Intereactions between doripenem and clavulanate ­ Application of minimal inhibitory concentration analysis and cytometry flow for bactericidal studies

Background: In view of the current low efficacy of bacterial infection treatment the common trend towards searching for antibiotic systems exhibiting synergistic action is well justified. Among carbapenem analogues a particularly interesting option is provided by combinations of clavulanic acid with meropenem, which have proven to be especially effective. Results: Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) along with the method based on flow cytometry constitutes an important tool in the identification of bacterial sensitivity to active substances. Within this study the inhibitory effect of doripenem, clavulanic acid and the doripenem-clavulanate acid system was analyzed in relation to such bacteria as Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium pasteurianum, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter aerogenes. The lowest MIC, amounting to 0.03 µg/mL, was observed for the doripenem-clavulanate acid system in the case of E. coli ATCC 25922. In turn, the lowest MIC for doripenem applied alone was recorded for K. pneumoniae ATCC 31488, for which it was 0.1 µg/mL. The strain which proved to be most resistant both to doripenem and the doripenem-clavulanate acid system, was A. baumannii, with MIC of 32 µg/mL (clinical isolate) and 16 µg/mL (reference strain). Cytometric analysis for P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 showed changes in cells following exposure to limiting concentrations of the active substance. Conclusions: Analysis of MIC supplies important information concerning microbial sensitivity to active substances, mainly in terms of limiting concentrations causing mortality or vitality of the tested species, which is essential when selecting appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Implicancias estructurales y fisiológicas de la célula bacteriana en los mecanismos de resistencia antibiótica / Structural and physiological implications of bacterial cell in antibiotic resistance mechanisms

RESUMEN: La alta capacidad de adaptación de las bacterias a ambientes hostiles ha permitido el desarrollo de resistencia a antibacterianos, causando problemas de impacto mundial en la salud hospitalaria y de la comunidad, limitando las opciones terapéuticas lo que afecta el control de enfermedades, elevando las tasas de morbi-mortalidad. Esta capacidad de resistencia es mediada por factores estructurales y fisiológicos de las bacterias que actúan a diferentes niveles tanto extracelular como intracelular. A niveles extracelulares se destaca la capacidad de las poblaciones bacterianas en la formación de biopelículas y la regulación de señales celulares quorum sensing, permitiendo la evasión de la acción antibiótica. A nivel de envoltura celular se destaca el funcionamiento y comportamiento de la pared celular y de la membrana celular, principalmente por medio de la regulación de la expresión de canales de entrada o porinas y/ o bombas de expulsión que impiden el acceso o inducen la salida de antibióticos; otros mecanismos integran la modificación de la actividad de drogas por medio de la hidrólisis o modificación del sitio activo del fármaco. A nivel intracelular, las bacterias pueden cambiar los procesos de óxido/reducción, modificar los sitios objetivos del antibiótico e inactivar los grupos transfer, y modificar las subunidades ribosomales afectando la acción de los antibióticos que inhiben la síntesis de proteínas. A esto se añaden las modificaciones en la expresión génica y del código genético, que regula todos los anteriores, y es capaz de generar cambios adaptativos, resistencia a fármacos y desinfectantes, entre otros. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo describir las implicancias estructurales y fisiológicas de la célula bacteriana en los mecanismos de resistencia antibiótica considerando la organización estructural y fisiológica involucrada en los principales mecanismos de resistencia a antibióticos presentes en bacterias de importancia clínica que conllevan a fallas terapéuticas con alto costo en salud humana.

SUMMARY: The high adaptability of bacteria to hostile environments has favored antibacterial resistance development, impacting hospital and community healthcare worldwide. It has also affected disease control, limited therapeutic options and raised morbiditymortality rate. This resistance ability is mediated by structural and physiological factors of bacteria acting at both extracellular and cellular levels. The ability of bacterial populations in biofilm formation and regulation of cellular signal quorum sensing at the extracellular level, allows for the evasion of antibiotic action. At a cellular level, the performance and behavior of the cell wall and cell membrane is emphasized, mainly by regulating the expression of inlet channels or porins and/or expulsion pumps preventing access to, or inducing the outflow of antibiotics. Other mechanisms integrate modification of drug activity by hydrolysis or modification of the active site of the drug. Further into intracellular level, bacteria can change the oxidation/reduction processes; modify the target sites of the antibiotic and inactivate transfer groups. Bacteria can also modify the ribosomal subunits affecting the antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis, and cause modifications of gene expression and genetic code that regulate the above mechanism. These may also generate adaptive changes and resistance to drugs and disinfectants. The aim of the present review is to describe the structural and physiological implications of bacterial cell in the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The study also considered the structural and physiological organization involved in the main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria relevant to clinical healthcare.

A Comparative Analysis of Monofunctional Biosynthetic Peptidoglycan Transglycosylase (MBPT) from Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Bacteria

Monofunctional biosynthetic peptidoglycan transglycosylase (MBPT) catalyzes the formation of the glycan chain in bacterial cell walls from peptidoglycan subunits: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Bifunctional glycosyltransferases such as the penicillin binding protein (PBP) have peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase (PGT) on their C terminal end which links together the peptidoglycan subunits while transpeptidase (TP) on the N terminal end cross-links the peptide moieties on the NAM monosaccharide of the peptide subunits to create the bacterial cell wall. The singular function of MBPT resembles the C terminal end of PBP as it too contains and utilizes a similar PGT domain. In this article we analyzed the infectious and non infectious protein sequences of MBPT from 31 different strains of bacteria using a variety of bioinformatic tools. Motif analysis, dot-plot comparison, and phylogenetic analysis identified a number of significant differences between infectious and non-infectious protein sequences. In this paper we have made an attempt to explain, analyze and discuss these differences from an evolutionary perspective. The results of our sequence analysis may open the door for utilizing MBPT as a new target to fight a variety of infectious bacteria.

STUDIES ON A NEW METHOD FOR COUNTING LIVING BACTERIAL CELL NUMBER / 微生物学通报

MTT Colorimetric method is usually applied for measuring the living animal cell number. By changing the reaction temperature and the reaction time as well as the colorimetric wavelength, the improved MTT colorimetric method was established to count the living bacterial cell number. This new method was used to measure the living cell concentration in the process for culturing bacteria PBW1. The results measured by the improved MIT colorimetric method and dilute plate method are similar. Compared with other methods including the dilute plate method, the improved MTT colorimetric method has many advantages such as accuracy, quickness.