Relationship of potassium doses with bioethanol yield in sweet potato in Cerrado soil

Sweet potato-bioethanol yield was evaluated in response to potassium fertilizer application. Experiments were performed using a 5 × 2 factorial design in which factors included the amount of K2O applied to the soil, with five levels (0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 kg ha-1) and genotype, with two levels (industrial genotype BDGPI #25 and table genotype BDGPM #04). Root yield, root starch and soluble solid contents, bioethanol yield, and economic viability of potassium application for bioethanol production were evaluated. Potassium affected root yield of both genotypes, with the highest yield observed at 140 kg K2O ha-1. Root starch concentration at harvest depended on genotype potential rather than potassium dose. Soluble solid content in fresh roots was lower than that in cooked roots, in which case, maximum conversion efficiency was observed at 109,69 and at 123.75 kg K2O ha-1 for BDGPM#04 and BDGPI#25, respectively. Bioethanol yield reached 10,484 and 9,839 L ha-1 at 151.87 and 136 kg K2O ha-1 for BDGPI#25 and BDGPM#04, respectively. Genotype BDGPI#25 was more efficient than sugarcane in converting potassium to bioethanol at 151.87 kg K2O ha-1, producing 10,484.29 L of bioethanol. In turn, BGDPM#04 showed maximum conversion efficiency relative to sugarcane at 122 kg K2O ha-1.

Functional analysis on sucrose transporters in sweet potato / 生物工程学报

Sweet potato is an important food crop that can also be used as an industrial raw material. Sucrose is the main form of long-distance carbohydrate transport in plants, and sucrose transporter (SUT) regulates the transmembrane transport and distribution of sucrose during plant growth and metabolism. Moreover, SUT plays a key role in phloem mediated source-to-sink sucrose transport and physiological activities, supplying sucrose for the sink tissues. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequences of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 were obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) cloning according to the transcripts of the two SUT coding genes which were differentially expressed in sweet potato storage roots with different starch properties. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to clarify the classification of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616. The subcellular localization of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 was determined by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. The function of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 in sucrose and hexose absorption and transport was identified using yeast functional complementarity system. The expression pattern of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 in sweet potato organs were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Arabidopsis plants heterologous expressing IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 genes were obtained using floral dip method. The differences in starch and sugar contents between transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis were compared. The results showed IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 encoded SUT proteins with a length of 505 and 521 amino acids, respectively, and both proteins belonged to the SUT1 subfamily. IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 were located in the cell membrane and were able to transport sucrose, glucose and fructose in the yeast system. In addition, IbSUT62788 was also able to transport mannose. The expression of IbSUT62788 was higher in leaves, lateral branches and main stems, and the expression of IbSUT81616 was higher in lateral branches, stems and storage roots. After IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 were heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis, the plants grew normally, but the biomass increased. The heterologous expression of IbSUT62788 increased the soluble sugar content, leaf size and 1 000-seed weight of Arabidopsis plants. Heterologous expression of IbSUT81616 increased starch accumulation in leaves and root tips and 1 000-seed weight of seeds, but decreased soluble sugar content. The results obtained in this study showed that IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 might be important genes regulating sucrose and sugar content traits in sweet potato. They might carry out physiological functions on cell membrane, such as transmembrane transport of sucrose, sucrose into and out of sink tissue, as well as transport and unloading of sucrose into phloem. The changes in traits result from their heterologous expression in Arabidopsis indicates their potential in improving the yield of other plants or crops. The results obtained in this study provide important information for revealing the functions of IbSUT62788 and IbSUT81616 in starch and glucose metabolism and formation mechanism of important quality traits in sweet potato.

Agronomic characteristics and optimized sweet potato root production in monoculture under green manuring

One of the challenges of the scientific research on sweet potatoes in semi-arid environments is to increase biomass amounts of spontaneous species from the Caatinga biome, such as hairy woodrose (Merremia aegyptia L.) and roostertree (Calotropis procera Ait.), for use as green fertilizers during cultivation. Therefore, this study aimed to agronomically and economically optimize the agronomic characteristics of sweet potato root production in a monoculture, fertilized with equal amounts of biomass mixture of these spontaneous species, over two years of cultivation. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of equal amounts of hairy woodrose and roostertree biomass at 16, 29, 42, 55, and 68 t ha-1 on a dry basis. An additional sweet potato treatment was planted in each experiment, one without fertilizers (control) and another with mineral fertilizer, to compare with the treatment of maximum physical or economic efficiency. Sweet potato fertilization obtained the maximum optimized productive efficiency by incorporating 46.97 t ha-1 of dry biomass of M. aegyptia and C. procera into the soil. The maximum optimized agroeconomic efficiency (based on net income) of sweet potato cultivation occurred by adding 41.55 t ha-1 of dry biomass of M. aegyptia and C. procera to the soil. Using biomass from the green fertilizers M. aegyptia and C. procera is a viable technology for producers who practice sweet potato monocropping in semi-arid environments.

Batata-doce em dietas para juvenis de tilápia em substituição parcial ao farelo de milho: uma análise econômica e de variáveis zootécnicas / Sweet potato in diets for tilapia juveniles in partial replacement to corn bran: An economic analysis and zootechnical variables

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica da substituição parcial do farelo de milho pela farinha de batata-doce, para averiguar se é viável ou não a inclusão nas rações para tilápia. O experimento teve duração de 30 dias entre os meses de maio e junho de 2021 em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Entre os 4 tratamentos propostos, 3 eram compostos por diferentes níveis de substituição do farelo de milho pela farinha de batata-doce nas rações experimentais (0,0%; 5,0% e 10,0%) e um composto pela ração comercial (tratamento controle). Ao todo foram utilizados 300 peixes com peso inicial aproximado de 9,10 ± 1,48 g, sendo a unidade experimental representada por 15 peixes em um aquário de 100 litros. Foi constatado que o farelo de milho pode ser substituído pela farinha de batata-doce até o nível mais alto avaliado, que foi de 10% de substituição na ração experimental para tilápia, pois superou a ração comercial, apresentando menor custo e sem afetar o desempenho dos animais.

The objective was to evaluate the performance and economic viability of partial replacement of corn bran by sweet potato flour, in order to determine whether or not its inclusion in tilapia diets is feasible. The experiment lasted 30 days between May and June 2021 in a completely randomized experimental design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Among the 4 proposed treatments, 3 consisted of different levels of replacement of corn bran by sweet potato flour in the experimental diets (0.0%; 5.0% and 10.0%) and one consisted of the commercial diet (control treatment). A total of 300 fish with an approximate initial weight of 9.10 ± 1.48 g were used, with the experimental unit represented by 15 fish in a 100-liter aquarium. It was found that corn bran can be replaced by sweet potato flour up to the highest level evaluated, which was 10% replacement in the experimental feed for tilapia, as it surpassed the commercial feed, with lower cost and without affecting performance. of the animals.

Hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerogenic effects of aqueous extract of Ipomoea batatas leaves in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. is a food plant used in African traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases and related conditions. We assessed the hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerogenic properties of the aqueous extract of I. batatas leaves in a rat model of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.@*METHODS@#Hypercholesterolemia was induced in male Wistar rats by exclusive feeding with a cholesterol-enriched (1%) standard diet for four weeks. Then, rats were treated once daily (per os) with I. batatas extract at doses of 400, 500 and 600 mg/kg or with atorvastatin (2 mg/kg), for four weeks. Following treatment, animals were observed for another four weeks and then sacrificed. Aortas were excised and processed for histopathological studies, and blood glucose level and lipid profile were measured.@*RESULTS@#Hypercholesterolemic animals experienced a 21.5% faster increase in body weight, significant increases in blood glucose and blood lipids (148.94% triglycerides, 196.97% high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 773.04% low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 148.93% very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 210.42% total cholesterol), and increases in aorta thickness and atherosclerotic plaque sizes compared to rats fed standard diet. Treatment of hypercholesterolemic rats with the extract mitigated these alterations and restored blood glucose and blood lipid levels to normocholesterolemic values.@*CONCLUSION@#Our findings suggest that I. batatas leaves have hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerogenic properties and justify their use in traditional medicine.

Ideal temperature and storage period for commercial potato cultivars selected for frying / Temperatura e período de armazenamento ideais para cultivares comerciais de batata selecionadas para fritura

ABSTRACT: Potatoes for industrial processing must have high dry matter, low sugar and free from damage or disease. The objective was to determine the ideal temperature and storage period of commercial cultivars for frying. Tubers of Asterix and Cronos cultivars were stored in a cold chamber (Gallant CMC4 Premium) inside plastic boxes at 6 and 8 °C with 85 to 95% humidity for 180 days. Accumulated mass loss (PMA), alcohol insoluble solids (SIA), total soluble sugars (AST), non-reducing sugars (ANR), reducing sugars (AR), polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO) and enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning were analyzed. The PMA of Asterix at 6 and 8 ºC and Cronos at 6 °C was higher. The SIA of both cultivars stored at 6 ºC were lower and AST, AR and ANR higher. Those parameters of Cronos and Asterix did not differ between temperature or storage period. The browning was greater in the fried sticks of Asterix and Cronos stored at 6 ºC (4 to 5) for 60 and 90 days and at 8 °C (2 to 3) for 180 days, respectively. The ideal temperature and storage period for Asterix and Cronos cultivars is 8 ºC for a maximum of 120 days due to non-enzymatic browning.

RESUMO: As batatas destinadas ao processamento industrial devem ter alto teor de matéria seca, baixo teor de açúcar e estar livre de danos ou doenças. O objetivo foi determinar a temperatura e o período de armazenamento ideais para cultivares comerciais para fritura. Os tubérculos das cultivares Asterix e Cronos foram armazenados em caixas de plástico a 6 e 8 °C com umidade de 85 a 95% por 180 dias. As perdas de massa acumulada (PMA), sólidos insolúveis em álcool (SIA), açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcares não redutores (ANR), açúcares redutores (AR), atividade de polifenoloxidase (PPO) e escurecimento enzimático e não enzimático foram analisadas. A PMA de tubérculos da cultivar Asterix a 6 e 8 ºC e a da cultivar Cronos, armazenadas a 6 °C foram maiores. Os teores de SIA foram menores e os de AST, AR e ANR maiores nos tubérculos de ambas as cultivares armazenadas a 6 ºC. A temperatura e o período de armazenamento não afetaram as cultivares Cronos e Asterix. O escurecimento foi maior nos palitos fritos das cultivares Asterix e Cronos armazenados a 6 ºC (4 a 5) por 60 e 90 dias e a 8 °C (2 a 3) por 180 dias, respectivamente. O período ideal de temperatura e armazenamento para as cultivares Asterix e Cronos é de 8 ºC por, no máximo, 120 dias devido ao escurecimento não enzimático.

Proximate, Phytochemicals and Reducing Power of Leaf Extracts of Colocasia esculenta and Ipomoea batatas

Background:Reports has shown that edible leaves of vegetable plants serve both nutritional and medicinal purposes, yet are poorly utilized due to inadequate enlightenment of the major populace on their compositions. Aims:The aim of this study was to determine the proximate, phytochemicals and reducing power of leaf extracts of Colocasia esculenta and Ipomoea batatas.Methodology:Washed and air dried leaf samples were milled and subjected to proximate and phytochemical analysis.Determination of calcium, iron and sodium content was by Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Reducing power was determined by the Potassium ferricyanide reducing power method. Results:Ipomoea batatasleaves was found to be higher in moisture (14.05%) and carbohydrate (29.33%) while Colocasia esculentaleaves was higher in ash (10.00%), Crude fiber (16.27%), Fat (10.17%) and protein (29.41%).A better antioxidant activity and higher levels of all phytochemicals and minerals were observed in leaves of Colocasia esculentacompared to leaves of Ipomoea batatas.Conclusion:This study suggests that both leaves are of importance to human nutrition considering the observed levels of nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. While C. esculentaleaves should be preferred for its nutrient and antioxidant advantages, both leaves can contribute immensely to the daily nutrient requirements.

Research progress of biological activity of Ipomoea batatas and its main components in vivo / 中草药

Ipomoea batatas is a kind of both edible and medicinal plant, which provides a dietary source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, anthocyanins, essential fatty acids, trace elements and other nutrients, and these active substances play a role in many pharmacological activities such as antitumor, immune regulation, hepatoprotective effect, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-aging, intestinal regulation, anti-obesity, anti-radiation, anti-fatigue, etc, and promote health in many aspects. The Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Materia Medica recorded that I. batatas have the characteristics of tonifying deficiency and replenishing qi, strengthening spleen and kidney. In recent years, it has become a research hotspot in multidisciplinary fields for its rich nutritional components and functional characteristics. In this paper, the research progress of biological activity of I. batatas in vivo was reviewed from aspects of basic and clinical researches, which may provide references for its further development, research and comprehensive utilization.

Phytoglycoprotein isolated from Dioscorea batatas Decne promotes intestinal epithelial wound healing / 中国天然药物

Dioscorea batatas Decne (DBD) has been used to heal various illnesses of the kidney and intestine as an herbal medicine in Asia. As a source of therapeutic agents, many glycoproteins have been isolated from mushrooms and plants, but the functional role of glycoprotein in intestinal epithelial wound healing has not been understood yet. In the present study, we investigated the wound healing potentials of the 30 kDa glycoprotein (DBD glycoprotein) isolated from DBD in human intestinal epithelial (INT-407) cells. We found that DBD glycoprotein (100 μg·mL) significantly increased the motility of INT-407 cells for 24 h by activating protein kinase C (PKC). DBD glycoprotein stimulated the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is responsible for the phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα). DBD glycoprotein increased the level of profilin-1 (PFN1), α-actinin and F-actin expression via activation of transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) during its promotion of cell migration. Experimental mouse colitis was induced by adding dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to the drinking water at a concentration of 4% (W/V) for 7 days. We figured out that administration of DBD glycoprotein (10 and 20 mg·kg) lowers the levels of disease activity index and histological inflammation in DSS-treated ICR mice. In this regard, we suggest that DBD glycoprotein has ability to promote the F-actin-related migration signaling events via activation of PKC and NF-κB in intestinal epithelial cells and prevent inflammatory bowel disease.

Yield and soil insect resistance in sweet potato clones / Produtividade e resistência de clones de batata-doce aos insetos de solo

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a rustic horticultural crop with high production potential. However, the crop is susceptible to many pests and diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate 10 genotypes of sweet potato regarding their yield and resistance to soil insects, under Brazilian cerrado soil conditions. Genotypes were selected from the Sweet Potato Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Hortaliças. The experiment was conducted at Água Limpa Farm, belonging to University of Brasilia (UnB), and consisted of a randomized block design, with 10 treatments (genotypes), 10 plants per plot, and four replications. The following traits were analyzed: number of perforations per root, incidence of roots injured by insects, plant resistance degree, root shape, total and marketable root yields, root peel color, root pulp color, pulp total soluble solids, pulp titratable acidity, pulp TSS/TA ratio, pulp moisture, and pulp starch yield. Genotype CNPH 53 (26.78 t ha-1) presented total root yield greater than the commercial variety Brazlândia Rosada (17.54 t ha-1). Genotype Santa Sofia (11.77 t ha-1) and Brazlândia (13.5 t ha-1) had similar marketable root yields. CNPH 53 showed the best agronomic performance, exhibiting moderate susceptibility to soil insects and root shape meeting the market standards. It also had low pulp TA (2.53%); high pulp TSS (12.25 °Brix) and pulp TSS/AT ratio (4.24); pulp moisture content close to 70%; and the highest pulp starch content (11.98%). The traits number of perforations per root, root shape, and pulp TA presented heritability values close to 70%. Marketable root yield, pulp moisture, and pulp starch content demonstrated heritability values greater than 90% and CVG/CVE greater than 1

A batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas) é uma hortícola rústica e de elevado potencial produtivo. No entanto, ainda é suscetível a grande número de pragas e doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dez genótipos de batata-doce quanto à produtividade e resistência a insetos de solo nas condições de solo do cerrado Brasileiro. Os genótipos avaliados foram selecionados do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa Hortaliças. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Água Limpa da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) utilizando delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com 10 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 10 plantas de batata-doce por parcela. As características avaliadas foram: número de furos por raiz, incidência de danos causados por insetos, grau de resistência da planta, formato de raiz, cor da casca da raiz, cor da polpa da raiz, produtividade total e comercial de raiz, e teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (AT), STT/AT, rendimento de amido e umidade da polpa. O genótipo CNPH 53 apresentou produtividade total (26,78 t ha-1) superior à variedade comercial Brazlândia Rosada (17,54 t ha-1). O genótipo Santa Sofia obteve produtividade comercial (11,77 t ha-1) próxima à variedade Brazlândia Rosada (13,75 t ha-1). O genótipo CNPH 53 apresentou o melhor desempenho agronômico, exibindo suscetibilidade moderada aos insetos de solo e formato de raiz dentro dos padrões comerciais. Apresentou também baixa acidez (2,53%); alto teor de sólidos solúveis (12,25 °Brix) e de ratio (4,24); teor de umidade da polpa próximo a 70% e maior teor de amido na polpa (11,98%). As características número de furos, formato e acidez apresentaram valores de herdabilidade próximos de 70%. A produtividade comercial, umidade e amido da polpa demonstraram valores de herdabilidade acima de 90% e CVg/CVe maior que 1

Agro-economic profitability of sweet potato cultivars as a function of the harvest age and times of cultivation in the semi-arid / Rentabilidade de cultivares de batata-doce em função da idade de colheita e épocas de cultivo no semiárido

The objective of this work was to evaluate the profitability of sweet potato cultivars, harvested at different ages and cultivated in different periods (rainy and dry) in the municipality of Mossoró, semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatments arranged in split plots scheme. The plots were composed of three sweet potato cultivars (ESAM 1, Paraná and Mother of Family) and the subplots for five harvest ages (90 , 105, 120, 135 and 150 days after transplanting - DAT). Productivity of commercial roots and production costs was evaluated, as well as the economic indicators: gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. Independently of the growing periods, the productivity of commercial roots increased with the later harvest of the crop and differentiated the cultivars. Production costs averaged R$ 6,087.97 ha-1 in the rainy season and R$ 6,181.42 ha-1 in the dry period. Labor expenditures were the most impacting of total expenditures. The cultivars ESAM 1 and Paraná presented higher productivities of commercial roots and profitability when cultivated in the rainy season, while Paraná cultivar was superior to the other cultivars in the crop in the dry season. In both growing periods, the harvest age of 150 DAT promoted higher productivities of commercial roots and profitability to sweet potato production.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a rentabilidade de cultivares de batata-doce, colhidas em diferentes idades e cultivadas em períodos distintos (chuvoso e seco) no município de Mossoró, semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e tratamentos arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas formadas por três cultivares de batata-doce (ESAM 1, Paraná e Mãe de Família) e as subparcelas por cinco idades de colheita (90, 105, 120, 135 e 150 dias após o transplantio ­ DAT). Avaliaram-se produtividade de raízes comerciais e custos de produção, assim como os indicadores econômicos: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade. Independentemente dos períodos de cultivo, a produtividade de raízes comerciais aumentou com a colheita mais tardia da cultura e diferenciou as cultivares. Os custos de produção foram em média da ordem de R$ 6.087,97 ha-1 no período chuvoso e R$ 6.181,42 ha-1 no período seco. As despesas com mão de obra foram as mais impactantes nas despesas totais. As cultivares ESAM 1 e Paraná apresentaram maiores produtividades de raízes comerciais e lucratividades quando cultivadas no período chuvoso, enquanto a Paraná foi superior as demais cultivares no cultivo na época seca. Em ambas as épocas de cultivo, a idade de colheita de 150 DAT promoveu maiores produtividades de raízes comerciais e rentabilidade à produção de batata-doce.

Field adaptation of sweet potato genotypes enriched of ß - carotene, in the state of Goiás / Adaptação no campo de genótipos de batata-doce enriquecidos de ß-caroteno, no estado de Goiás

Most sweet potato genotypes marketed in Brazil have white, yellow or cream pulp color with negligible carotenoid contents. The use of beta-carotene rich sweet potato materials may contribute to improve people welfare, especially those at critical nutritional conditions. The yield-related traits and marketable tuber quality of 10 beta-carotene biofortified (or not) sweet potato genotypes were assessed in a Brazilian Cerrado area. Differences for all traits were found, with some materials prevailing. However, four of them (CNPH 1190, CNPH 1206, CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310) showed good adaptability. CNPH 1210 had the highest yield (52.21 ton ha-1), 4.28 times higher than the Brazilian sweet potato average yield. CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310 had the highest tuber numbers and the most preferred mass class for consumers, and therefore, they furnished the best marketable genotypes. Nevertheless, the materials CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310 (both orange-fleshed sweet potatoes) stood out for tuber market quality. Our results may stimulate organized civil society efforts to improve the production and consumption of beta-carotene-rich sweet potato materials in municipalities in the Brazilian Cerrado.

A maioria dos genótipos de batata-doce comercializados no Brasil tem cor de polpa branca, amarela ou creme, com conteúdo desprezível de carotenóides. O uso de materiais de batata-doce ricos em beta-caroteno pode contribuir para melhorar o bem-estar das pessoas, especialmente aquelas em condições nutricionais críticas. Características relacionadas ao rendimento e a qualidade comercial dos tubérculos de 10 genótipos de batata-doce biofortificada (ou não) com beta-caroteno foram avaliadas em uma área do Cerrado brasileiro. Diferenças para todas as características foram encontradas, com alguns materiais predominantes. No entanto, quatro deles (CNPH 1190, CNPH 1206, CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310) mostraram boa adaptabilidade. O CNPH 1210 teve o maior rendimento (52,21 ton ha-1), 4,28 vezes maior que o rendimento nacional médio da batata-doce brasileira. CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310 tiveram o maior número de tubérculos e a classe de massamais preferida para os consumidores e, portanto, forneceram os melhores genótipos comercializáveis. Noentanto, os materiais CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310 (ambos batata-doce de polpa alaranjada) destacaram-se pelaqualidade dos tubérculos comerciais. Nossos resultados podem estimular esforços da sociedade civil organizada para melhorar a produção e consumo de materiais de batata-doce ricos em beta-caroteno em municípios contidos no Cerrado brasileiro.

Preference of red mite Tetranychus ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae) to sweet potato genotypes / Preferência do ácaro vermelho Tetranychus ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae) por genótipos de batata-doce

Abstract Tetranychus ludeni damages the sweet potato. Pest development can vary between plant genotypes. The objective was to identify the preference of Tetranychus ludeni for Ipomoea batatas genotypes, from the germplasm bank at the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM). Natural infestations of this mite were observed on 54 sweet potato genotypes in potted, in a greenhouse. Three mite-infested leafs of each genotype were collected and analyzed. The red mite showed different population density rate in genotypes. The BD 29 genotype was found to be highly susceptible, the BD 08, BD 57, BD 17 and Espanhola genotypes were moderately susceptible, and the others forty-nine genotypes showed low susceptibility to the mite.

Resumo Tetranychus ludeni danifica plantas de batata-doce. O desenvolvimento de pragas pode variar entre genótipos de plantas. O objetivo foi identificar a preferência de T. ludeni para genótipos de Ipomoea batatas do banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM). Infestações naturais deste ácaro foram observadas em 54 genótipos de batata doce plantados em vasos e mantidos em estufa. Três folhas infestadas por ácaros, de cada genótipo, foram coletadas e analisadas. Tetranychus ludeni mostrou diferentes taxas de crescimento populacional entres os genótipos. O genótipo BD 29 foi altamente suscetível, os BD 08, BD 57, BD 17 e Espanhola foram moderadamente suscetíveis e os outros 49 genótipos mostraram baixa suscetibilidade ao ácaro.

Ornamental potential of sweet potato accessions / Potencial ornamental de acessos de batata-doce

Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] is a multipurpose plant due to the different uses for its roots, leaves, and branches. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ornamental potential of sweet potato accessions from the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. The morphological characterization and evaluation of the ornamental potential used five accessions with distinct leaf shape (CNPH 980, CNPH 1205, CNPH 895, CNPH 796, CNPH 1284) and 12 qualitative and quantitative descriptors [plant type (PT), leaf lobe type (LLT), immature leaf color (ILC), leaf lobe number (LLN), branch color (BC), shape of central leaf lobe (SCLL), petiole pigmentation (PP), mature leaf size (MLS), mature leaf color (MLC), leaf shape (LS), branch yield (BY), and root yield (RY)]. In the evaluation of the ornamental potential, each criterion was scored from 10 (minimum) to 100 (maximum). Leaf lobe number was the trait that pleased the evaluators the most, and the greater the number of lobes, the greater was the ornamental potential. CNPH 980, CNPH 1205, and CNPH 1284 stood out for this trait. CNPH 1284 (almost divided leaf type) had the greatest score and was considered, by the evaluators, as the accession with the most harmonious aesthetics, indicating a great ornamental potential for the consumer market. All accessions studied presented considerable ornamental potential and could be used in floral arrangements or garden beds.

A batata-doce [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] é uma planta com diferentes aptidões de uso das suas raízes, folhas e hastes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial ornamental de acessos de batata-doce oriundas do banco de germoplasma mantidos na Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, DF, Brasil. Para a caracterização morfológica e avaliação do potencial ornamental, foram escolhidos cinco acessos com formatos de folhas diferentes (CNPH 980, CNPH 1205, CNPH 895, CNPH 796, CNPH 1284) e utilizados doze descritores qualitativos e quantitativos [tipo de planta (TP), tipo de lóbulo da folha (TLF), cor da folha imatura (CFI), número de lóbulos por folha (NLF), cor das ramas (CR), formato do lóbulo central (FLC), pigmento no pecíolo (PP), tamanho da folha madura (TFM), cor da folha madura (CFM), formato da folha (FF), produção de ramas (BY) e produção de raízes (RY)]. Na avaliação do potencial ornamental, cada critério foi pontuado por meio de notas variando de 10 (mínimo) a 100 (máximo). A característica número de lóbulos da folha foi a que mais agradou os avaliadores. Observou-se que quanto mais lóbulos, maior o potencial ornamental, sendo que os acessos CNPH 980, CNPH 1205 e CNPH 1284 se destacaram para essa característica. CNPH 1284, com folhas no formato quase dividido, obteve a maior nota e foi considerado como o acesso com a estética mais harmoniosa, indicando grande potencial ornamental para o mercado consumidor, na opinião dos avaliadores. Os cinco acessos estudados apresentaram considerável potencial ornamental, podendo ser usados como forragem, complementos para arranjos florais ou como jardineiras.

A medium supplemented with vegetable extract used for cellulose production of Rhodococcus SP. MI 2 / Meio suplementado com extrato vegetal utilizado na produção de celulose de Rhodococcus SP. MI 2

In this study, the most suitable vegetable extract was screened to use as non-conventional nutrient sources for cellulose production of Rhodococcus sp. MI 2. SH medium or a synthetic medium was used as a conventional or control medium. Cha-poo (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) were 2 out of 14 vegetable extracts chosen as medium supplements. Rhodococcus sp. MI 2 gave the highest cellulose yield in a medium supplemented with Cha-poo extract. The optimum culture conditions in the medium supplemented with Cha-poo extract at room temperature (25o C) under static condition were 5% (v v-1) inoculum size, a 6 -day -incubation period, pH 3, 3% sucrose, and 0.5% (NH4)2SO4. The cellulose yield in the medium supplemented with Cha-poo extract was increased about 3 times (6.83 g L-1 during 6 days) higher than that obtained before optimizing (2.39 g L-1 during 6 days). The medium supplemented with Cha-poo extract cost one quarter (0.5 USD L-1 of medium) of the SH medium (1.9 USD L-1 of medium). The structure of the microfibrils of cellulose produced by Rhodococcus sp. MI 2 in a medium supplemented with Cha-poo extract observed by SEM had larger, less crowded fibrils than those produced in the medium supplemented with sweet potato extract. In addition, the microfibrils of the former had many beehive shaped knots whereas those of the latter had mantle-like surrounding the fibrils.

Neste estudo, o extrato vegetal mais adequado foi triado para uso como fontes não convencionais de nutrientes para produção de celulose de Rhodococcus sp. MI 2. Utilizou-se um meio SH ou meio sintético como meio convencional ou de controle. Cha-poo (Piper sarmentosum Roxb.) e batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) foram 2 dos 14 extratos vegetais escolhidos como suplementos do meio. Rhodococcus sp. MI 2 deu o maior rendimento de celulose em um meio suplementado com extrato de Cha-poo. As condições ótimas de cultivo no meio suplementado com extrato de Cha-poo em temperatura ambiente (25 ºC) em condição estática foram 5% (v v-1) do tamanho do inóculo, um período de 6 dias de incubação, pH 3, 3% de sacarose, e 0,5% (NH4) 2SO4. O rendimento de celulose no meio suplementado com extrato de Cha-poo foi aumentado cerca de 3 vezes (6,83 g L-1 durante 6 dias), maior do que o obtido antes da otimização (2,39 g L-1 durante 6 dias). O meio suplementado com extrato de Cha-poo custou um quarto (0,5 USD L-1 de meio) do meio SH (1,9 USD L-1 de meio). A estrutura das microfibrilas de celulose produzidas por Rhodococcus sp. MI 2 em meio suplementado com extrato de Cha-poo, observado por MEV, apresentou fibrilas maiores e menos congestionadas do que aquelas produzidas no meio suplementado com extrato de batata-doce. Além disso, as microfibrilas do primeiro possuíam muitos nós em forma de colmeia, enquanto os do último tinham um aspecto tipo manto ao redor das fibras.

Correlation of phytochemical content with antioxidant potential of various sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in West Java, Indonesia

Objective:To determine antioxidant activity and phytochemical content from various tubers extracts of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and to explore the correlation of phytochemical content with their antioxidant activities.Methods:Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays.Total phenolic was calculated by Folin-Cioealteu reagent,flavonoid content by Chang's method and correlation with their antioxidant activities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results:PO2 showed highest antioxidant activity,which had the lowest IC50 DPPH (10.54 μg/mL) and the lowest EC5o FRAP (11.14 μg/mL).PO2 showed the highest total phenolic (11.91 g GAE/100 g) and total flavonoid content (17.83 g QE/100 g).There were significantly negative correlation between total phenolic content and flavonoid content in sample PO with their IC5o DPPH and EC5o FRAP.IC50 DPPH of sample PP and PO showed significantly positive correlation with their EC5o FRAP.Conclusions:Result of DPPH method shows that all different ethyl acetate and ethanolic tubers extracts of four varieties of sweet potato are classified as strong and very strong antioxidant.Result of DPPH and FRAP methods indicates that phenolic and flavonoid compounds in sample PO contributes together to antioxidant activities.Antioxidant activities of sample PP and PO by DPPH method are linear to FRAP method.

Drying model, kinetics, and stability of four rattan Chinese medicinal materials / 中草药

Objective: To establish the common model of four kinds of rattan traditional Chinese medicinal materials (TCMM) (Paederiae Scandens Caulis, Lonicerae Japonicae Caulis, Polygoni Multiflori Caulis, and Ipomoea batatas Caulis) determinate the drying kinetic parameters, and study the stability of active ingredients in the drying process. Methods: The experimental data of four rattan TCMM were fitted to the nine thin layer models (Page, Wang and Singh, Two-term exponential, Newton, Logarithmic, Aghbashlo, Two-term, Midilli, Diffusion approach) at the temperature of 40, 50, 60, and 70 ℃. R2, χ2, and RMSE were used as the criterion of fit. Fick diffusion law was used to calculate the drying dynamical parameters. Based on the principle of chemical kinetics, the stability of active ingredients in the drying process was studied. Results: Aghbashlo model was the best one to describe drying process of four rattan TCMM. The effective moisture diffusion coefficients D and activation energy Ea of four rattan TCMM were between 1 × 10−10 and 1 × 10−9 m2/s and 40—50 kJ/mol respectively. The degradation reactions of ursolic acid, THSG, and polysaccharide conformed to the first-order kinetic equation. The content of chlorogenic acid increased with the drying temperature and drying time increased. Conclusion: The drying dynamical parameters values of TCMM with different parts have different ranges, their drying process should be described by a common model. The quality of TCMM was affected greatly by drying process.

Correlation of phytochemical content with antioxidant potential of various sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in West Java, Indonesia

Objective: To determine antioxidant activity and phytochemical content from various tubers extracts of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and to explore the correlation of phytochemical content with their antioxidant activities. Methods: Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays. Total phenolic was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoid content by Chang's method and correlation with their antioxidant activities were analyzed by Pearson's method. Results: PO2 showed highest antioxidant activity, which had the lowest IC

Phytoene Synthase Gene ( PSY ) from Sweet Potato ( Ipomoea batatas Lam) Enhances Tolerance to Abiotic Stress

ABSTRACT Phytoene synthase (PSY) is the rate-limiting enzyme for carotenoid biosynthesis. To date, several studies focused on PSY genes in the context of abiotic stress responses. In this study, two phytoene synthase encoding genes, IbPSY1 and IbPSY2, were identified from a published transcriptome and bioinformatic analysis showed that they shared conserved domains with phytoene synthases from other plants. The IbPSY1 gene was cloned and carefully characterized. Digital gene expression profiling (DGE) showed that the highest transcription level of IbPSY1 was in young leaves, and the lowest level was in stems. In vivo expression levels of IbPSY1 under abiotic stress were observed to be highest in stems at day 11. Over-expression of IbPSY1 in Escherichia coli and yeast cells endowed the cells with better growth under salt and drought stress than the control cells. This study demonstrated that IbPSY1 not only played an important role in vivo, but also in E. coli and yeast to improve tolerance to salinity and drought stress. Thus, IbPSY1 may be aid in the development of transgenic plants with enhanced stress tolerance.

Determinação de paraquate em batatas / Determination of paraquat in potatoes

O Paraquate (1,1'-dimetil-4,4'-bipiridina- dicloreto) é herbicida amplamente utilizado em vários países para diferentes culturas. O objetivo é determinar a concentração de Paraquate em batatas comercializadas em diferentes estabelecimentos da zona leste de São Paulo. Foram coletadas 12 (doze) amostras de batatas adquiridas no comércio varejista (sacolões, ou seja, do de frutas, verduras e legumes; supermercados e feiras livres) da zona leste do município de São Paulo. A quantificação do Paraquate foi baseada na reação de complexação com o ditionito de sódio, gerando composto de cor azulada, cuja absorvância foi lida em espectrofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 600nm. Foi construída a curva padrão e a determinada a equação da reta (y = 1,6448x e R2= 0,9945). O limite de tolerância do herbicida em alimentos é de 0,2 partes por milhão ou 0,2 mg/kg, enquanto que a ingestão diária aceitável (IDA) é de 0,004 mg/kg de peso corpóreo. Assim, pode-se observar que os valores encontrados em três amostras estão acima do limite máximo permitido, enquanto quatro apresentaram concentrações muito próximas ao limite. Os resultados permitem inferir que existe a necessidade de intensificação na fiscalização nos locais de comercialização de alimentos produzidos com a utilização de agrotóxicos.(AU)

Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'- bipyridine-dichloride) is herbicide widely used in several countries in different plantations. The objective is to determine the concentration of Paraquat in potatoes, marketed in different establishments in the eastern zone of São Paulo. Twelve (12) samples of potatoes purchased from the retail trade ("sacolões", ie fruit, vegetable and vegetable markets, supermarkets and free markets) were collected from the eastern part of the city of São Paulo. The quantification of Paraquat was based on the reaction of complexation with the sodium dithionite, generating compound of blue color, whose absorbance was read in a spectrophotometer at wavelength of 600 nm. The standard curve was constructed and the equation of the line was determined (y = 1,6448x e R2 = 0,9945). The tolerance limit of the herbicide in foods is 0.2 parts per million or 0.2 mg/kg, while the acceptable daily intake (ADI) is 0.004 mg/kg body weight. Thus, it can be observed that the values found in three samples are above the maximum allowed limit, while four of them presented concentrations very close to the limit. The results allow inferring that there is a need for intensification in the inspection in the commercial places of food produced with the use of pesticides.