Effect of Bifidobacterium lactis M8 on immune function of immunosuppressive model rats / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the percentages of lymphocyte subsets∗ the transformation and proliferation activities of T lymphocytes∗ the expression levels of serum immunoglobulin and cytokines in the immunosuppressive model rats after given Bifidobacterium lactis M8, and to elucidate the effect of Bifidobacterium lactis M8 on the immune function of the immunosuppressive model rats. Methods: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank control group, model control group, low dose of Bifidobacterium lactis M8 group, middle dose of Bifidobacterium lactis M8 group, and high dose of Bifidobacterium lactis M8 group, and there were 10 rats in each group. The rats in each group were administrated with probiotic bifidobacterium lactis M8 for 6 d. From the 7th day∗ except for blank control group∗ the rats in the other groups were given cyclophosphamide (CTX) for 3 d to construct the immunosuppressive models; the rats in low, middle∗ and high doses of Bifidobacterium lactis M8 groups were given 0. 01, 0. 10 and 1. 00 g bifidobacterium lactis M8» and the rats in blank control group and model control group were given sterile saline with the same volume. The percentages of lymphocyte subsets (CD3 + T lymphocytes, CD4 + T lymphocytes, CDS + T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and NK cells) in whole blood of the rats in various groups were detected by flow cytometry, the transformation and proliferation activities of T lymphocytes of the rats in various groups were detected by CCK-8 method, the levels of serum immunoglobulin A (IGA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-y (IFN-y) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) of the rats in various groups were detected by ELISA method. Results: Compared with blank control group, the percentages of CD3 + T lymphocytes, CD4 + T lymphocytes∗ CDS + T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and NK cells in whole blood of the rats inmodel control group were decreased significantly ( P'<0. 05); compared with model control group, the percentages of CD3 + T lymphocytes, CD4 + T lymphocytes and CDS + T lymphocytes in whole blood of the rats in high dose of Bt/idobacterium lactis MS group were increased significantly ( P<0. 05 or P

Innovative Dietary Intervention Answers to Baby Colic / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of a lactose- reduced synbiotic partial whey hydrolysate in formula fed infants presenting with colic and the impact of this dietary intervention in mean crying time and quality of life. METHODS: Forty infants with infantile colic were treated during one month with parental reassurance and the intervention formula (partial whey hydrolysate, reduced lactose, Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 and galacto-oligosaccharides) and were compared to a control group of 20 infants with infantile colic treated with parental reassurance and a standard infant formula. Parents completed a quality of life (QoL) questionnaire assessing the burden of infantile colic. Wilcoxon test, t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare QoL scores before and after intervention as well as between the intervention and control group. RESULTS: At inclusion, duration of crying did not differ between both groups. Crying duration decreased with 2.7 hours (from 3.2 to 0.5 hours) in the intervention group while duration of crying decreased only with 1.2 hours in the control group (p<0.001). Stool composition became looser in the intervention group, but defecation frequency did not change. The median scores of the QoL questionnaire improved significantly in the intervention group for all parameters. In the control group, parameters improved significantly also but not for the parent-child and social interaction. The score changes were significantly greater in the intervention than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The intervention formula (partial whey hydrolysate, synbiotic, reduced lactose) significantly reduced the duration of crying and improved QoL of the parents and infants.

Assessment of Probiotics in Infant Formula and Cereal Based Baby Foods Containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12– Update 2014.

“Assessment of benefits and risks of probiotics in processed cereal-based baby foods supplemented Bifidobacteriumn lactis Bb12” from 2010 answered a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority focusing on the age groups 4-6 months, 6-12 months and 1-3 years. However, the use of infant formula intended for newborns, supplemented with this probiotic, was neither asked by the NFSA nor assessed by VKM. The notifier of the baby foods intended for infants and small children has provided information on three different cereal-based products intended for age-groups over 4 months and one infant formula intended for newborns, all supplemented with B. lactis. In its letter the company concludes that their products supplemented with B. lactis do not pose any health and safety risk. Regarding health effect, we have already mentioned in our assessment (Halvorsen et al. 2010) that: “It is not the mandate of this report to evaluate the health claims related to the products as these health claims are assessed by EFSA.” Our main conclusions regarding safety were as follows: “No serious adverse events are reported, but neither has the effect of long-term intake of a single bacterial strain been studied. Furthermore, cereals supplemented with B. lactis Bb12 intended for infants and toddlers have not been studied regarding safety. We are not aware of any in vivo studies explicitly concerning the ability of B. lactis Bb12 to influence gene expression of epithelial cells”. Furthermore, we were concerned regarding presence of antibiotic resistance gene against tetracycline (tetW) in the B. lactis Bb12. In the answer to the question from NFSA regarding antibiotic resistance gene in L. lactis Bb12, we concluded that: “Consumption of probiotic microororganism B. lactis Bb12 that harbour gene encoding resistance against tetracycline (tetW) may increase the risk of the transfer of such genes to the resident microbiota and pathogenic bacteria and hence increase development of bacterial resistance. High similarity has been observed between tetW gene in bacteria of human and environment origin and B. lactis Bb12. This suggests the spread of tetracycline resistance gene (tetW) between bacteria of various origins. However, the transfer of tetracycline resistance gene (tetW) to other bacteria as a consequence of consumption of Bb12 has not been studied.” As we have already mentioned in our assessment (Halvorsen et al. 2010). “It is important to note that the infant’s diet comprises a restricted variety of foods, which often are taken several times a day during a period of life when a stable intestinal flora is not yet established. The establishment of a normal intestinal microbiota takes at least two years and thus the intake of large numbers of probiotic bacteria in monoculture during the first years of life may greatly influence this process.” According to the “Guideline for evaluation of probiotics in food” (FAO/WHO 2002): ‘‘….the onus is on the producer to prove that any given probiotic strain is not a significant risk with regard to transferable antibiotic resistance or other opportunistic virulence properties.” The tet(W) gene in Bifidobacterium seems to be integrated in the chromosome and its surrounding regions vary depending on the strain, but very often the gene is flanked by transposase target sequences or genes coding for transposase, an enzyme that catalyzes the movement of DNA fragments between different locations by recognizing specific target sequences, suggesting that, under adequate conditions, the gene could be transferred (Gueimonde et al. 2013). The presence of a tetracycline resistance gene, tet(W), flanked by a putative transposase gene in B. animalis subsp. lactis was also confirmed in other strains of Bifidobacterium than Bb12 (Stahl & Barrangou 2012). Among the data provided by the notifier, we could not identify any new studies regarding the above mentioned concerns. As already mentioned, our assessment from 2010 did not include probiotic-supplemented infant formula intended for use by newborns. It seems likely that the same concerns as for the cerealbased products will be valid in this age group and possibly of even greater importance. Among the literature provided by the notifier was also the position paper from 2011 of the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition (ESPGHAN 2011). Among their general conclusions are: • (Conclusion 1): “For healthy infants, the available scientific data suggest that the administration of currently evaluated probiotic-supplemented formula to healthy infants does not raise safety concerns with regard to growth and adverse effects”. But none the less: • (Conclusion 5): “In general, there is a lack of data on the long-term effects of the administration of formula supplemented with probiotics. Such data would be of particular importance if the effects persisted after the administration of the probiotics has ceased.” And concludes lastly; • (Conclusion 6): “Considering the above, the Committee does not recommend the routine use of probiotic-supplemented formula in infants.” Our view is in accordance with these conclusions.

A Community-based Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium lactis on Reducing Risk for Diarrhea and Fever in Preschool Children in an Urban Slum in India.

Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of probiotics on diarrhea and fever in preschool children in a community setting in a developing country. Study Design: Double blind randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed in Addagutta; a slum of Hyderabad (India), from July 2010 to April 2011. Methodology: Healthy preschool children (2-5 years, n=379) in an Urban Slum in India. Three randomly allocated groups of children received either of the two probiotics (Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019) or the placebo for a period of 9 months and were assessed for weight gain, linear growth and incidence of diarrhea and fever. Results: Neither of the tested probiotics; L. paracasei Lpc-37 or B. lactis HN019 had any influence on weight gain or linear growth. There was no significant difference between the groups in incidence of diarrhea and fever when assessing the whole study period. However, during the wet season, in the months of August and September, incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher in placebo group (16.9%) compared to L. paracasei Lpc- 37 (11.7 %) and B. lactis HN019 groups (8.4 %). Similarly, the incidence of fever was significantly higher in the month of August in the placebo group (11.5%) compared to the L. paracasei Lpc-37 group (7%) and B. lactis HN019 group (7.3%). Probiotic supplementation had no effect on fecal calprotectin, but fecal IgA and serum interleukin 8 were decreased significantly in the B. lactis HN019 group compared to placebo. Consumption of L. paracasei Lpc-37 lead to increased levels of fecal L. paracasei. Conclusion: During the rainy season, when incidence of fever and diarrhea was highest, the administered probiotics reduced the incidence of these symptoms. Over the whole study period, the probiotics did, however, not influence incidence of diarrhea or fever.

Stability of free and immobilized Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis in acidified milk and of immobilized B. lactis in yoghurt

This study evaluated the stability of Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb-12) and of Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-05) both free and immobilized in calcium alginate, in milk and in acidified milk (pH 5.0, 4.4 and 3.8). The stability of immobilized B. lactis in yoghurt (fermented to pH 4.2), during 28 days of refrigerated storage was also evaluated. The efficiency of two culture media (modified MRS agar and Reinforced Clostridial Agar plus Prussian Blue) for counting of B. lactis in yoghurt was determined. Lee's agar was used to count Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus when B. lactis were counted in the MRS medium. B. lactis and L. acidophilus in both free and immobilized forms presented satisfactory rates of survival in milk and acidified milk because the average reduction of the population was only one log cycle after 21 days of storage. The number of viable cells of immobilized B. lactis in yoghurt presented a gradual decline throughout the storage period, passing from 10(8) cfu/ml to no count after 28 days of storage. When the cultures were not in equilibrium just the selective medium was efficient in counting B. lactis in yoghurt. The results showed that both microorganisms can be added to milk and acidified milk, because their population was only slightly affected during storage. The presence of traditional culture of yoghurt seems to be harmful for survival of immobilized B. lactis and the immobilization in calcium alginate failed as an effective barrier to protect the cells in all analysed treatments.

Este trabalho avaliou a estabilidade de Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb-12) e de Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-05) nas formas livre e imobilizada em alginato de cálcio, em leite e leite acidificado (pHs 5.0, 4.4 e 3.8), e a estabilidade de B. lactis imobilizado em iogurte (fermentado até pH 4.2), durante 28 dias de estocagem refrigerada. Também foi estudada a eficiência de dois meios de cultura (ágar MRS modificado e Reinforced Clostridial Agar, acrescido de Prussian Blue) para enumerar B. lactis em iogurte. Ágar Lee foi usado para enumeração de Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus quando B. lactis era enumerado no meio MRS. Ambos os microrganismos, nas formas livre e imobilizada, apresentaram uma taxa de sobrevivência adequada nos leites acidificados, uma vez que houve redução de apenas um ciclo log, após 21 dias de estocagem refrigerada. O número de células viáveis de B. lactis imobilizado mostrou um declínio gradual durante o período de armazenamento do iogurte, passando de 10(8) ufc/ml até não ter mais contagem na diluição 10-1. Quando as culturas não estavam em equilíbrio, o meio MRS modificado foi mais eficiente para a contagem de B. lactis em iogurte. Em vista destes resultados pode-se concluir que ambos os microrganismos podem ser incorporados em leite e leite acidificados, haja visto que a redução na população foi pequena durante o período de armazenagem estudado. A presença da cultura tradicional de iogurte parece ter afetado negativamente a sobrevivência de B. lactis e a imobilização não proveu proteção às células, em nenhum dos tratamentos estudados.