Research progress on oral characterization of Corona Virus Disease 2019 / 口腔疾病防治

@#Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19) has become a public health emergency that has attracted global attention because of its large-scale outbreak resulting in numerous human infections and deaths. COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Due to a large number of infections and fast transmission speed, it's significant to diagnose the infected people quickly and detect the asymptomatic infected people as soon as possible. At present, the preliminary screening is judged by the clinical manifestations of the patients, mainly involving the respiratory system, but recent studies have found that the patients infected with COVID-19 have unique oral manifestations, such as taste disturbance, xerostomia, halitosis, inflammation of salivary glands, necrotizing periodontal disease and some of them are earlier than typical symptoms such as dry cough, fever, etc. Paying attention to the oral manifestations of patients can further improve the COVID-19 screening procedure. At present, symptomatic treatment is mainly used for these oral symptoms.

The inhibitory effect of ozone water on bad breath pathogens in vitro / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To study the inhibitory effect of ozone water on bad breath pathogens in vitro. Methods: In vitro cultured bad breath pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) were identified by Gram stain and a PCR test. Ozonated water by was prepared by ozone generator and the concentration of ozone in water was measured using iodine titration. Artificial saliva was used to observe its interference on ozone function. Results: Gram stain and PCR results were consisted with strain characteristics. The ozone concentration of ozonated water reached to the maximum of 0. 2 mg/L. Ozone water with the concentration was 0. 05, 0. 1 and 0. 2 mg/L inhibited the proliferation of Pg, Pi and Fn. But the inhibitory effect was weakened when the concentration decreased. The artificial saliva reduced the effect of ozone water. Conclusion: The Pg, Pi and Fn can be inhibited by ozone water. Artificial saliva may reduce the effects of ozone water on the bacteria.

Prevalence and Reasons of halitosis / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#Halitosis (Latin word: halitus – to breathe), osostomia, stomatodysodia (fetor oris, fetor ex ore) is called bad breath. Halitosis prevalence has been found in European countries is 50-60%, in Germany the percentage is 66.7%, in the U.S population the percentage is 10-30%, and in the Russia the percentage is 30-50%. In Turkey, halitosis has been 14.5% among children and it has direct association with their age, oral hygiene, and caries severity. Among world population, 80-90% people have halitosis, and in terms of its prevalence it ranks after periodontal disease and dental caries diseases. Thus, to determine halitosis among Mongolians might help improve oral hygiene, prevent oral and other diseases.@*Goal@#To study assessed factors influenced halitosis and prevalence in Mongolia.@*Materials and Methods@#1492 patients who attended in dental clinic participated in this study. 16 questionary items were asked from a total of 1492 patients aged 19-55 years old who had anxious of halitosis. In clinical room, under the artificial light, using single-use examination tools, coloring-agent, periodontal probe, tongue-scraper and halimeter were used. </br> The studying “Reasons and prevalence for halitosis” was estimated processing result with spss-17 program, and conducted a descriptive analysis of the quantitative data that was used the basic biostatics method and indicated STUDENT- T criterion in the average data for the arithmetic in each indicator, standard variance, standard error and real limits. Each indicator (M) Standard variance Standard error (m) Real limits (c1-95%). </br> The ethics was discussed and approved in according to warrant by the Ethics Committee of Medical University in Novosibirsk, №085, 2015.@*Results@#Total 816 people conducted in our study; from them 60% has bad breath complaint. Those who said have bad breath, 24% don’t notice they have bad breath, 34% have noticed their bad breath and use mouth rinse in order to get rid of their problem and have never sought medical treatment about it. 10% people with halitosis have general factors causing this problem. These people had relatively healthy mouth and 2.1% of them have halitophobia or fear of having bad breath and constantly get checked with physician. </br> In our research, 20 to 50 and above year olds 816 people have included and out of them 40% were male and 60% were female (Table 2). From them, 61% had bad breath and 39% had not (Figure 1). In males 68% had bad breath, in females 56% had bad breath and these occur to be caused by local factors.</br> In finding causes of bad odors in people with halitosis, 90% had local problems and within local problems; smoking, poor oral hygiene, caries complication, and gum inflammation predominantly discovered. 10% had general and other problems of causes of bad breath (Figure 2). In people with halitosis, 10% had found with general factors influencing their bad breath problem. These people had relatively healthy mouth, and 2.1% of them have halitophobia or fear of having bad breath and constantly get checked with physician.</br> Local factors influencing halitosis include; smoking (37%), bleeding gum (28%), tongue biofilm (3.0+3.1), poor oral hygiene (1.5+1.4), periodontal pocket (4.2+3.87), denture (54.8%(. Using organoleptic method of measuring mouth odor, the mean point was 2.25±2.3. Using halitometer, average light sulfuric gas concentrate was 145±134.2 ppb. 20-29 year olds had 140±127.5, 30-39 year olds had 155±136.8, 40-49 year olds had 140±139.5, 50 and above aged people had 139±134.1 ppb, thus there were no association between age and mouth odor (Table 3).@*Conclusion@#</br>1. The Halitus is occurred 61%, And 68% - men, 56% - women, that is more common in Mongolian population. </br>2. The general condition of halitus that is taken 90% - oral environment, which of that is 37% - smoking, 28% - bleeding of gingival, 3.0-3.1% - coating of tongue, 1.5+1.4% poor oral cares, 4.2+3.87% - dental pathology, and 54.8% - artificial teeth. </br>3. The oral offensive odor was evaluated by organoleptic method that was 2.25+2.3 in average index (performance) and 145+134.2ppb in halitometres index.

Efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose / Effect of periodontal treatment full-mouth and conventional in the reduction of halitosis

A halitose se caracterizada pela emanação de um odor desagradável onde cerca de 90% de se origina dentro da cavidade oral. Estudos têm demonstrado uma relação direta entre a doença periodontal e o odor ofensivo do hálito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência e distribuição de halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal em um estudo transversal observacional (n=112) e, em um estudo intervencionista, avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal. Os pacientes responderam a uma anamnese, tiveram seu hálito mensurado pelo halímetro e teste organoléptico, além de realizados Índice de placa visível, Índice de sangramento gengival, Índice de saburra lingual e exame periodontal completo. No estudo 2, os pacientes foram submetidos a seis distintas formas de tratamento: terapia periodontal em sessão única, terapia convencional em quadrantes e, um grupo controle, com somente instrução de higiene oral. Todas as modalidades subdivididas: com e sem raspagem lingual diária. No primeiro estudo os resultados mostraram que, tanto para teste organoléptico quanto para o halímetro, houve maior grau de halitose nos grupos de idades mais avançadas, nos que relataram sangramento gengival e escovação menos que três vezes ao dia. Ainda no teste organoléptico a escovação de língua gerou diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas de halitose entre teste organoléptico e halímetro. Foram encontrados aproximadamente 75% de pacientes periodontais com halitose. No segundo estudo os resultados mostraram superioridade conforme análise do halímetro para 30, 60 e 90 dias para os grupos de raspagem em sessão única contra raspagem por quadrantes. Sendo todos os grupos superiores ao controle. Não houve diferença na abordagem com ou sem a raspagem de língua. De acordo com o teste...

Halitosis is characterized by the emission of an unpleasant odor about 90% originates in the oral cavity. Studies have shown a direct relationship between periodontal disease and the offensive odor of breath. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of halitosis in patients with periodontal disease in an observational cross-sectional study (n = 112) and, in an intervention study, the patients have had six distinct forms of treatment (n = 90) to verify the efficacy of full- vs. partial-mouth disinfection in the control of halitosis. Patients answered an interview, they have had their breath collected by halimeter, they have evaluated by organoleptic test, and visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, index of tongue coating and periodontal examination. In the second step, patients have been submitted to six different forms of treatment: periodontal therapy in one session, conventional therapy in quadrants, and the control group, with only oral hygiene instruction. All types split: with and without tongue scraping daily. The first study results shown for both organoleptic test as halimeter, a greater degree of halitosis in the older age groups, we have reported that gum bleeding and brushing less than three times per day. Still in organoleptic test brushing of tongue generated statistical difference. There was no statistical difference between the measures between halitosis and organoleptic test halimeter. There was about 75% og periodontal patients with halitosis. In the second study the results shown the superiority analysis as halimeter for 30, 60 and 90 days for groups of scraping in single session against scraping by quadrants. Being all groups superior from control. There was no difference in approach with or without tongue scraping. According to the organoleptic test, there was no difference between the four types of periodontal treatment compared to the control groups. The same...

Efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose / Effect of periodontal treatment full-mouth and conventional in the reduction of halitosis

A halitose se caracterizada pela emanação de um odor desagradável onde cerca de 90% de se origina dentro da cavidade oral. Estudos têm demonstrado uma relação direta entre a doença periodontal e o odor ofensivo do hálito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência e distribuição de halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal em um estudo transversal observacional (n=112) e, em um estudo intervencionista, avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal. Os pacientes responderam a uma anamnese, tiveram seu hálito mensurado pelo halímetro e teste organoléptico, além de realizados Índice de placa visível, Índice de sangramento gengival, Índice de saburra lingual e exame periodontal completo. No estudo 2, os pacientes foram submetidos a seis distintas formas de tratamento: terapia periodontal em sessão única, terapia convencional em quadrantes e, um grupo controle, com somente instrução de higiene oral. Todas as modalidades subdivididas: com e sem raspagem lingual diária. No primeiro estudo os resultados mostraram que, tanto para teste organoléptico quanto para o halímetro, houve maior grau de halitose nos grupos de idades mais avançadas, nos que relataram sangramento gengival e escovação menos que três vezes ao dia. Ainda no teste organoléptico a escovação de língua gerou diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas de halitose entre teste organoléptico e halímetro. Foram encontrados aproximadamente 75% de pacientes periodontais com halitose. No segundo estudo os resultados mostraram superioridade conforme análise do halímetro para 30, 60 e 90 dias para os grupos de raspagem em sessão única contra raspagem por quadrantes. Sendo todos os grupos superiores ao controle. Não houve diferença na abordagem com ou sem a raspagem de língua. De acordo com o teste ...

Halitosis is characterized by the emission of an unpleasant odor about 90% originates in the oral cavity. Studies have shown a direct relationship between periodontal disease and the offensive odor of breath. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of halitosis in patients with periodontal disease in an observational cross-sectional study (n = 112) and, in an intervention study, the patients have had six distinct forms of treatment (n = 90) to verify the efficacy of full- vs. partial-mouth disinfection in the control of halitosis. Patients answered an interview, they have had their breath collected by halimeter, they have evaluated by organoleptic test, and visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, index of tongue coating and periodontal examination. In the second step, patients have been submitted to six different forms of treatment: periodontal therapy in one session, conventional therapy in quadrants, and the control group, with only oral hygiene instruction. All types split: with and without tongue scraping daily. The first study results shown for both organoleptic test as halimeter, a greater degree of halitosis in the older age groups, we have reported that gum bleeding and brushing less than three times per day. Still in organoleptic test brushing of tongue generated statistical difference. There was no statistical difference between the measures between halitosis and organoleptic test halimeter. There was about 75% og periodontal patients with halitosis. In the second study the results shown the superiority analysis as halimeter for 30, 60 and 90 days for groups of scraping in single session against scraping by quadrants. Being all groups superior from control. There was no difference in approach with or without tongue scraping. According to the organoleptic test, there was no difference between the four types of periodontal treatment compared to the control groups. The same ...

Halitosis: a review of basic principles

Halitosis, also known as bad breath or oral malodor, is the general term used to describe any disagreeable odor in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or non-oral sources. Bad breath can be detrimental to one’s self-image and confidence, causing social, emotional and psychological anxiety. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the historical background, prevalence, social aspects and pathological causes of halitosis as well as the dental professional’s responsibility.

Halitose: proposta de um protocolo de avaliação: [revisão] / Halitosis: an assessment protocol proposal: [review]

A Halitose é um sintoma constrangedor com significativo impacto social. Ela afeta milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo e muitos recursos são investidos em produtos para a melhora do hálito, sem sucesso. O estudo da halitose com uma abordagem científica se justifica, uma vez que a halitose é causa de restrição social, diminui a qualidade de vida e pode ser indicativo da presença de doenças mais graves. OBJETIVO: Elaborar um protocolo de avaliação da halitose com o objetivo de minimizar custos, evitar exames desnecessários e orientar o diagnóstico causal. MÉTODO: O protocolo foi elaborado baseado na literatura e na experiência pessoal dos autores, adotando uma anamnese baseada em evidências. RESULTADO: Existem muitas causas da halitose e a maioria delas está relacionada com a cavidade oral, outras estão relacionadas com doenças otorrinolaringológicas e respiratórias. Doenças gastrointestinais, alterações das funções renais e hepáticas e outras síndromes metabólicas são causas menos freqüentes, porém importantes de halitose. CONCLUSÃO: Existem custos importantes envolvidos no diagnóstico e tratamento da halitose, incluindo consultas ambulatoriais, avaliação de especialistas e exames complementares. Estes custos poderiam ser minimizados adotando uma anamnese baseada em evidências e um organograma para uma investigação clínica racional.

Halitosis is an embarrassing symptom with a significant social impact. Halitosis affects millions of people worldwide and many resources are spent annually in products to improve halitus, unsuccessfully. The study of halitosis in a scientific basis is justified once halitosis causes social restriction, decreases life quality and may be an indication of serious diseases. AIM: To elaborate a protocol for halitosis assessment in order to minimize costs, avoid unnecessary tests and provide a guideline for diagnosis. METHODS: The protocol was created based on the literature and on the authors’ personal experiences, adopting an evidence-based anamnesis. RESULTS: There are many causes of halitosis and most of them are related to the oral cavity; others are related to otolaryngologic and respiratory diseases. Gastrointestinal diseases, liver/renal impairment and other metabolic syndromes are less frequent, but also important causes of halitosis. CONCLUSION: There are important costs involved in halitosis assessment and treatment, including medical appointments, specialist assessment, and complementary tests. Such costs would be minimized by adopting a protocol of evidence-based anamnesis and a flowchart for a rational clinical investigation.

Halitose: abra a boca sem receio / Halitosis: open your mouth without fear

Desde gerações ancestrais, a preocupação com as alterações do hálito tem sido uma constante. A halitose, também conhecida como mau hálito, acomete cerca de 40% da população brasileira, podendo ser causada através de alterações bucais ou sistêmicas. A grande maioria dos casos possui origem bucal, destacando-se a saburra lingual como a principal causadora do mau hálito, pois está presente em cerca de 90% destes. Na maioria das vezes, a halitose é reversível, consistindo seu tratamento basicamente na remoção da causa do mau odor e uma complementação com higiene adequada. O presente estudo apresenta uma revisão sobre halitose, visando auxiliar o profissional no esclarecimento da mesma, para que este possa realizar um correto diagnóstico e tratamento, contribuindo assim para uma melhora no convívio social de seus pacientes

From ancestral generations, there has been constant concern with breath alterations. Halitosis, also known as bad breath, takes about 40% of the Brazilian population, what could be caused through either oral or systemic alterations. The great majority of the cases have buccal origin. Coating tongue stands out as the main cause of bad breath as it is presented in about 90% of such cases. Mostly, halitosis is reversible; its treatment consists basically in removing the cause of the bad scent and a complementation with appropriate hygiene. The present study presents a revision on halitosis, by trying to help the professional regarding its explanation, so that he can accomplish a correct diagnosis and treatment, thus contributing to an improvement in his patients' social conviviality