocol based on personality traits. Methods:Single-center, observational, prospective, descriptive and correlational study, conducted on a sample of 51 oncology patients based on a personality questionnaire and a communication questionnaire (based on the SPIKES protocol). Results: The scores recorded in all domains of the communication questionnaire were high. No correlation with the personality questionnaire Irene Solana López* , Manuel Meilan Uzcategui , Elia Martínez Moreno , Ignacio Juez Martel , David Gutiérrez Abad , Elena Lahoz León , Olga Mateo Rodríguez , Jaime Martínez Moreno , Carlos de Zea Luque , Ana Manuela Martín Fernández de Soignie , Fátima Escalona Martín , Isabel Santana Gómez y Juan Antonio Guerra Martínez Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid (Spain)Recibido: 05/02/2024Aceptado: 08/03/2024Publicado: 30/04/2024* Autor de correspondencia: Irene Solana López, irene.solana@salud.madrid.orgArtículo / ArticleISSN: 2661-6653DOI:https://doi.org/10.33821/736Cómo citar: Solana Lopez I, Meilan Uzcategui M, Martinez Moreno E, Juez Martel I, Gutierrez Abad D, Lahoz León E, Mateo Rodríguez O, Martinez Moreno J, de Zea Luque C, Martín Fernández de Soignie AM, Escalona Martín F, Santana Gómez I, Guerra Martinez JA. Análisis del protocolo SPIKES desde la perspectiva del paciente oncológico. Estudio prospectivo basado en cuestionarios. Oncología (Ecuador). 2024;34(1): 4-20. https://doi.org/10.33821/736Further exploring the SPIKES protocol from the perspective of oncology patients in terms of personality traitsProspective questionnaire-based study© 2024 Revista Oncología Ecuador. Publicado por la Sociedad de Lucha Contra el Cáncer, Ecuador. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto publicado bajo una licencia CC BY-NC-SA (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Breaking bad news in ophthalmology: a literature review / Comunicação de más notícias em oftalmologia: uma revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Medical specialties have recognized that breaking bad news assists clinical practice by mitigating the impact of difficult conversations. This scenario also encourages various studies on breaking bad news in ophthalmology since certain ocular diagnoses can be considered bad news. Thus, the objective is to review the scientific literature on breaking bad news in ophthalmology. The literature databases like MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS, COCHRANE, and SCIELO, were screened for related research publications. Two independent reviewers read all the articles and short-listed the most relevant ones. Seven articles, in the formats of original article, review, editorial, oral communication, and correspondence, were reviewed. Conclusively it reveals that ophthalmologists are concerned with communicating bad news effectively but lack related studies. Nevertheless, there is a growing realization that training in breaking bad news can increase physicians' confidence during communication, thus, benefiting the therapeutic relationship with the patient and his family. Therefore, it would be valuable to include breaking bad news training in the curriculum of residencies.

RESUMO O reconhecimento sobre a comunicação de más notícias como mitigadora de conversas difíceis por outras especialidades médicas, incentiva o estudo desta temática na oftalmologia. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo é revisar a produção de pesquisas científicas sobre a comunicação de más notícias em oftalmologia. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura. As bases de dados utilizadas foram MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS, COCHRANE e SCIELO. Dois revisores independentes leram todos os artigos e selecionaram a amostra final. Sete artigos foram escolhidos nos formatos de artigo original, revisão, editorial, comunicação oral e correspondência. Os oftalmologistas estão preocupados em comunicar as más notícias de forma eficaz, mas faltam estudos sobre o tema. No entanto, há uma crescente percepção de que o treinamento de comunicação de más notícias aumenta a confiança dos médicos na comunicação, beneficiando a relação terapêutica. Portanto, seria valioso incluir este treinamento no currículo das residências.

Comunicação de notícias difíceis: investigação dos conhecimentos de profissionais que trabalham em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / Communication of Bad News: Research on the Knowledge of Professionals Working in an Intensive Care Unit / Comunicación de malas noticias: investigación sobre el conocimiento de los profesionales que trabajan en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento que os profissionais de uma equipe que trabalha em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva possuem sobre comunicação de notícias difíceis. Método: estudo de caráter qualitativo e exploratório realizado em um hospital regional do estado do Maranhão no período de maio a novembro de 2019. Participaram do estudo 29 profissionais de nível superior. As informações obtidas foram coletadas por entrevista semiestruturada e tratadas pela análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os dados foram distribuídos em três categorias: percebendo a si durante a comunicação da notícia difícil; percebendo o contexto do processo de comunicação; e percebendo o outro como receptor da notícia difícil. Conclusão: os entrevistados realizavam a comunicação de notícias difíceis de maneira instintiva e sem a adoção de protocolos. Todavia ressaltaram alguns passos do protocolo ao destacarem os cuidados com essa comunicação, e reconheceram a necessidade de preparo adicional da comunicação de notícias difíceis para melhoria do serviço.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the knowledge of professionals working in an Intensive Care Unit regarding the communication of bad news. Method: A qualitative and exploratory study conducted in a regional hospital in the state of Maranhão from May to November 2019. The study involved 29 higher-level professionals. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Results: The data were categorized into three groups: self-perception during the communication of bad news, perception of the context of the communication process, and perception of the other as the recipient of bad news. Conclusion: The interviewees communicated bad news instinctively and without following protocols. However, some steps of the protocol were highlighted, emphasizing the importance of careful communication in these situations. They recognized the need for additional training in delivering bad news to enhance the service.

Resumen: Objetivo: analizar el conocimiento que tienen los profesionales de un equipo que trabaja en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos sobre la comunicación de malas noticias. Método: estudio de carácter cualitativo y exploratorio realizado en un hospital regional en el estado de Maranhão durante el período de mayo a noviembre de 2019. Participaron en el estudio 29 profesionales de nivel superior. Las informaciones compiladas se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructura- das tratadas por el análisis de contenido. Resultados: los datos se distribuyeron en tres categorías: percepción de uno mismo durante la comunicación de malas noticias; percepción del contexto del proceso de comunicación; y percepción del otro como receptor de malas noticias. Conclusión: los entrevistados realizaban la comunicación de malas noticias de manera instintiva y sin seguir protocolos. No obstante, destacaron algunos pasos del protocolo al resaltar la importancia de cuidar la comunicación en estas situaciones y reconocieron la necesidad de una capacitación adicional en la comunicación de malas noticias para mejorar el servicio.

Effectiveness of VATP on Knowledge Regarding Good and Bad Touch among Mothers of Preschool Children attending Anganawadies

Background: Touch is a fundamental need of human life. The incidence of child sexual abuse is rising day by day. Good and bad touch is a sensitive topic and theme to reduce sexual harassment among children. So, the teaching programme is an effective way to improve knowledge of good and bad touches. Methods: 100 other preschool children are included as the sample. A convenient sampling method was used. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to gather information. Chi-square analysis uncovered the relationship between knowledge about thyroid disorders and sociodemographic factors. Results: The post-test score (17.09�71) contributes to 56.96% of the total score, and their pre-test knowledge score (9.86�08) represents 32.8%. The efficiency of VATP on good and bad touch was 7.23, with SD�63, accounting for 24.1% of the total score. Conclusion: Finally, the study concluded that VATP was extensively helpful in civilizing the consciousness level of mothers of preschool children regarding Good and bad touches.

Evaluation of obstetric and perinatal outcome of pregnancy with bad obstetric history

Background: Adverse perinatal outcome has always been a devastating experience for the mother. Advanced maternal age and other risk factors are independent risk factor for perinatal outcome. Therefore, aim of study is to compare the effect of these factor in different study group. Aims and Objectives: Case–control study has been conducted to evaluate obstetrics outcome, maternal morbidity, and perinatal outcome in patients with bad obstetric history. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational case–control study has been conducted in two groups; GROUP A: BOH group (n = 44) and GROUP B: Controls (n = 88) who fulfilled inclusion criteria in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GMERS Medical college, Sola during the period of August 2018 to August 2020. Statistical analysis was done by descriptive statistics and qualitative and quantitative method. Results: Incidence of hypertension in Group A was 25%, while in Group B incidence was 6.8%. Incidence of hypertension was 4.5 times higher in Group A than B which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Incidence of PROM, gestational diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction was higher in Group A than Group B. Higher incidence of preterm delivery found in Group A than in Group B which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Among all BOH group, cases with previous history of preterm delivery, still birth, recognition of prior learning, and HTD were the major risk factors which could be responsible for adverse obstetric and perinatal outcome.

Manejo quirúrgico de bad split bilateral en cirugía ortognática / Surgical management of bilateral bad split during orthognathic surgery

El bad split es un término clínico que refiere a una fractura no planificada que ocurre al momento de realizar una osteotomía sagital de rama mandibular (OSRM). Afecta aproximadamente al 2,3% de los pacientes y se han descrito factores de riesgo tales como la presencia de terceros molares mandibulares, edad avanzada al momento de la cirugía, técnica de osteotomía inadecuada, entre otros. Se recomienda efectuar manio-bras preventivas para evitar la aparición de patrones de fractura no deseados al realizar la OSRM. Sin embargo, al momento de pesquisar un bad split, éste debe ser tratado por un equipo capacitado y de manera oportuna para evitar retardo en la consolidación, infecciones y secuestros óseos que puedan comprometer los resultados de la cirugía. En este artículo se presenta el manejo de un caso clínico de bad split bilateral intraoperatorio por el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital San José, enfatizando su tratamiento quirúrgico.

Bad Split is a clinical term referring to an unplanned fracture that occurs during the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). It affects approximately 2,3% of the patients undergoing orthognathic surgery and several risk factors have been described such as the presence of mandibular third molars, advanced age at the moment of orthognathic surgery, inadequate osteotomy technique, etc. Preventive maneuvers are recommended in order to avoid the appearance of undesired fracture patterns during BSSO. However, if a bad split is detected it must be managed and treated by a qualified team to avoid further complications such as delayed bone consolidation, bone infection and necrosis. In this article we present the management of a case of bilateral bad split by the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of Hospital San José, emphasizing on its surgical treatment.

Assessment of attitude and practices toward breaking the bad news among physicians in a national tertiary government hospital for infectious diseases from October 2020 to October 2021

Background@#Delivering bad news to patients is one of the most difficult tasks of physicians that play a big role in the process of treatment and cooperation of patients. Patients generally have the right to be informed of their condition, but the debate over the importance of the attitude of telling the truth is still an issue. @*Objective@#This study aimed to understand the attitude and practices toward breaking the bad news among physicians in a National Tertiary Government Hospital for infectious Diseases from October 2020 to October 2021.@*Methods@#This cross-sectional study was conducted at the San Lazaro Hospital from October 2020 to October 2021. A self-administered questionnaire was adapted to elicit information on physicians’ knowledge and practices about breaking bad news to patients and their families. Inclusion criteria included all the practicing physicians assigned in the clinical areas either full time or part time medical specialists, residents and fellows and hospitalist in San Lazaro Hospital. Physicians who were assigned in the non-clinical areas and did not see or handle patients and non-employees of the institution and who refused to sign the informed consent were excluded. Total Purposive Sampling was utilized. Data were gathered using a validated 3-part 34 item personally administered questionnaire and was presented in Descriptive Statistics Frequency distribution for the demographics, ANOVA, Linear regression analysis.@*Results@#A total of 100 participants was included and based on socio-demographic characteristics of respondents toward breaking the bad news. Majority of the respondents were aged 35 – 54 years old with 52 or 52%, female with 69 or 69%, were fellows with 41 or 41%, specialty was Family Medicine with 36 or 36%, and majority of the respondent’s qualification was GP with training with 46 or 46%. The study revealed that sex (t = -2.070, p = 0.042) had significant association to the attitude and practices toward breaking the bad news among practicing physicians at 0.05 level of significance. Thus, male respondents has had higher attitude and practices toward breaking the bad news as compare to female respondents. @*Conclusion@#According to the findings of this study, clinicians at San Lazaro Hospital demonstrated a good attitude and practice regarding breaking the bad news between October 2020 and October 2021. The researcher believed want to help their patients, and most of them have the necessary knowledge and skills for breaking bad news.

Analysis on the Status and Dilemmas of Breaking the Bad News about Cancer / 中国医学伦理学

As one of the important contents and links of doctor-patient communication, the quality of breaking bad news will affect the development of doctor-patient relationship. Bad news informed not only involves the feedback of clinical medical diagnosis results, but also involves special knowledge training and clinical experience accumulation, as well as ethical, legal, social custom and other factors. At present, it is still a difficult problem troubling physicians in the medical environment. From the different perspectives of doctors, patients and family members, this paper sorted out the domestic and international status of breaking bad news, revealed its internal dilemmas, and summarized the informing strategies to cope with these dilemmas, with a view to providing references for hospital managers and medical staff to earlier identify and properly inform, helping both doctors and patients to get rid of the dilemma of notification and improve the doctor-patient relationship.

Expressions of STMN1, BubR1, bcl-2 and Bad in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and their relationship with chemotherapy effect of paclitaxel-containing regimen / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the correlation between the expression levels of STMN1, BubR1, bcl-2 and Bad and the chemotherapy effect of paclitaxel-containing regimen in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).Methods:The clinical data of ESCC patients who received paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy at Fenyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University from September 2016 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 59 cases received maintenance chemotherapy and 27 cases received surgery after 3 courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The expression levels of STMN1, BubR1, bcl-2 and Bad in tumor tissues before chemotherapy were detected by immunohistochemistry. The imaging efficacy after 3 courses of chemotherapy and pathological efficacy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were evaluated. The imaging efficacy, pathological efficacy and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between the high expression group and the low expression group of each protein.Results:The proportion of patients with stage Ⅳ (46.3%, 19/41), the proportion of patients with low differentiation (22%, 9/41) and the incidence of lymph node metastasis (95.1%, 39/41) in STMN1 high expression group were higher than those in STMN1 low expression group (17.8%, 8/45; 4.4%, 2/45; 64.4%, 29/45), and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with stage Ⅳ in Bad high expression group was lower than that in Bad low expression group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). In the evaluation of imaging efficacy, the chemotherapy sensitivity rates in STMN1 and BubR1 high expression groups (29.3%, 12/41; 37.9%, 22/58) were lower than those in STMN1 and BubR1 low expression groups (75.6%, 34/45; 85.7%, 24/28), and the chemotherapy sensitivity rate of patients in Bad high expression group (65.9%, 27/41) was higher than that in Bad low expression group (42.2%, 19/45), and the difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There was no statistical correlation between bcl-2 expression and chemotherapy sensitivity rate ( P > 0.05). In the evaluation of pathological efficacy, the proportion of patients with tumor regression grade (TRG) score 0-1 after neoadjuvant therapy in STMN1 high expression group (27.3%, 3/11) was lower than that in STMN1 low expression group (75.0%, 12/16), and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.022). There were no statistical differences in the proportions of patients with TRG score 0-1 after neoadjuvant therapy between high and low expression groups of BubR1, bcl-2 and Bad (all P > 0.05). The PFS rate was 15.2% (9/59) for patients received maintenance chemotherapy, and the median PFS time was 6 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that PFS in STMN1 low expression group was better than that in STMN1 low expression group ( χ2 = 12.90, P < 0.001). PFS in BubR1 low expression group was better than that in BubR1 high expression ( χ2 =12.04, P < 0.001). PFS in Bad high expression group was better than that in Bad low expression group ( χ2 =9.69, P = 0.004). There was no statistical difference in PFS between high and low bcl-2 expression groups ( χ2 =1.43, P = 0.320). Conclusions:ESCC patients with low expression of STMN1, low expression of BubR1 and high expression of Bad have better chemotherapy effect after receiving paclitaxel-containing regimen, but there is no correlation between bcl-2 expression and chemotherapy efficacy.

Percepción de atención obstétrica inadecuada a pacientes de un hospital público de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua / Perception of obstetric violence in patients treated in a public hospital in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la sensación de maltrato o de acciones contra el natural modo de proceder durante la atención obstétrica e identificar los factores asociados con esa percepción por parte de las pacientes atendidas en un hospital público de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de serie de casos al que se incluyeron todas las pacientes internadas en el área de Ginecología del Hospital 66 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, con diagnóstico de puerperio de parto, cesárea y aborto atendidas entre los meses de junio a diciembre de 2022. RESULTADOS: De 496 pacientes, 13.9% (n = 67) percibieron algún tipo de procederes incorrectos en las dimensiones de: mal trato y abuso 9.9% (n = 49), atención médica no autorizada 2.4% (n = 12). En percepción de acciones contra el natural modo de proceder: 22% (n = 109) de las mujeres entre 14 y 19 años percibieron que el trato recibido no fue el adecuado. De las pacientes atendidas en el turno nocturno 18% percibieron tratos inadecuados. El 17% de las mujeres atendidas por aborto percibieron que el trato recibido no fue adecuado. Riesgo de atención alejada del natural modo de proceder: grupo de edad de 14 a 19 años (RR 1.96; 1.30-3.72), las mujeres que han tenido 1 embarazo tuvieron un RR 1.92 (1.15-3.21) y con escolaridad secundaria RR 1.35 (0.81-2.24). CONCLUSIONES: Las pacientes en mayor riesgo de no recibir una atención obstétrica apegada a las normas de buen trato fueron las adolescentes de entre 14 a 19 años, las mujeres con escolaridad secundaria, las atendidas en el turno nocturno y las primíparas. Esto evidencia que la atención obstétrica no estrictamente apegada al natural modo de proceder sigue siendo una problemática importante en nuestra población de estudio.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the feeling of mistreatment or actions against the natural way of proceeding during obstetric care and to identify the factors associated with this perception on the part of patients attended in a public hospital in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, prospective, case series study including all patients admitted to the Gynaecology Department of Hospital 66 of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, with a diagnosis of postpartum labour, caesarean section and abortion attended between June and December 2022. RESULTS: Of 496 patients, 13.9% (n = 67) perceived some type of incorrect procedures in the following dimensions: mistreatment and abuse 9.9% (n = 49), unauthorised medical care 2.4% (n = 12). In perception of actions against the natural way of proceeding: 22% (n = 109) of the women between 14 and 19 years of age perceived that the treatment received was not adequate. Of the patients seen during the night shift, 18% perceived obstetric violence. 17% of the women attended for abortion perceived that the treatment received was inadequate. Risk of care away from the natural way of proceeding: age group 14-19 years (RR 1.96; 1.30-3.72), women who have had 1 pregnancy had a RR 1.92 (1.15-3.21) and with secondary schooling RR 1.35 (0.81-2.24). CONCLUSIONS: Patients at highest risk of not receiving obstetric care adhering to standards of good treatment were adolescents aged 14-19 years, women with secondary schooling, those seen on the night shift and primiparas. This shows that obstetric care that is not strictly adherent to the natural way of proceeding continues to be a major problem in our study population.

La importancia de la comunicación médico-paciente: un estudio en Argentina

Objetivo: Analizar la importancia de la comunicación en la relación médico-paciente y recopilar información sobre la percepción durante su práctica. Método: Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y una encuesta (participaron 105 médicos en Argentina). Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los profesionales refiere dificultades en la comunicación y que estas dificultan la atención. Los médicos manifestaron dificultades para comunicar malas noticias, mayormente en las áreas clínicas, y que la habilidad de ponerse en el lugar del paciente es fundamental para la comunicación de dichas noticias. Los jóvenes consideran de manera significativa que la comunicación de malas noticias depende de la práctica. Conclusiones: Las habilidades comunicativas son indispensables. Existe evidencia para sugerir que es necesario profundizar en la adquisición de competencias comunicativas y valores éticos.

Objective: To discuss the importance of communication in the doctor-patient relationship and collect information about perception during their practice. Materials and methods: A literature review and a survey were conducted (105 doctors in Argentina participated). Results: Most professionals report communication difficulties, which hinder care. Physicians expressed difficulties communicating bad news, primarily in clinical areas, and the ability to put themselves in the patient's shoes is essential for giving such news. Young people significantly consider that the communication of bad news depends on practice. Conclusions: Communication skills are critical. Evidence suggests that it is necessary to look into the acquisition of communication skills and ethical values.

Objetivo: analisar a importância da comunicação na relação entre médico e paciente, e coletar informações sobre a percepção durante sua prática. Método: são realizados uma revisão bibliográfica e um questionário, do qual participaram 105 médicos na Argentina. Resultados: a maioria dos profissionais refere dificuldades na comunicação e que estas prejudicam o atendimento. Os médicos manifestaram dificuldades para comunicar más notícias, predominantemente nas áreas clíngicas, e que a habilidade de se colocar no lugar do paciente é fundamental para a comunicação dessas notícias. Os jovens consideram de maneira significativa que a comunicação de más notícias depende da prática. Conclusões: as habilidades comunicativas são indispensáveis. Há evidência para sugerir que seja necessário aprofundar sobre a aquisição de competências comunicacionais e valores éticos.

Knowledge, Attitude, And Practices Regarding Child Sex Abuse Among School Students

Context/Background: Child Sexual Abuse is a broad term used to describe sexual offences against chil-dren. Both genders are at risk of sexual abuse. Very few studies have conducted to assess the knowledge among school students. The study was conducted for documenting knowledge and attitude of child sexu-al abuse and socio-demographic profile among school children. Methodology: We enrolled 128 school students after getting permission from school principal. First, we had filled pre-designed semi structure questionnaire about their knowledge and attitude about types of touch and what to do if it happens. Participation in the research was strictly voluntary and all the data were kept strictly confidential. Results: All the participants were girls (100%). Majority of our participants were of 10 years (95.1%) of age. Current study revealed that very few participants were knowing about good touch and bed touch. Most of the participants didn’t knew about the private parts of the body and similarly most of the partic-ipants didn’t knew what to do if anything happens to them. Conclusions: Present study recommends generating awareness about child sexual abuse among chil-dren, parents, and general population, via training through well-structured program.

Breaking Bad News in Obstetrics and Gynecology: We Must Talk About It / Más notícias em obstetrícia e ginecologia: Devemos falar sobre isso

Abstract Breaking bad news is common in obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn). However, it is difficult, and few doctors receive training on how to deal with this situation. This narrative review aims to gather, analyze, and synthesize part of the knowledge on the area, focused on Ob-Gyn. Among the 16 selected articles, two are randomized controlled intervention studies, and most studies refer to obstetrics. The results found by us pointed out that simulation, feedback/debriefing, lectures, and protocols could improve doctors' performance in communicating bad news. For patients, the context and how the information is transmitted seem to impact more than the content of the news. Ob-Gyn doctors could benefit from specific protocols and education, given the specialty's particularities. There is a lack of evidence about the most effective way to conduct such training. Finding validated ways to quantify and classify studies' results in the area, which would allow for the objective analysis of outcomes, is one of the biggest challenges concerning this topic.

Resumo Dar más notícias é comum em obstetrícia e ginecologia. Porém, é difícil e poucos médicos recebem treinamento sobre como lidar com essa situação. Esta revisão narrativa tem como objetivo reunir, analisar e sintetizar parte do conhecimento sobre a área, com foco na obstetrícia. Dentre os 16 artigos selecionados, dois são estudos de intervenção randomizados e controlados, e a maioria dos estudos refere-se à obstetrícia. Os resultados encontrados ressaltaram que simulação, feedback/entrevistas, palestras e protocolos podem melhorar o desempenho dos médicos na comunicação de más notícias. Para os pacientes, o contexto e como as informações são transmitidas parecem ter maior impacto do que o conteúdo das notícias. Os obstetras e ginecologistas poderiam se beneficiar de cursos e protocolos específicos, dadas as particularidades da especialidade. Faltam evidências sobre a forma mais eficaz de realizar esse treinamento. Encontrar formas validadas de quantificar e classificar os resultados dos estudos na área, permitindo uma análise objetiva dos resultados, é um dos maiores desafios neste tema.

Research progress on oral characterization of Corona Virus Disease 2019 / 口腔疾病防治

@#Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19) has become a public health emergency that has attracted global attention because of its large-scale outbreak resulting in numerous human infections and deaths. COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Due to a large number of infections and fast transmission speed, it's significant to diagnose the infected people quickly and detect the asymptomatic infected people as soon as possible. At present, the preliminary screening is judged by the clinical manifestations of the patients, mainly involving the respiratory system, but recent studies have found that the patients infected with COVID-19 have unique oral manifestations, such as taste disturbance, xerostomia, halitosis, inflammation of salivary glands, necrotizing periodontal disease and some of them are earlier than typical symptoms such as dry cough, fever, etc. Paying attention to the oral manifestations of patients can further improve the COVID-19 screening procedure. At present, symptomatic treatment is mainly used for these oral symptoms.

Relationship between metabolic syndrome and 1-year prognosis of elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and 1-year poor outcome in elderly patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI).Methods:The clinical data of elderly patients with ACI admitted to Renqiu Kangjixintu Hospital from January 2014 to November 2018 were selected and divided into metabolic syndrome group (931 cases) and non-metabolic syndrome group (1 851 cases). The clinical data of the two groups of elderly patients with ACI were compared, and the effect of metabolic syndrome on poor outcome (modified Rankin scale>2 scores) of elderly patients with ACI in 1 year was analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression.Results:The proportion of female, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and antiplatelet drug use in the metabolic syndrome group were higher than those in the non-metabolic syndrome group: 52.74%(491/931) vs. 32.58%(603/1 851), 79.16%(737/931) vs. 64.29% (1 190/1 851), 42.32% (394/931) vs. 6.43% (119/1 851), 17.19% (160/931) vs. 11.62% (215/1 851), 18.90% (176/931) vs. 14.10% (261/1 851), 62.73% (584/931) vs. 50.89% (942/1 851), 3.73% (69/931) vs. 1.61% (15/1 851), 19.23% (179/931) vs. 15.51% (287/1 851), the levels of body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma glucose (TG), total cholesterol (TC), platelet (PLT), fibrinogen (FIB), fall score were higher than those in non-metabolic syndrome group: 26.67 (25.31, 28.60) kg/m 2 vs. 23.30 (21.48, 24.91) kg/m 2, (167.17 ± 22.96) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) vs. (164.21 ± 24.90) mmHg, (87.06 ± 13.10) mmHg vs. (85.76 ± 12.99) mmHg, (7.33 ± 2.64) mmol/L vs. (5.35 ± 1.38) mmol/L, (2.12 ± 1.51) mmol/L vs. (1.13 ± 0.78) mmol/L, (4.97 ± 1.31) mmol/L vs. (4.65 ± 0.99) mmol/L, 213.00 (179.00, 256.00) × 10 9/L vs. 203.00 (172.00, 241.00) × 10 9/L, 3.07 (2.63, 3.52) g/L vs. 2.94 (2.55, 3.37) g/L, (6.12 ± 1.70) scores vs. (5.93±1.74) scores, the levels of age, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), homocysteine (Hcy) and pressure ulcer score were lower than those of non-metabolic syndrome group: (69.29 ± 6.96) years vs. (71.28 ± 7.66) years, (0.98 ± 0.34) mmol/L vs. (1.31 ± 0.88) mmol/L, (18.93 ± 13.07) mmol/L vs. (21.66 ± 16.39) mmol/L, (18.55 ± 2.42) vs. (19.02 ± 2.43), with statistical significance ( P<0.05). After 1-year follow-up, the proportion of poor outcomes in the metabolic syndrome group was higher than that in the non-metabolic syndrome group: 21.70%(202/931) vs. 18.69% (346/1 851), with statistical significance ( P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, stroke, national institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) score at admission, systolic blood pressure, Hcy, pressure ulcer score, fall score, metabolic syndrome were independent risk factors for poor outcome of ACI in 1 year ( OR = 1.056, 1.309, 1.138, 1.005, 1.006, 0.882, 1.076 and 1.285; 95% CI 1.040 to 1.072, 1.037 to 1.652, 1.097 to 1.180, 1.000 to 1.010, 1.000 to 1.013, 0.834 to 0.933, 1.004 to 1.152 and 1.001 to 1.657; P<0.05). Conclusions:Multiple risk factors for stroke are closely related to poor outcome of ACI in the elderly. And metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for poor outcome of ACI in the elderly in 1 year.

Determinación de los factores de mal pronóstico de la hemorragia intracerebral espontánea / Determination of poor prognosis factors of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Introducción: Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son un problema de salud mundial. Estas constituyen la tercera causa de muerte, la primera de discapacidad en el adulto y la segunda de demencia en el planeta. Dentro ella, la hemorragia intracerebral espontánea es la segunda causa más común de enfermedad cerebrovascular, y llega a ser la tercera causa de muerte en Cuba. Objetivos: Determinar los principales factores de mal pronóstico que influyen en la evolución de los pacientes con la hemorragia intraparenquimatosa espontánea. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal de una muestra conformada por pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Neurología provincial de Camagüey, con diagnóstico de hemorragia cerebral espontánea primaria, confirmada por tomografía axial. Resultados: En esta investigación se detectó el predominio de hombres mayores de 80 años, con afectación de leve a moderada del estado de conciencia, predominaron las lesiones supratentoriales, y pocos casos con evacuación ventricular y sí un elevado porcentaje de hemorragias superiores a los 30 mL, con predominio de hipertensión arterial. Conclusiones: La mortalidad al alta hospitalaria no fue elevada, muy relacionada con la escala ICH(AU)

Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are a global health problem. These constitute the third cause of death, the first of disability in adults and the second of dementia on the planet. Within it, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is the second most common cause of cerebrovascular disease, and it becomes the third cause of death in Cuba. Objectives: To determine the main factors of poor prognosis that influence the evolution of patients with spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out of a sample made up of patients treated at Camagüey provincial Neurology service, with a diagnosis of primary spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage, confirmed by axial tomography. Results: In this research, a predominance of men over 80 years of age was detected, with mild to moderate impairment of the state of consciousness, supratentorial lesions predominated, and few cases with ventricular evacuation and high percentage of hemorrhages greater than 30 cc , with predominance of arterial hypertension. Conclusions: Mortality at hospital discharge was not high, closely related to the ICH score(AU)

La responsabilidad jurídica del médico, conceptos que se debaten entre dos ciencias / The Physician's Legal Responsibility, Debatable Concepts between two Sciences

La exigencia de responsabilidad jurídica a los profesionales de la salud ha experimentado, a pesar de su antigüedad, un auge en las sociedades contemporáneas. En el artículo se reflexiona sobre conceptos médicos y jurídicos que permitan clarificar los presupuestos de intervención del Derecho en el ámbito de la Medicina, en función de la determinación de la responsabilidad médica jurídicamente relevante(AU)

In spite of being demanded since long ago, legal responsibility from health professionals has experienced a boom in contemporary societies. This article reflects on medical and legal concepts that make it possible to clarify the assumptions for involving law in the field of medicine, based on the determination of legally relevant medical responsibility(AU)

Prevalencia en diabetes y factores de riesgo en enfermedades discapacitantes / Prevalence in diabetes and risk factors in disabling diseases / Prevalência em diabetes e fatores de risco em doenças incapacitantes

La diabetes es una de las principales enfermedades metabólicas en la cual los niveles de glucosa se ven afectados debido a que el cuerpo no produce insulina suficiente, para controlar la glucosa proveniente de los alimentos, lo que deriva o desencadena en los distintos tipos de diabetes, como la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia de diabetes y factores de riesgo en enfermedades discapacitantes METODOLOGIA: el trabajo de investigación tuvo un alcance descriptivo, corte transversal y un enfoque cuantitativo. Se utilizó el instrumento RFT5-33 como principal material de apoyo para la recolección de datos. RESULTADOS: se determinó que la prevalencia de diabetes fue de 23,6% dejando como muestra 172 familias, de las cuales se observó como factores de riesgo que el 70,6% realiza una escasa actividad física; el consumo de alcohol representa el 14,1% y en base a la alimentación se constató que el 14% se alimenta menos de 3 veces al día y el 15,1% no desayunan. CONCLUSION: los factores de riesgo que más afectaron a la comunidad San Eduardo fueron el sedentarismo, consumo de alcohol y mala nutrición.(AU)

Diabetes is one of the major metabolic diseases level are affected because the body does not produce enough insulin to control glucose from food, which derives or triggers different types of diabetes such as one or two. OBJECTIVE: determine the prevalence of diabetes and risk factors in disabled diseases. METHODOLOGY: the research work had a descriptive scope, nonexperimental design and a quantitative approach. The RFT 5-33 instrument was used as the main supporting material for data collection. RESULTS: the prevalence of diabetes was determined in 23.6%, leaving 172 families, of which 70.6% were observed as rick factors performing low physical activity; alcohol consumption was 14.1% and 14% were found to be fed less than 3 times a day and 15.1% were not eating breakfast. CONCLUSION: the risk factors that most affected the San Eduardo community were sedentarism, alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition.(AU)

O diabetes é uma das principais doenças metabólicas em que os níveis de glicose são afetados porque o corpo não produz insulina suficiente para controlar a glicose dos alimentos, o que leva ou desencadeia diferentes tipos de diabetes, como diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e diabetes tipo 2 mellitus (DM2). OBJETIVO: determinar a prevalência de diabetes e os fatores de risco em doenças incapacitantes METODOLOGIA: o trabalho de pesquisa teve um escopo descritivo, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa. O instrumento RFT5-33 foi utilizado como principal material de apoio para a coleta de dados. RESULTADOS: constatou-se que a prevalência de diabetes foi de 23,6%, deixando como amostra 172 famílias, das quais se observou como fatores de risco que 70,6% realizam pouca atividade física; O consumo de álcool representa 14,1% e com base na alimentação, verificou-se que 14% comem menos de 3 vezes ao dia e 15,1% não tomam café da manhã. Conclusão: Os fatores de risco que mais afetaram a comunidade San Eduardo foram o sedentarismo, o consumo de álcool e a má alimentação. (AU)

Communicating bad news in the context of COVID-19 / Comunicación de malas noticias en el contexto de la COVID-19

Abstract Communicating bad news is one of the most frequent activities in hospitals, for which some recommendations have been adapted to the needs within the coronavirus-2 disease (COVID-19) context. This document presents nine steps to deliver bad news (face to face or remotely) adapted to the COVID-19 context from two international protocols (SPIKES and GRIEV_ING). The importance of promoting physical and emotional self-care skills in health personnel is also described, as well as psychological first aid strategies to address the emotional response of the family member who receives the news. Finally, the limitations and advantages of the proposal should be considered.

Resumen La comunicación de malas noticias es una de las actividades más frecuentes en los hospitales dentro del contexto de la COVID-19. A pesar de su alta frecuencia, existen pocas recomendaciones adaptadas a las necesidades que el contexto de la COVID-19 demanda. Debido a lo anterior, en el presente escrito se presentan nueve pasos para dar malas noticias (cara a cara o por vía remota) de dos protocolos internacionales (SPIKES y GRIEV_ING) adaptados a las necesidades de transmisión de información de la COVID-19. Se describe también la importancia de promover habilidades de autocuidado físico y emocional en el personal de salud, así como estrategias de primeros auxilios psicológicos para el abordaje de la respuesta emocional del familiar que recibe la noticia. Finalmente, se deben considerar las limitaciones y ventajas de la propuesta.