Fabrication of PVA-Silver nanoparticle composite film for elimination of microbial contaminant from effluent

The effluent contains many harmful microbes which should be eliminated before it is discharged into a water body. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) being high-quality significance and have a great impact on this research field as it inhibits microbial proliferation and infection. Therefore, it may use for Bioremediation purposes, our laboratory is fascinated by the production of polymer matrix entrapment silver nanoparticles for in situ bio-remediation purposes. The AgNPs was prepared from sawdust by decoction method. The yellowish solution turns into dark brown colour indicating the formation of AgNPs. A sharp SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) band formation in UV-vis spectroscopy scan establishes the formation and stability of silver nanoparticles in an aqueous solution. SEM microphotograph indicated roughly spheroidal structure with (63±3) nm average diameters of newly synthesized AgNp. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is eco-friendly and non-toxic to the environment was chosen for the preparation of polymeric matrix. The non-toxic concentration (1 ?g/mL) of AgNp was dispersed into PVA solution followed by cross-linked with maleic acid. PVA- maleic acid is cross-linked by the formation of an ester bond, whereas silver nanoparticles physically entrap into the cross-linked matrix. The silver nanoparticles were released from the matrix nearly after 10 min of swelling of the composite film. In a microbial assay using E. coli agar medium, PVA-AgNp composite film shows the significant killing of microorganisms. Microbial elimination is measured indirectly by pH measurement and dissolved oxygen concentration measurement of the effluent in situ against RO- water, taken as control. The dissolved oxygen concentration from RO water and effluent water was measured on Day “0” followed by treatment and incubation at the BOD chamber. The treatment with PVA-AgNp composite film reduced the BOD Level and increase dissolved oxygen level simultaneously increasing the quality of water.

Lipoprotein(a) levels in children and adolescents: Ouro Preto Study

Abstract Background Lipoprotein (a) is a cardiovascular risk factor in adult. Studies have shown the presence of this emergent risk factor in school children, which may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in adulthood. Objective To evaluate the association between lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk factors in school children. Methods Lipoprotein (a) levels were measured in 320 school children (6-14 years) selected from a population survey carried out in Ouro Preto (southeast of Brazil). Demographic (sex and age), biochemical (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose), anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage), clinical (arterial blood pressure, pubertal stage and birth weight) and economic (family income) parameters, as well as family history (obese and/or hypertensive parents) were analyzed. Non-parametric analysis was used to evaluate lipoprotein (a) levels in each subgroup. Variables with p≤0.20 in the univariate analysis were included in binary regression logistic model. Differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results Lipoprotein (a) levels were associated with total cholesterol (p=0.04), body fat (p=0.009), and mother´s systolic (p=0.02) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.04). In a logistic regression analysis, children with high lipoprotein (a) levels and body fat, and children born from hypertensive mothers were, respectively, at 3.2(p=0.01) and 1.4 (p=0.03) times higher risk than other children. In clustering these factors, elevated lipoprotein (a) was 2.6 times more likely to be seen in school children with high body fat and born hypertensive mothers. Conclusions Lipoprotein (a) was correlated with cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Persistence of these risk factors in childhood suggests a contribution of elevated lipoprotein (a) to future cardiovascular disease. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Agenciamentos no corpo do homem: um estudo de enfermagem sobre cuidado / Agencies in the menbody: a nursing study about care / Ageciamientos en el cuerpo del hombre: un estudio de enfermería sobre cuidado

Objetivos: identificar como os homens e com quem eles aprenderam o cuidado com o corpo. Método: o método assumido nesta investigação foi o cartográfico-qualitativo. O contexto escolhido foi uma escola estadual e uma instituição superior de ensino localizado no município de Boa Vista, onde estão inseridos homens adolescentes e adultos. A estratégia para produção dos dados envolveu encontros coletivos com 30 homens, denominados de assembleias, onde ocorreu a indução de discussões coletivas e modelagens sobre corpo e cuidado. Resultados: foram produzidas 282 unidades de registros. Destacamos como principais cuidados: tomar banho, escovação de dentes, lavagem das genitálias, prática de exercícios físicos, corte de cabelos e unhas. Sobre o aprendizado das ações de cuidar os homens sinalizaram as mães, pais, avós, escola e, por fim, sozinhos. Conclusão: os homens sofreram variados agenciamentos e indicam temas para o cuidado de enfermagem que são de ordem filosófico-existencial, filosófico-clínico e filosófico-espacial

Objectives: identify how men learned to care for the body and with whom they learned that. Method: The method assumed in this investigation was cartographic-qualitative. The context chosen was a state school and a higher education institution located in the municipality of Boa Vista where adolescent and adult men are inserted. The data production strategy had involved collective meetings with 30 men, called assemblies, where the induction of collective discussions and modeling about body and care occurred. Results: 282 units of records were produced. We highlight as main care: bathing, brushing teeth, washing genitals, practicing physical exercises, haircut and cut nails. On the learning of the actions of caring the men had signaled the mothers, parents, grandparents, school and finally themselves. Conclusion: Men suffered varied arrangements over time and indicate topics for nursing care that are philosophicalexistential, philosophical-clinical and philosophical-spatial

Objetivos: identificar como los hombres y con quién ellos aprendieron el cuidado del cuerpo. Método: el método empleado en la investigación fue el cartográfico-cualitativo. El contexto escogido fue una escuela estadual y una institución superior de educación media localizado en el municipio de Boa Vista, incluyendo hombres adolescentes y adultos. La estrategia para producción de datos involucró encuentros colectivos con 30 hombres, denominados asambleas, donde ocurrió la inducción de discusiones colectivas y modelaciones sobre el cuerpo y su cuidado. Resultados: fueron producidos 282 de registros. Destacamos como principales cuidados: tomar la ducha, zepillar dientes, lavado de los genitales, practica de ejercicios físicos, corte de cabellos y uñas. Sobre el aprendizaje de las acciones de cuidar los hombres señalaron las madres, padres, abuelos, escuela y por fin ellos mismos. Conclusión: los hombres sufrieron agenciamientos variados e indican temas para el cuidado de enfermería que son de orden filosófico-existencial, filosófico-clínico y filosófico-espacial

Modelagem da progressão da DBO obtida na incubação de esgoto doméstico sob diferentes temperaturas / Modeling of BOD progression obtained in sewage incubated under different temperatures

RESUMO Confiável quantificação da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio exercida (DBO exercida) poderá ser obtida com incubação das amostras sob temperaturas diferentes, desde que o valor da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio última (DBOU) não seja alterado nessas condições. Alguns autores têm relatado aumento no valor da DBOU com a elevação da temperatura de incubação das amostras, o que pode ser decorrente da ocorrência da nitrificação, da aclimatação diferenciada ou do mau ajuste dos modelos de progressão da demanda bioquímica carbonácea de oxigênio (DBO exercida). Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da temperatura sobre a progressão da DBO exercida e o valor da DBOu em amostras de esgoto doméstico bruto, avaliando-se qual modelo melhor se ajusta aos dados obtidos. Os resultados indicaram pequena influência da temperatura de incubação das amostras nos valores da DBOU do esgoto sanitário e que os modelos de primeira e segunda ordens descreveram adequadamente a progressão da DBO exercida.

ABSTRACT Reliable quantification of biochemical oxygen demand exerted (exerted BOD) can be obtained by incubating samples at different temperatures, since the amount of ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (UBOD) does not change in these conditions. Some authors have found increased UBOD values with rise in temperature of incubating samples, which could be due to the occurrence of nitrification, the acclimatization or the inadequacy of modeling of carbonaceous oxygen demand (exerted BOD) progression. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature on the progression of exerted BOD and UBOD values in samples of raw domestic sewage, checking which model best fits the data. The results indicated low influence of incubating sewage samples temperature on UBOD values, being that both models, first and second order, described properly the exerted BOD progression.

Abscesso retroperitoneal por corpo estranho / Retroperitoneal abscess by foreign body

Abscesso retroperitoneal é uma enfermidade infrequente e, muitas vezes, com sintomatologia inespecífica, o que torna difícil o diagnóstico. No presente trabalho é relatado o caso de um paciente masculino, 54 anos, previamente hígido, que apresentou lombociatalgia súbita, além de imagem suspeita na topografia de retroperitônio e, após piora clínica e laboratorial, necessitou-se de intervenção cirúrgica com o propósito diagnóstico e terapêutico (drenagem e retirada do corpo estranho descoberto no transoperatório). Objetivamos, com este relato, enfatizar é fundamental a suspeita clínica para se chegar ao diagnóstico e manejar corretamente essa patologia que, embora rara, deve ser reconhecida precocemente a fim de evitar desfechos fatais.

Retroperitoneal abscess is a rare disease, often with unspecific symptoms, which makes diagnosis difficult. In this paper we report the case of a previously healthy 54-year-old male patient who presented sudden low back pain, besides suspicious image on the retroperitoneal topography. After clinical and laboratory worsening, a surgical intervention was required for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (drainage and removal of foreign body discovered trans-operatively). Our aim with this report is to stress that clinical suspicion is crucial to make the diagnosis and properly manage this condition which, although rare, should be recognized early in order to avoid fatal outcomes.

Clinical performance of 3-body fat measurements in obese adolescents 15 to 18 years-old / Medidas da gordura corporal em adolescentes obesos de 15 a 18 anos

There is a lack of information about the performance and clinical use of body fat measurements in children and adolescents, particularly in obese people. Objective: the purpose of this study was to compare percentage body fat (%BF) among 3 different methodologies, including hydrostatic weighing (HW), dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP), in obese adolescents. Subjects: A total of 36 obese adolescents were evaluated, which 15 males (16.00 + 0.9 yrs, 105.0 + 10.9 kg, 179.9 + 7.2 cm, 34.9 + 4.4 kg/m2) and 21 females (16.5 + 1.5 yrs, 91.1 + 10.5 kg, 163.6 + 4.2 cm, 34.1 + 3.7 kg/m2). All of them performed HW, total body DXA and ADP. Results: For males, the means of %BF regarding HW, DXA and ADP were 45.7 + 9.0, 42.3 + 5.2 and 35.6 + 7.9, respectively. For females, the means of %BF were 47.7 + 6.8, 50.7 + 4 and 42.4 + 5.3, respectively. No significant difference was found between HW and DXA. In general, the %BF values provided by ADP measurements were lower than other two methods. Conclusion: There was a good agreement between DXA and HW methods, but ADP measurements can underestimate the %BF in obese adolescents.

Biodegradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the biodegradation capacity of selected indigenous fungal isolates and optimization of their degradation ability using various environmental factors such as pH, incubation temperature, nutrient concentration and inoculums size in reducing pollution effect of palm oil mill effluent (POME) in the environment. Place and Duration of Study: Two fungal isolates Candida rugosa and Geotrichum candidum used in this work were previously isolated from POME sample collected from Starline palm oil mill industries, Umukalika, Obingwa LGA, Abia state Nigeria in previous work of authors. The study was carried out from March to August, 2013. Methodology: Spore suspension was prepared by adding 10 ml of 0.1% Tween 80 onto PDA slant of 5 days old culture of Candida rugosa and Geotrichum candidum respectively. Biodegradation of POME was carried out by inoculating 0.1ml (106spores/ml) of respective fungal isolates into different 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100ml each of raw POME. They were incubated at 30ºC on a rotary shaker (200rpm). Samples were taken every 24hrs for 144hrs to determine BOD, COD, oil & grease. Similarly, optimization of biodegradation was carried out by studying the effect of different environmental conditions such as different initial pH levels (4.0-8.0), incubation temperature (25-50ºC), concentrations of soy bean (1.5-4.5% w/v) and inoculum size (0.1-0.5 v/v). The experiments were done in triplicates. Results: Biodegradation studies with selected indigenous fungi showed that C. rugosa was able to remove (44.6%) BOD, (13.9%) COD , (50.7%) oil and grease (O&G) while G. candidum reduced BOD, COD, O&G by 46.9%,16.9% and 64,9% respectively after 144hrs. Optimization of degradation in POME using various environmental and nutrients conditions revealed that at pH 8, C. rugosa showed best degradation of COD (48.6%), BOD (74.5%), O&G (41.8%) removal while COD (59.1%), BOD (75.7%) , O&G (59.1%) removal was observed with G. candidum treatment. The optimal incubation temperature for degradation using each of fugal isolates was at 35ºC with 85.2% BOD , 71.8% COD and 67.3% O&G removal for C. rugosa , 87.3% BOD and 63.4% COD for G. candidum .The best degradation ability for C. rugosa and G. candidum were demonstrated at 3.5w/v and 2.5w/v soybean concentrations respectively. The result also showed that increase in inoculum size could not completely reduce oil and grease during degradation process possibly because no single culture supports degradation optimally due to presence of complex sugars Conclusion: The selected fungal isolates exhibited high efficiency for removal of oil and grease as well as organic matter from POME but required control of environmental conditions and nutrient expansion for the effective biodegradation of POME.

Consistência interna e reprodutibilidade da Drive for Muscularity Scale em homens e mulheres / Internal consistency and reproducibility of Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women

Estudos apontam aumentos expressivos nas prevalências de insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Entretanto, existem poucas informações sobre os diferentes componentes da imagem corporal, como a satisfação com a massa muscular, sendo necessárias investigações aprofundadas a respeito, assim como instrumentos para sua avaliação. Objetivo: este estudo objetivou analisar a versão em Português Brasileiro da Drive for Muscularity Scale em termos de consistência interna e reprodutibilidade em homens e mulheres. Métodos: a versão em Português Brasileiro da Drive for Muscularity Scale foi aplicada em 112 universitários do sexo masculino e feminino. O teste-reteste foi aplicado em 30 universitários também de ambos os sexos. Foram realizadas análises de consistência interna e de reprodutibilidade de forma comparativa entre homens e mulheres. Resultados: a escala apresentou elevados índices de consistência interna, tanto quando analisada como um todo (alfa de Cronbach=0,899), como a partir de seus dois fatores "motivações e desejos" (alfa de Cronbach=0,864) e "atitudes" (alfa de Cronbach=0,857), sendo este resultado semelhante para homens e mulheres. A escala apresentou adequados indicadores de reprodutibilidade para homens (p=0,887) e para mulheres (p=0,258). Os homens, como esperado, apresentaram escores superiores na escala (p=0,001), especialmente no fator "motivações e desejos" (p<0,001). Apesar, disso as pontuações dos dois fatores apresentaram boa associação para ambos os sexos. Conclusão: a Drive for Muscularity Scale apresenta boa reprodutibilidade e consistência interna para ambos os sexos podendo ser utilizada também nas análises da imagem corporal em mulheres...

Studies pointed to expressive increases in prevalence of body image dissatisfaction. However, there few information about different components of body image, as the satisfaction with muscle mass, being necessary deeper investigations about, as well as tools for its evaluation. Objective: this study aimed to analyze the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in terms of internal consistency and reproducibility in men and women. Methods: the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Drive for Muscularity Scale was applied in 112 male and female college students. The test-retest was applied in 30 college students also of both sexes. Analyzes of internal consistency and reproducibility comparing men and women were conducted. Results: The scale showed high internal consistency, both when analyzed as a whole (Cronbach's alpha = 0.899), as when analyzed as from its two factors "motivations and desires" (Cronbach's alpha = 0.864) and "attitudes" (alpha Cronbach = 0.857), which is similar for men and women. The scale showed adequate indicators of reproducibility for men (p = 0.887) and women (p = 0.258). Men as expected had higher scores on the scale (p = 0.001), especially in the factor "motivations and desires" (p <0.001). In spite of that, the scores of the two factors showed a significant association for both sexes. Conclusions: the Drive for Muscularity Scale has good internal consistency and reproducibility for both sexes may also be used in the analysis of body image in women...

Characterization of Dairy Effluents by Physicochemical Parameters.

Aims: The dairy industry faces growing scrutiny of its environmental stewardship. The potential impact of an individual operation on the environment varies with animal concentration, weather, terrain, soils, and numerous other conditions. It is hoped that management practices found on dairy industry will benefit by the management practices. So properly applied the Management Practices, the factual study of dairy effluent by various physico-chemical characters concern for environmental health and safety. Study Design: Effluent samples were collected from dairy industries. The samples were characterized by physical parameters like pH, temperature, TS, etc. and chemical parameters BOD, COD, DO etc. Place and Duration of Study: Effluent samples were collected from dairy industry of district Kolhapur Maharashtra (India).Physico-chemical characteristics of the effluent during the months between March to August 2011. Methodology: Total 4 samples of dairy effluents were collected by composite sampling at the time 9, 12, 3, 6 o’clock per day and stored at 4oc for further analysis. Then on the next day in quintet it was subjected to analyze the physicochemical parameters like Temperature, pH, DO, TDS, TSS, TS, BOD, COD, chloride, Sulphate, oil and Grease. Results: The study revealed that the dairy effluent is slightly alkaline in nature, and high temperature, BOD & COD values obtained by the analysis of dairy effluents indicate the presence of heavy load of organic substances. Also a higher temperature and oils and Greases which lower the dissolved oxygen activities can cause serious problems in disposal of waste water. Above the standard value suspended and dissolved organic solids are responsible for creating nuisance. Conclusion: Dairy industry tested in this study was found high levels of pH, BOD, COD, TSS It is very important that proper waste water treatment systems should be installed for the protection of the environmental health and for the ecological balance.

Sequential Application of Plastic Media- Trickling Filter and Sand Filter for Domestic Wastewater Treatment at Low Temperature Condition.

Present research was aimed towards designing and construction of efficient plastic media-trickling filter (TF) for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The hydraulic flow rate through the TF was maintained at 80±2 ml/min at a temperature range of 5-15ºC by selecting treatment time of 12, 24, 36 and 48 hrs. Parameters like COD, BOD5, TSS, turbidity, NO3, NO2, SO4, PO4 and pathogenic indicator microbes were monitored after treatment of 12, 24, 36 and 48 hrs. The efficiency of the TF was improved with increase of time from 12 to 48 hrs. Maximum efficiency of TF was observed after 48 hrs treatment viz. 93.45, 93, 86.25, 57.8, 63.15, 25, 32.43, 99.95 and 86.3% reduction from the zero time value for BOD5, COD, TSS, PO4, SO4, NO3, NO2, turbidity and fecal coliforms respectively. Finally 48 hrs treated sample was passed through sand filter (SF) for further final polishing and approximately, 95.72, 95, 100, 73.5, 65.8, 58.3, 37.83, 100 and 91.5% reduction in BOD5, COD, TSS, PO4, SO4, NO3, NO2, turbidity and fecal coliforms was observed. This study showed that plastic media-trickling filter along with sand filter is a promising technology for wastewater treatment and can be scaled up for small communities in the developing countries.

Municipal wastewater treatment and kinetic studies using immobilized fixed bed anaerobic digester.

This study was designed to evaluate the performance of a cylindrical immobilized fixed Bed. Anaerobic digester in treating diluted municipal waste water. A series of three independent batch experiments was performed for a total operation time of 28 days. The system of anaerobic digestion showed stability conditions, with no noticeable scum or foaming problems. The anaerobic treatment of diluted municipal waste water is done using immobilized fixed bed anaerobic batch reactor. The source of waste generation is a mixed sludge collected from dock yard. The present study, thus initiated a need based experimental work on anaerobic digester incorporated with immobilized poly urethane foam system. The kinetic parameters are also estimated using experimental data. Empirical relations were developed for the characteristics like BOD, COD, SCOD, TDS and TSS using modeling equations.

Effectiveness of Small-size Activated Bio-filter on Purification of Domestic Sewage / 环境与健康杂志

ve To research an effective, economic and simple biological treatment technology process for purification of sewage. Methods With the sufficient supplication of oxygen, the organic compounds in domestic sewage were sufficiently oxidized and decomposed in bio-filter using activated pottery granule as packing materials. CODCr and BOD5 reflecting the effectiveness of purification of sewage were determined. Results After the treatment by activated bio-filter, the levels of CODc, of treated sewage decreased from 444.86 mg/L to 16.76 mg/L with a de-crease rate of 96.23% , the levels of BOD, decreased from 211.54 mg/L to 3.95 mg/L with a decrease rate of 98. 13% . The levels of CODCr and BOD5 of treated sewage all were below the related values of grade I standand of discharge from secondary municipal sewage treatment plant. Conclusion The purification technology using activated bio-filter was effective, economic and simple, which could be widely applied to demestic sewage purification treatment.