Vacunación contra la COVID-19, comportamiento humano y política pública analizados desde la economía conductual / Vaccination Against COVID-19: Human Behavior and Public Policy Analyzed from Behavioral Economics

La importancia de la vacunación para afrontar la pandemia de la COVID-19 que ha causado millones de muertes y cientos de millones de contagios, es determinante en el enfrentamiento del virus causal, sin embargo, la decisión de muchas personas de no vacunarse ha dado al traste con la política pública en materia de salud. Con el objetivo de develar el conocimiento sobre economía conductual que permite inducir mediante el diseño de las intervenciones conductuales, una modificación favorable del comportamiento en quienes deciden no vacunarse, se realizó un análisis cualitativo, con los métodos teóricos histórico-lógico y, deductivo e hipotético, del contenido revisado en Google Académico y Scientific Electronic Library Online. Las evidencias demostraron la utilidad de la economía conductual para modificar comportamientos asociados a enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles y, una posible solución para incrementar la cantidad de personas que se vacunan. La percepción de riesgo e incertidumbre, la cantidad de información, la presión social y varios heurísticos y sesgos cognitivos, son identificados como factores que influyen en la decisión de cada persona. El diseño de las intervenciones conductuales, que se centra en el empleo de los nudges y la metodología simple, atractivo, social y a tiempo en la arquitectura de la decisión, es una oportunidad para aumentar la cantidad de personas dispuestas a vacunarse(AU)

Society is facing a global pandemic, causing millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of infections. The importance of vaccination to face COVID-19 is decisive in the fight against the virus. However, many people have decided not to get vaccinated, ruining public health policy. The objective of this article is to apply knowledge about behavioral economics in the explanation of the behavior of those who decide not to be vaccinated, as well as the use of decision architecture and nudges for the design of behavioral interventions. The methodology used was qualitative, supported by bibliographic search and content analysis, with theoretical methods such as historical-logical analysis and deductive and hypothetical analysis. Behavioral economics has been used to modify behaviors associated with chronic non communicable diseases, so it can provide a solution to increase the number of people who are inoculated against the virus. The perception of risk and uncertainty, the amount of information and social pressure are identified as factors that influence the decision, as well as various heuristics and cognitive biases. The design of behavioral interventions should employ nudges in the decision architecture, starting from the simple, attractive, social and timely methodology as an opportunity to increase the number of people who are vaccinated(AU)

The experimental method in Public Administration: lessons from replication in Psychology / O método experimental na Administração Pública: algumas lições das replicações na Psicologia

Abstract In recent years, an increasing number of studies adopting the experimental method have appeared in Public Administration journals. It has been argued that the advantage of experiments in behavioral sciences is that researchers can control contextual factors while investigating the effect of manipulations on a variable of interest. Another point is that experiments can be replicated and, thus, increase confidence in research results. However, replications are rarely undertaken, especially in the behavioral sciences. This article examines the results of the "Open Science Reproducibility Project: Psychology," which replicated 100 experiments previously published in leading Psychology journals. Based on the findings of this project, we present seven recommendations to Public Administration scholars that can improve the quality of their experiments.

Resumen En los últimos años, han aparecido en revistas de Administración Pública un número creciente de estudios que adoptan el método experimental. Se ha argumentado que la ventaja de los experimentos en las ciencias del comportamiento es que permiten a los investigadores controlar los factores contextuales mientras investigan el efecto de las manipulaciones en una variable de interés. Otro argumento es que los experimentos se pueden reproducir y, por tanto, aumentar la confianza en los resultados de la investigación. Sin embargo, las repeticiones rara vez se realizan, especialmente en las ciencias del comportamiento. En este artículo examinamos los resultados del Open Science Reproducibility Project: Psychology, que repitió 100 experimentos publicados anteriormente en las principales revistas de Psicología. Con base en los hallazgos de este proyecto, presentamos siete recomendaciones a los académicos del área de Administración Pública que pueden mejorar la calidad de sus experimentos.

Resumo: Nos últimos anos, um número crescente de estudos adotando o método experimental tem surgido em periódicos de Administração Pública. Tem-se argumentado que a vantagem dos experimentos nas ciências comportamentais é que este permite aos pesquisadores controlar os fatores contextuais enquanto investigam o efeito das manipulações em uma variável de interesse. Outro argumento é que os experimentos podem ser replicados e, assim, aumentar a confiança nos resultados da pesquisa. No entanto, replicações raramente são realizadas, especialmente nas ciências comportamentais. Neste artigo, examinamos os resultados do Open Science Reproducibility Project: Psychology, que replicou 100 experimentos publicados anteriormente nas principais revistas de Psicologia. Com base nas conclusões deste projeto, apresentamos sete recomendações a acadêmicos da área de Administração Pública que podem melhorar a qualidade de seus experimentos.

An early PDP connectionist model for describing the behavioral phenomenon / Um modelo inicial do conexionismo PDP para descrever o fenômeno comportamental / Un modelo conexionista PDP inicial para describir els fenómeno del comportamiento

The focus of modern neuroscience on cognitive processes has relegated to behavior the epiphenomenal status of neural processing and the difficulties generated by this interpretation have encouraged the use of computational models. However, the implementation based on inferred cognitive constructs has been inefficient. The objective of this work was to review the concept of behavior by a selectionist approach and propose a connectionist computational model that operates integrally with its neurophysiological bases. The behavioral phenomenon was functionally defined and described at different levels of analysis. Functional levels make it possible to understand why behavioral phenomena exist, while topographic levels describe how morphophysiological mechanisms implement the response. The connectionist notions of PDP ANNs formalizes the proposal. The model stands out for contextualizing neural processing as part of the response, addressing the behavioral phenomenon as a whole that needs to be explained in its most different levels of analysis.

O enfoque das neurociências modernas nos processos cognitivos tem relegado ao comportamento o status de epifenômeno do processamento neural e as dificuldades geradas por essa interpretação incentivaram o uso de modelos computacionais. Entretanto, a implementação pautada em construtos cognitivos inferidos tem sido ineficiente. Foi objetivo desse trabalho revisar o conceito de comportamento pelo viés selecionista para se propor um modelo computacional conexionista que opere integradamente com suas bases neurofisiológicas. O fenômeno comportamental foi definido funcionalmente e descrito em diferentes níveis de análise. Os níveis funcionais possibilitam entender o porquê do fenômeno comportamental, enquanto que os níveis topográficos descrevem como os mecanismos morfofisiológicos implementam a resposta. A formalização do modelo foi realizada com noções conexionistas de RNAs de PDP. O modelo se destaca por contextualizar o processamento neural como parte da resposta, tratando o fenômeno comportamental como um todo que precisa ser explicado em seus mais diferentes níveis de análise.

El enfoque de las neurociencias modernas en los procesos ha relegado al comportamiento el status de epifenómeno del procesamiento neural y las dificultades generadas por esa interpretación incentivaron el uso de modelos computacionales. Sin embargo, la implementación pautada en construcciones cognoscitivas inferidas ha sido ineficiente. Fue objetivo de ese trabajo revisar el concepto de conducta por el sesgo seleccionista para proponer un modelo computacional conexionista que opere íntegramente con sus bases neurofisiológicas. El fenómeno conductual fue definió funcionalmente y descrito en diferentes niveles de análisis. Los niveles funcionales posibilitan entender el porqué del fenómeno conductual, mientras que los niveles topográficos describen cómo los mecanismos morfofisiológicos implementan la respuesta. La formalización del modelo fue realizada con nociones conectivistas de RNAs de PDP. El modelo se destaca por contextualizar el procesamiento neural como parte de la respuesta, tratando el fenómeno conductual como un todo que necesita ser explicado en sus más diferentes niveles de análisis.

Social Representations of Children in Relation to the Image of the Dentist

Objective: To identify the social representations of children in relation to the image of the dentist. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with quantitativequalitative approach. The sample consisted of 80 children of both sexes aged 7-10 years attended at a clinic-school of a university in eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. For data collection, the Test of Free Words Association (TALP) was used, with the word "dentist" as its inducing theme. The four items included in the research instrument were: 1) evoke up to five words or expressions related to the dentist; 2) to order each of them numerically, with number one being the most important and number five being the least important; 3) to conceptualize the one elected as number one; and 4) to justify the reason for that choice. The EVOC software was used to carry out quantitative analyses and the Analysis of Content of Bardin for qualitative analyses. Results: The words that composed the central nucleus of social representations were "tooth", "pain", "brushing" and "treats". This grouping of ideas points to the following conceptual formulation: "The dentist is someone who 'brushes' and 'treats' teeth, but sometimes performs procedures that cause 'pain'. The categories abstracted from participants' discourse were "oral health", "personal characteristics of the dentist" and "child-dentist interaction". Conclusion: Children presented predominantly positive image regarding the dentist.

Impact of sense of coherence on oral health-related quality of life among Brazilian adults

Abstract It has been postulated that oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may be affected by the sense of coherence (SOC), but there are no epidemiological studies investigating this association in Brazilian adults. The present study was conducted among adults of a mid-sized Brazilian city, with the aim of looking into this association. The probability sampling consisted of 342 adults aged 35-44 years old, from a mid-sized Brazilian city, who were examined at their homes for caries (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth [DMFT] Index) and periodontal disease (Community Periodontal Index - CPI), according to WHO criteria. The questionnaire applied included demographic factors, socioeconomic information, use of dental services, behavior, SOC and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP). The OHIP outcome, measured by prevalence of the impact, was analyzed by binary logistic regression using a hierarchical approach, a conceptual model, and a 5% significance level. A total of 67.9% of the respondents had one or more impacts on OHRQoL, and 54.4% showed a high SOC. The impact on OHRQoL was more prevalent in adults who had a manual occupation (PR = 2.47, 95%CI 1.24-4.93), those who perceived the need for dental treatment (PR = 2.93, 95%CI 1.67-5.14), and those who had untreated caries (PR = 1.93, 95%CI 1.07-3.47). Those with a low SOC had a twofold higher prevalence of impact on OHRQoL (PR = 2.19, 95%CI 1.29-3.71). This impact on OHRQoL was associated with a low SOC, even after adjusted by socioeconomic, behavioral and clinical factors. Future studies should consider the SOC in determining the oral health impact on quality of life.

Does the trait anxiety affect the dental fear?

Abstract The aims of the present study were to evaluate possible associations between trait anxiety, dental fear and the predictors of these interactions including demographic characteristics and dental history of patients applied to the dental care center in Ankara, Turkey. A sample of 607 participants (mean age: 21.02 ± 2.32) responded to a Turkish version of the Modified Dental Fear Survey (MDFS), the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and a questionnaire regarding previous negative dental experience. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between dental fear and the independent variables including trait anxiety, age groups, education level, dental visit frequency, experience and the source of dental knowledge. There was a trend for increasing in trait anxiety scores with greater levels of dental fear in a medium level of the dental fear group (OR = 1.055, 95%CI [1.025–1.086]; p < 0.001) and in a high level of the dental fear group (OR = 1.090 [1.057–1.124]; p < 0.001). Comparing to the low level of dental fear group; participants of medium dental fear level intended more likely to go to the dentist when they have a complaint instead of regularly going (odds ratio; OR = 3.177, 95%CI [1.304–7.741]; p = 0.011). Participants of high dental fear level tended to be less likely to have experienced no problem (OR = 0.476, 95%CI [0.284–0.795]; p = 0.005) than the low level of the dental fear group. We strongly indicate that higher dental fear scores have a predisposition of having high trait anxiety scores. Unpleasant dental experiences increased the risk for high dental fear levels. Patients with dental fear tended only to visit a dentist when necessary, avoiding regular visits.

Ansiedad dental en adultos chilenos que concurren a un servicio de salud primaria / Dental anxiety in Chilean adults who attend a primary care health service

El objetivo fue identificar el nivel de ansiedad dental en una muestra de adultos chilenos que concurren a un servicio de atención de salud primaria. Se realizó un estudio transversal, obteniendo una muestra de 174 adultos, con edades entre los 20 y 70 años, pertenecientes al área urbana de Santiago de Chile, y que acudían en calidad de acompañantes de niños(as) que asistían a atención dental. Se registraron datos socio-demográficos y fecha de último control dental. Se aplicó la escala de ansiedad dental de Corah. Se realizaron estadísticos descriptivos, prueba t, prueba U de Mann Whitney y prueba de Spearman. Se trabajó con un error de significancia del 5 %. Un 37,9% de la muestra presentó ansiedad dental, en sus niveles moderado (16,1 %), severo (13,2 %) y fobia dental (8,6 %). A nivel educacional, los sujetos con educación básica completa presentaron la mayor frecuencia (57,1 %) de ansiedad, mientras que los de educación superior incompleta presentaron la menor frecuencia (25 %). No se observaron asociaciones entre ansiedad dental y edad, sexo, nivel educacional, índice per cápita y último control dental. La muestra de adultos encuestados de Santiago de Chile presentó altos niveles de ansiedad dental en comparación con países desarrollados. Se recomienda realizar más estudios en dicha población para determinar las variables que explican el problema de la ansiedad dental en la población chilena.

The objective of this study is to identify the level of dental anxiety in a sample of Chilean adults who attend a service of primary health care. A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of 174 caregivers of pediatric dental patients, aged between 20 and 70 years, belonging to the urban area of Santiago de Chile. A questionnaire that included socio-demographic information (sex, age, educational level, income per capita index and last dental visit) were registered. Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale was applied. Descriptive statistics and t-test, U-Mann Whitney test and Spearman test was used. An error of significance of 5% was applied. 37.9 % of thesample shows dental anxiety in their moderate levels (16.1 %), severe (13.2 %) and dental phobia (8.6 %). Of the subjects who had dental anxiety, the majority had moderate anxiety (42.4 %). In an educational level, subjects with complete basic education have the highest rate (57.1 %) of anxiety, while incomplete higher education had the lowest rate (25 %). Adults between 50 and 59 years reported greater presence of dental anxiety. There were not significant associations between dental anxiety and age, sex, educational level, per capita rate and last dental visit. The sample of adults surveyed in Santiago de Chile presented high levels of dental anxiety compared to other developed countries. We recommend further studies in this population to determine the variables that explain the problem of dental anxiety in the Chilean population.

Stickers versus wafers: the value of resource in a public goods game with children / Adesivos versus wafers: o valor do recurso em um jogo de bens públicos com crianças / Pegatinas versus obleas: el valor del recurso en un juego de bienes públicos con niños

We investigated how the type of resource, food (wafer) or non-food (sticker), age and sex influence cooperation in children. 251 children were tested in a public goods game during eight rounds in two experimental conditions: wafer or sticker condition. Wafers were all of the same kind but stickers were varied. The results indicated that 1) older children donated more stickers than younger children, but they did not differ in relation to wafer donations; and 2) sticker donations remained high along the rounds, while wafer donations decreased. We propose that different strategies may be adopted according to the quality, particularly to the diversity of the resource used, and the cost of cooperation may be overcome when it is more advantageous to wait for a future reward.

Investigamos como o tipo de recurso, alimentar (wafer) ou não-alimentar (adesivo), a idade e o sexo influenciam a cooperação em crianças. Foram testadas 251 crianças em um jogo de bens públicos durante oito rodadas, em duas condições experimentais: condições wafer ou adesivo. Os wafers eram todos iguais, mas os adesivos eram variados. Os resultados indicaram que 1) as crianças mais velhas doaram mais adesivos do que as crianças mais jovens, mas elas não diferiram em relação às doações de wafers; e 2) as doações de adesivos mantiveram-se elevadas ao longo das rodadas, enquanto as doações de wafers diminuíram. Propomos que diferentes estratégias podem ser adotadas de acordo com a qualidade, particularmente quanto à diversidade do recurso utilizado, e o custo de cooperar pode ser superado quando é mais vantajoso esperar por uma recompensa.

Investigamos como el tipo de recurso, alimentar (oblea) o no alimentar (pegatina), la edad y el género influyen en la cooperación de los niños. 251 niños fueron investigados en ocho partidos de un juego de bienes públicos, en dos condiciones experimentales: oblea o pegatina. Las obleas eran todas iguales, pero las pegatinas eran variadas. Los resultados indicaron que 1) los niños mayores donaron más pegatinas que los niños más pequeños, pero no difieren con respecto a las donaciones de obleas; y 2) las donaciones de pegatinas se mantuvieron altas durante las rondas, mientras que las donaciones de obleas disminuyeron. Proponemos que diferentes estrategias pueden ser adoptadas de acuerdo con la calidad, particularmente con respecto a la diversidad de los recursos utilizados, y el costo de la cooperación puede ser superado cuando es más ventajoso esperar por una recompensa futura mejor.

Creación de un cuestionario de clima organizacional para hospitales de alta complejidad, Chile / Creation of a Questionnaire of Organizational Climate for Hospitals of High Complexity, Chile / Criação de um questionário de clima organizacional para hospitais de alta complexidade, Chile

En el contexto de un sector salud chileno en proceso de transformaciones, se propuso crear un cuestionario validado para medir el clima organizacional en hospitales de alta complejidad. Para su formulación se identificaron dimensiones y variables de diversos autores y se revisaron diferentes cuestionarios, validaciones y constructos utilizados en diferentes propuestas a nivel internacional. La investigación es de tipo descriptivo, cuantitativo e inferencial y se realizó sobre una base de datos de 561 empleados hospitalarios, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario por la vía de una entrevista personalizada en el lugar de trabajo, que consta de 71 variables agrupadas en 14 dimensiones. La aplicación del instrumento, así como los estudios de validez y de confiabilidad, permitieron dar origen a un nuevo cuestionario validado que cuenta con 10 factores y 44 reactivos de alta confiabilidad, que explican el 52,181% de la varianza total, alcanzando un alfa de Cronbach total de 0,89.

In the context of a Chilean health sector undergoing a process of transformations, it was proposed to create a validated questionnaire to measure the organizational climate in high complexity hospitals. In order to prepare it, dimensions and variables by diverse authors were identified and diverse questionnaires, validations and constructs used in different proposals at the international level were reviewed. The research is descriptive, quantitative and inferential and it was conducted on a database of 561 hospital employees, to whom a questionnaire was applied, through a personalized interview at their work place, consisting of 71 variables grouped in 14 dimensions. The application of the instrument, as well as the validity and reliability studies, allowed giving origin to a new validated questionnaire with 10 factors and 44 high-reliability reagents that explain 52.181 % of the total variance, reaching a total Cronbach's alpha 0.89.

No contexto de um processo de transformações do setor saúde chileno, propõe-se criar um questionário validado para medir o clima organizacional em hospitais de alta complexidade. Para sua formulação dimensões e variáveis de diversos autores foram identificadas e se revisaram diferentes questionários, validações e construtos utilizados em diferentes propostas do nível internacional. A pesquisa é de tipo descritivo, quantitativo e inferencial e foi realizado sobre uma base de dados de 561 funcionários hospitalares, a quem foi aplicado questionário pela via de entrevista pessoalizada no local de trabalho, que consta de 71 variáveis agrupadas em 14 dimensões. A aplicação do instrumento, bem como os estudos de validez e confiabilidade, permitiu dar origem a um novo questionário validado que conta com 10 fatores e 44 reagente de alta confiabilidade, que explicam o 52,181% da variância total, atingindo um alfa de Cronbach total de 0,89.

5. Enhancing Behavioral and Social Sciences in Medical School Curricula / 医学教育

<p>　As psychological, behavioral, and social factors have a significant impact on health and illness, approaches to these factors are important in medical practice. From the perspectives of global standards of medical education, medical curricula with emphasis on behavioral and social sciences are necessary. The behavioral and social science contents of medical education in the U.S. include six domains: mind-body interactions in health and disease, patients' behavior, physicians' role and behavior, physician-patient interactions, social and cultural issues in health care, and health policy and economics. We need to develop educational outcomes, strategies, assessment, and faculty development to incorporate behavioral and social sciences into medical curricula in Japan.</p>

Ethics Review for Social and Behavioral Sciences Research / 中国医学伦理学

The social and behavioral research in promoting human health and the impact on human social relations and structures has been confirmed .With the development of social and behavioral science , the importance of ethics review for the research is also increased .Despite its uniqueness , the basic principles of ethics in social and behavioral research are consistent with other biomedical studies .This paper introduces ethics review points of social and behavioral research from the research design , risk and benefits , informed consent , deception and debriefing , expedited review , exemption of ethics review, privacy and confidentiality .This paper also introduces the relevant experiences from Europe and America giving references for the domestic professionals .

All the Vice Chancellor’s Neuroscientists: Unity to Achieve Success in Solving Malaysia’s Diseases via Upgrading Clinical Services and Neuroscience Research

President Obama of the United States of America announced this April the Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN for short) investment, while Professor Henry Markram’s team based in the European Union will spend over a billion euros on the Human Brain Project, breaking through the unknowns in the fifth science of the decade: Neuroscience. Malaysia's growth in the same field needs to be augmented, and thus the Universiti Sains Malaysia’s vision is to excel in the field of clinical brain sciences, mind sciences, and neurosciences. This will naturally bring up the level of research in the country simultaneously. Thus, a center was recently established to coordinate this venture. The four-year Integrated Neuroscience Program established recently will  be a sustainable source of neuroscientists for the country. We hope to establish ourselves by 2020 as a global university with neurosciences research as an important flagship.

Age Differences in the Relation of Perceived Neighborhood Environment to Walking among Chinese adult women dwelling in urban area / 体力科学

Evidence from Western countries suggests that built environmental attributes can influence the physical activity participation in adults, but whether or not this is the case for Chinese is unknown. Also, the strength of the relationship of environment to physical activity may differ by age group. The present study examined age-related differences in associations between perceived neighborhood environment and walking in Chinese women dwelling in Beijing. Cross-sectional data were collected through an internet-based survey. Total of 737 women aged 30 to 59 years responded. All of them were then divided into three groups based on the age: aged from 30-39, from 40-49 and from 50-59. In addition to socio demographic information, the perceived neighborhood environment was measured by Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale Questionnaire, and their walking time per week was collected through International Physical Activity Questionnaire. To measure relationship between perceived neighborhood environment and walking time, partial correlations were computed, adjusting for socio demographics. Walking time was significantly related to residential density in aged 40-49 years, and land use mix-access, walking/cycling facilities, traffic safety variables in aged 50-59 years. The present study indicates that there would be differences in associations between neighborhood attributes by age-groups. Future, public health promotion of walking activity and the design of interventions need to consider the contribution of neighborhood level built environment influences.

Assessment of behavioral and handling practices during slaughter cattle as indicators of animal welfare / Evaluación de la conducta y las prácticas de manejo durante el sacrificio bovino, como indicadores de bienestar animal / Avaliação do comportamento e do manejo durante o abate bovino como indicadores de bem estar animal

A Cross-sectional study in two commercial slaughterhouses has been undertaken in order to evaluate animal welfare practices during the stunning and bleeding using behavioral indicators. 100 bovines were observed in each slaughterhouse. Signs of loss of consciousness (corneal reflex, attempts to incorporate, vocalizations, rhythmic breathing and others) as well as behavioral indicators (slipping, falling and vocalizations) were assessed to identify animal welfare standards. Besides, the delay until the application of the method, the number of shots per animal and their location; the interval between stunning and bleeding, and the time of bleeding were measured. The study of behavioral indicators showed serious animal welfare problems. Despite 97% of animals (plant A) collapsed immediately after the first shot, 45% recovered sensitivity during the bleeding. The return of the sensitivity of the evaluated cows was associated with long time intervals between the effective stunning and bleeding in the two plants, but remained statistically significant in plant A (p˂0,05). It was concluded that the problems of inefficiency of stunning were associated to the poor design of stunning boxes, education and training of the staff, lack of animal welfare indicators and absence of any audit.

Se realizó un estudio transversal en dos plantas de sacrificio comerciales, con el objetivo de evaluar las prácticas de bienestar animal, mediante indicadores conductuales durante la insensibilización y la sangría. Se estudiaron100 bovinos en cada planta. Se evaluaron los signos de pérdida de sensibilidad (reflejo corneal, intentos de incorporarse, vocalizaciones, respiración rítmica y otros) e indicadores conductuales de pérdida de bienestar animal (deslizarse, caídas y vocalizaciones). Se midió el número de disparos por animal, localización correcta del impacto, tiempo entre la insensibilización y la sangría, así como la duración del sangrado . Los indicadores evaluados demostraron problemas graves de bienestar animal. A pesar de que se logró el colapso de los animales durante el primer disparo en alta proporción en la planta A (97%), el 45% de los animales recobró la sensibilidad durante la sangría. El retorno de la sensibilidad de los bovinos evaluados estuvo relacionado con los largos intervalos de tiempo entre la insensibilización efectiva y la sangría en las dos plantas, pero siendo estadísticamente significativo en la planta A (p˂0,05). Se concluye que los problemas de la ineficacia de la insensibilización estuvieron relacionados con fallas de diseño de los cajones de insensibilización, capacitación y entrenamiento del personal, ausencia de indicadores de bienestar animal y falta de auditoría.

Um estudo transversal realizou-se em duas plantas de abate comercial, a fim de avaliar as práticas de bem-estar animal durante o atordoamento e a sangria, por meio de indicadores comportamentais. Estudaram-se 100 animais em cada abatedouro, sendo avaliados quanto aos sinais de perda de sensibilidade (reflexo da córnea, tentativas de parar, vocalizações e respiração rítmica) e os indicadores comportamentais de perda de bem-estar animal (queda, deslizamento, e vocalizações). Mediram-se o número de tiros por animal, o local correto de impacto, o tempo entre atordoamento e a sangria, e a duração da sangria. Os indicadores estudados mostraram problemas graves de bem-estar animal. Embora fosse possível o colapso dos animais durante o primeiro disparo em proporção elevada em planta A (97%), o 45% dos animais recuperaram a sensibilidade durante a sangria. O retorno da sensibilidade dos bovinos testados foi associado com longos intervalos de tempo entre a eficácia do atordoamento e sangria nas duas plantas, mas permaneceu estatisticamente significativa na planta A (p˂0,05). Conclui-se que os problemas de ineficiência do atordoamento foram relacionados com falências das caixas do atordoamento, treinamento e capacitação de pessoal, falta de indicadores de bem-estar animal e da auditoria.

Experiencias sobre el impacto del Programa de Formación en Ética de la Investigación Biomédica y Psicosocial en el ámbito de la salud mental y la investigación conductual / Experiências sobre o impacto do Programa de Formação em Ética da Pesquisa Biomédica e Psicossocial no âmbito da saúde mental e pesquisa comportamental / Experiences about the impact of the Ethics of Biomedical and Psychosocial Research Training Program in mental health and behavioral research field

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar el impacto y la integración que los conocimientos adquiridos en el Programa Internacional de Formación en Ética de la Investigación Biomédica y Psicosocial de la Universidad de Chile han tenido en mi experiencia profesional, en el ámbito de la investigación psicosocial en un Instituto de Salud de México. Para este objetivo, expondré tres áreas en las cuales se ha podido evidenciar tal impacto: trabajo en los comités de ética, desarrollo de programas de académicos en bioética e investigación y publicación sobre ética y bioética. El motivo que me llevó a incursionar en el Programa fue que su enseñanza vincula la investigación psicosocial con la ética y la bioética, lo cual me permitió dirigir este tipo de reflexión hacia problemas como violencia, suicidio, adicciones, depresión y salud mental, y a nuevos campos como los estudios comunitarios, con poblaciones en riesgo o vulnerables, en los cuales las diversas implicaciones son difíciles de indagar.

The purpose of this article is to present the impact and the integration of knowledge acquired in the international ethics of biomedical and psychosocial research training program of the University of Chile has had in my professional experience in the field of psychosocial research at a Mental Health Institute in Mexico. With this purpose, I will develop three areas of clear impact: participation in scientific ethical review committees, development of academic programs in bioethics and research and publication on ethics and bioethics. My motivation to enter in the program was that this training links psychosocial research with ethics and bioethics, which allows me to apply this type of reflection to problems such as violence, suicide, addictions, depression and mental health, and new fields such as community studies with vulnerable or at risk populations, in which the diverse implications are difficult to inquire.

O propósito deste trabalho é apresentar o impacto e a integração que os conhecimentos adquiridos no Programa Internacional de Formação em Ética da Pesquisa Biomédica e Psicossocial da Universidade do Chile tiveram em minha experiência profissional no âmbito da pesquisa psicossocial no Instituto de Saúde do México. Para este objetivo, mostrarei três áreas nas quais foi possível evidenciar tal impacto: trabalho nos comitês de ética, desenvolvimento de programas acadêmicos em bioética e pesquisa e publicação sobre ética e bioética. O motivo que me levou a incursionar no Programa foi que o seu aprendizado vincula a pesquisa psicossocial com a ética e a bioética, o que me permitiu dirigir este tipo de reflexão para problemas como violência, suicídio, toxicofilias, depressão e saúde mental, e a novos campos como os estudos comunitários com populações em risco ou vulneráveis, nas quais as diversas implicações são difíceis de indagar.

Evaluation of anxiety level changes during the first three months of orthodontic treatment / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in dental anxiety, state anxiety, and trait anxiety levels of patients and their parents after 3 months of active orthodontic treatment. METHODS: We evaluated 120 patients and one parent of each patient. State Anxiety (STAI-S), Trait Anxiety (STAI-T), and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) were administered before orthodontic treatment (T1) and after 3 months of treatment (T2). Differences in scores between T1 and T2 were compared using paired-sample t-tests and the relationship between the scores of the DAS and the STAI were analyzed using a bivariate two-tailed Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: Dental anxiety and state anxiety levels decreased among the patients after adjustment to orthodontic treatment (p 0.05). Patient trait anxiety affected patient state anxiety and dental anxiety (p < 0.01). Additionally, a significant correlation was found between patient dental anxiety and parent dental anxiety (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dental anxiety and state anxiety levels decrease after patients become familiar with their orthodontist and they became accustomed to orthodontic treatment. However, 3 months is not a sufficient length of time to decrease parental anxiety levels.

Clima organizacional y satisfacción laboral: Una comparación entre hospitales públicos de alta y baja complejidad / Organizational climate and job satisfaction: A comparison between high and low complexity public hospitals

Se busca conocer diferencias entre los trabajadores de hospitales, respecto de las variables Clima Organizacional y Satisfacción Laboral, y la relación entre estos constructos, en hospitales chilenos (del estado), comparándolos según sean de alta o baja complejidad. Es un estudio empírico transversal, se describen las organizaciones por medio de los cuestionarios de clima organizacional (autonomía, cohesión, confianza, presión, apoyo, reconocimiento, equidad e innovación) y de satisfacción laboral (satisfacción por el trabajo en general, satisfacción con el ambiente físico del trabajo, satisfacción con su trabajo, satisfacción con las oportunidades de desarrollo, satisfacción con la supervisión, satisfacción con la remuneración, satisfacción con la capacidad para decidir autónomamente y satisfacción con el reconocimiento) adaptado, desarrollado y validado. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.239 trabajadores de tres hospitales públicos y los valores del coeficiente de fiabilidad fueron de 0,9 lo que se considera bueno y definen una consistencia interna de las escalas. Los resultados muestran que en las dimensiones de las dos variables, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos tipos de hospitales. Respecto a las correlaciones, si comparamos en hospitales de alta y baja complejidad vemos que las relaciones más altas se dieron entre la dimensión de satisfacción laboral con supervisión y las dimensiones de clima organizacional apoyo e innovación, respectivamente. Lo que nos indica que, en general, les gusta su trabajo y aprecian la relación directa y estrecha entre directivos y subordinados, el énfasis está puesto en clima de apoyo y de innovación.

We examined differences in organizational climate and job satisfaction among hospital workers, as well as associations between these constructs in high and low complexity Chilean public hospitals. In this cross-sectional study, organizations were examined using measures of organizational climate (autonomy, cohesion, trust, pressure, support, recognition, equity and innovation) and job satisfaction (overall, satisfaction, as well as satisfaction with the physical work environment, job, professional development opportunities, supervision, salary, job control and recognition), using modified and validated scales. The study sample consisted of 1239 employees from three public hospitals; reliability coefficient values for the various scales was 0.9, indicating good internal consistency. No statistically significant differences were found between high and low complexity hospitals for either of the two outcome variables. When high and low complexity hospitals were compared, the highest correlations were observed between job satisfaction and satisfaction with supervision as well as between organizational support and innovation, Overall, these results indicate workers are satisfied with their jobs appreciate the direct and close relationships between supervision and subordinate staff, and favor a supportive and innovative work environment.

Art in the inclusion of children with special needs in dentistry / A arte na inclusão da criança especial na odontologia

The purpose of this study was to report the use of art and its segments as a source for inclusion of the children with special needs in dentistry. The application of the Art in social therapy activities and workshops was divided in modules: Session of Socialization, Complementary Workshops of Art and Activities, aiming at the cultural anamnesis and artistic preferences of the 313 participants, prior to their dental care treatment at CAOE (Center of Odontological Assistance to patients with special needs) FOA Unesp. According to preference of the participants that answered the questionnaires, the music and the painting are the artistic segments that proved to be most helpful in the activities of inclusion and adaptation. The authors concluded that the use of art in the adaptation and environmental inclusion of the patient, prior to dental procedures is favorable and efficient.

A proposta deste estudo é relatar a utilização da arte e seus segmentos, como recurso para inclusão da criança portadora de necessidades especiais ao ambiente odontológico. Foi utilizado como método a aplicação da arte em atividades de socioterapia e oficinas, divididas em módulos: sessão de socialização, oficinas de arte e atividades complementares, visando à elaboração de uma anamnese cultural por meio de questionários e a obtenção das preferências artísticas dos 313 participantes, previamente às suas assistências odontológicas no CAOE (Centro de Assistência Odontológica a Portadores de Necessidades Especiais) FOA/Unesp. De acordo com os questionários respondidos, a música e a pintura, segundo a preferência dos participantes, são os segmentos artísticos que mais auxiliam nas atividades de inclusão e adaptação. Concluímos que a utilização da arte na adaptação e inclusão ambiental do paciente, previamente à assistência odontológica, é favorável e eficaz.

Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and amitriptyline in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders: a pilot study

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and use of amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Forty-seven women (mean age = 35.4 years old) with chronic TMD were enrolled in the study and divided into 4 groups: amitriptyline; amitriptyline and CBT; placebo and CBT; and placebo only (control). Patients were managed for 7 consecutive weeks. Follow-up evaluations were done at the 1st, 7th and 11th weeks of treatment. The presence and severity of pain, levels of depression, and quality of life and sleep were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square and Cochran tests, considering a significance level of 5 percent. Improvements were found for all factors considered in the intragroup analysis, although no significant differences were detected among groups. However, at the end of the treatment (11 weeks of follow-up), these positive outcomes persisted only for the women treated with amitriptyline and CBT. The obtained results suggest that the combination of amitriptyline and CBT may be effective in reducing pain and depression levels as well as in improving the quality of life and sleep in patients with chronic TMD.

O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi avaliar a eficácia do uso de uma terapia cognitivo comportamental (TCC) e da amitriptilina, um antidepressivo tricíclico, no tratamento de pacientes portadores de disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM) crônicas. Quarenta e sete mulheres (com 35,4 anos em média) diagnosticadas com DTM crônica foram selecionadas e divididas em 4 grupos: amitriptilina; amitriptilina + TCC; placebo + TCC; e placebo (controle) e controle. As pacientes foram submetidas às terapias por 7 semanas consecutivas. As reavaliações aconteceram 1, 7 e 11 semanas após o início da terapia (11 semanas de avaliações). Foram avaliados a presença e severidade de dor, o nível de depressão, a qualidade de vida e do sono. Os dados foram avaliados através de ANOVA, Qui-quadrado e teste de Cochran, considerando um nível de significância de 5 por cento. Foram observadas melhoras significantes em todos os fatores avaliados para todos os grupos, porém não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos. Após o final da terapia, os resultados positivos persistiram apenas para o grupo amitriptilina + TCC. Os resultados sugerem que o uso associado de amitriptilina e TCC no tratamento de pacientes portadores de DTM crônicas pode ser efetivo na melhora da dor, nível de depressão, qualidade de vida e do sono.

Hacia un modelo de diagnóstico precoz en las enfermedades mentales / Toward a model of early diagnosis in mental disorders

La intervención temprana en Psiquiatría se ha demorado mucho en aparecer como una estrategia central en la reducción de la morbilidad, la mortalidad y las consecuencias sociales de las enfermedades mentales. En otros campos de la Medicina, esta opción ha recibido un apoyo sistemático y se invierten grandes esfuerzos para educar al público y a los profesionales de salud primaria acerca del valor del diagnóstico precoz y los beneficios de una intervención oportuna. Hay un considerable impulso tras los esfuerzos conceptuales efectuados en los trastornos psicóticos, y ahora que estos han alcanzado la etapa de "prueba de concepto", esta podría comenzar a extenderse por todo el espectro de trastornos mentales graves. Sin embargo, existe ambivalencia y resistencia a esta reforma basada en la evidencia, un asunto que merece la realización de un análisis a fondo

Early intervention in Psychiatry has much delayed to appear as a key strategy in reducing morbidity, mortality, and the social consequences of mental illness. In other fields of Medicine, this option has received a systematic support and great efforts are invested to educate people and primary care proffesionals about the value of early diagnosis and the benefits of a timely intervention. There is a significant impetus behind the conceptual efforts on psychotic disorders, and now that they have reached the stage of "proof of concept", this could start to spread across the entire spectrum of serious mental disorders. However, there is ambivalence and resistance to this reform based on the evidence, an issue that deserves a thorough analysis