Effect of Water and Chlorhexidine with Different Pressures of Oral Irrigation Device on the Surface Roughness and Topography of Giomer

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of different pressures of an oral irrigation device (OID) and the irrigation solution type on the surface roughness of the giomer restorative material. Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, disk-shaped giomer samples were fabricated and assigned to 5 groups (n=23): Group 1, storage in distilled water (control); Group 2, OID #7 pressure/ water; Group 3, OID #10 pressure/ water; Group 4, OID #7 pressure/ 0.05% CHX; Group 5, OID #10 pressure/ 0.05% CHX. The samples' treatment simulated a one-year application of OID. Surface roughness (Ra) and topography of the giomer were evaluated using profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed with Paired t-test, Tukey, and ANOVA tests (α=0.05). Results: The Ra of the samples increased significantly after treatment with OID (p<0.001). The roughness increase in groups with a pressure of 10 was higher than those with a pressure of 7 (p<0.001). The effect of pressure on surface changes was significant (p<0.001). However, the solution type and the cumulative effect of these two factors were insignificant (p=0.08 and p=0.43, respectively). Conclusion: Oral irrigation device with both solutions significantly increased the surface roughness and topographic changes of the giomer. The severity of these changes was related to the device's pressure.

A Study Of The Oxidative Stress And Antioxidant Status In Diabetic Subjects Who Are On Treatment With Metformin

Background:Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DM and its complications. However, antioxidant status and its contribution to type 2 DM are less explored in South Indian population. Metformin, is a bi-guanide anti hyperglycemic agent used for the management of type 2 diabetes. Aim:To study the alteration in oxi-dant and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic subjects on treatment with Metformin and to evaluate the effect of met-formin in improving the total antioxidant status. Methodology:All subjects were T2DM patients, on metformin mon-otherapy(500mg,bd)andweregroupedintoGroup1andGroup2basedontheirHbA1cvalueswithresponsetometformin. Baseline parameters (B.P, Waist Hip ratio, BMI, family history), glycemic status, lipid profile, Total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum Metformin levels were assayed. Results:Fasting insulin (?Iu/ml), TAC (?M), MDA (nmol/ml), Metformin (?g/ml) values in group 1 and group II are 22.38 ± 2.7, 14 ± 3.9, 268.71± 23.12, 355.75 ± 26.32, 3.37 ± 0.21, 1.68 ± 0.05, 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.08 ± 0.005 respectively. Oxidative stress was higher with reduced antioxidant status in Group I compared to Group II subjects. Conclusion:It may be concluded that total antioxidant status is lower in type 2 diabetic subjects of Group 1 category compared to diabetic subjects in the Group 2 and it may be related to the beneficial effects of the biguanide, Metformin.

Metformin and Garlic Preparations for Hyperglycemia

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by increased fasting and post prandial blood sugar levels. The global prevalence of diabetes is estimated to increase, from 4% in 1995 to 5.4% by the year 2025. WHO has predicted that the major burden will occur in developing countries. Drugs used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type II include sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, and α-glucosidase inhibitors.  Due to low compliance of allopathic medicines patients are in search of medicinal herbs to treat their hyperglycemic state. Garlic is one of those herbs whose hypoglycemic effects are remarkable and accepted by cardiologists.  Methods: We compared hypoglycemic potential of herbal hypoglycemic herb Garlic with Metformin. It was single blind placebo control research conducted at Jinnah Hospital Lahore-Pakistan from January 2016 to June 2016. Seventy-five diabetic type-II patients were selected for research. Hospital research counsel-approved and explained consent was taken from all patients. They were divided in three groups, 25 patients in each group. Group-1 patients were advised to take 250 mg Metformin thrice daily for two months. Group-2 patients were advised to take 10 grams of garlic in three divided doses for two months. Group-3 was on placebo therapy. Their base line fasting blood glucose level was taken and kept in record. They were advised to visit the lipid research clinic of the hospital fortnightly. They were also advised to check their fasting plasma glucose level daily at the morning by using Glucometer.  Results: After two months’ trial when results were compiled and statistically analyzed by applying paired ‘t’ test, it was observed that Metformin decreased blood sugar level 28.4 mg/dl in 24 diabetic patients, which is highly significant change biostatistically. Garlic reduced fasting blood sugar 25.5 mg/dl in 22 diabetic patients, which is biostatistically highly significant change with p-value <0.001.  Conclusions:  It was concluded from the study that garlic can decrease blood glucose level highly significantly, near to hypoglycemic effect of Metformin.