A study of symptomatic choledochal cyst in South India

Introduction: Choledochal cyst is a type congenital anomaly in which there is dilatation of the intra or extrahepatic biliary tree. Choledochal cysts are classified into five types based on location or shape of the cysts. Materials and methods: A prospective analytical study was conducted from January 2015 to June 2017 at Madras Medical College, Chennai, India. All patients who underwent ERCP and had finding of choledochal cyst on cholangiogram were included in the study. Patients were assessed on their demographic data, clinical findings, presentation, and complications. Results: The incidence of symptomatic choledochal cyst was 2.5%. Type 1C was the most common type of choledochal cyst with obstructive jaundice due to large CBD stones as the most common presentation in this study. None had 30 day post-operative mortality. Conclusion: Type IC is the most common type among symptomatic choledochal cyst in south India. As it is a premalignant condition management includes endoscopic retrograde cholangiography followed by surgery with good clinical outcome.

Diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To summarize the clinicopathological characteristic,diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction.Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinical data of 11 patients with iatrogenic biliary tree destruction who were admitted to the Chinese PLA General Hospital (9 patients) between January 1990 and December 2013 and Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (2 patients) between December 2014 and May 2017 were collected.Observation indicators:(1) causes and parts of destruction;(2) clinical manifestation;(3) imaging performance;(4) treatment;(5) follow-up.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect long-term prognosis of patients up to April 2018.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Results (1) Causes and parts of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction:causes of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction in 11 patients:transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic hemangioma was performed in 7 patients,high intensity focused ultrasound for hepatic hemangioma in 1 patient,arterial embolization for false aneurysm in 1 patient,sclerosant injection for hepatic echinococcosis in 1 patient,and cyberknife radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in 1 patient.Parts of biliary tree destruction of 11 patients:5,3,2 and 1 respectively involved bilateral biliary tree,right biliary tree,bilateral main biliary ducts in hepatic port and left biliary tree.(2) Clinical manifestation:11 patients had symptoms of recurrent chills and fever,and combined with different degrees of jaundice.The initial symptom occurred in 2 weeks to 3 months after iatrogenic biliary tree destruction.Of 11 patients,7 were complicated by different degrees of hepatic abscess,and abscess involving left and right half liver were detected in 4 patients,aggregating in right half liver in 2 patients and aggregating in left half liver in 1 patient.Eight patients had secondary biliary cirrhosis,portal hypertension,splenomegaly and hypersplenism during the late course of disease.(3) Imaging performance:magnetic resonanced cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) and cholangiography examinations showed missing bile duct in necrosis area,beading-like stricture and dilation of damaged biliary tree,reducing proximal bile duct branches and associated gallbladder necrosis.CT and MRI examinations showed that structure of distribution area of damaged biliary tree disappeared or bile duct wall was thickened,and hepatic abscesses of patients were scattered and multiple.Five patients had significantly secondary liver atrophy-hypertrophic syndrome,showing atrophy of right liver and hyperplasia of left liver.Radiotherapy-induced biliary tree destruction showed a characteristic of continued progress,localized abnormality in the early stage and typical imaging changes after the damage stability in the late stage.(4) Treatment:of 11 patients,4 didn't undergo surgery,and 7 underwent 18 intentional and conclusive surgeries (1-4 times / per case).(5) Follow-up:11 patients were followed up for 2-132 months,with a median time of 73 months.During the follow-up,2,1 and 8 patients had respectively excellent,good and poor prognoses.Among 11 patients,4 died (2 died of severe infection and 2 died of biliary cirrhosis),and 7 survived.Conclusions Iatrogenic biliary tree destruction is easy to cause hepatic abscess,liver atrophy-hypertrophic syndrome or biliary cirrhosis,and it can be diagnosed by imaging examination.The definitive treatment should be followed by liver resection or liver transplantation of involving area according to the extent of damage.

Hepatocyte-specific contrast agent-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography: perioperative evaluation of the biliary tree / Colangiorressonância com uso de contraste hepatoespecífico: avaliação perioperatória da via biliar

Abstract A large number of gadolinium chelates have recently been tested in clinical trials. Some of those have already been approved for clinical use in the United States and Europe. Thus, new diagnostic perspectives have been incorporated into magnetic resonance imaging studies. Among such gadolinium chelates are hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents (HSCAs), which, due to their property of being selectively taken up by hepatocytes and excreted by the biliary ducts, have been widely used for the detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. In comparison with conventional magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), HSCA-enhanced MRC provides additional information, with higher spatial resolution and better anatomic evaluation of a non-dilated biliary tree. A thorough anatomic assessment of the biliary tree is crucial in various hepatic surgical procedures, such as complex resection in patients with colorectal cancer and living-donor liver transplantation. However, the use of HSCA-enhanced MRC is still limited, because of a lack of data in the literature and the poor familiarity of radiologists regarding its main indications. This pictorial essay aims to demonstrate the use of HSCA-enhanced MRC, with particular emphasis on anatomical analysis of the biliary tree, clinical applications, and the most important imaging findings.

Resumo Recentemente, um grande número de quelantes de gadolínio tem sido testado em ensaios laboratoriais. Alguns deles já foram inclusive aprovados para uso clínico nos Estados Unidos e na Europa. Com isso, novas perspectivas diagnósticas foram incorporadas nos estudos de ressonância magnética. Dentre estes quelantes de gadolínio, os contrastes hepatobiliares específicos (CHBEs) têm sido amplamente utilizados para a caracterização e detecção de lesões focais hepáticas, essencialmente pela propriedade de serem captados pelos hepatócitos e excretados na via biliar. Além disso, os CHBEs trouxeram novas informações na avaliação da árvore biliar quando comparados à colangiorressonância convencional, proporcionando uma maior resolução espacial e melhor avaliação da anatomia da árvore biliar não dilatada. A avaliação da anatomia biliar é de fundamental importância em cirurgias hepáticas, como ressecções complexas em tumores colorretais ou no transplante hepático com doador vivo, porém, o uso dos CHBEs ainda é restrito para estes propósitos. Em razão da escassa literatura sobre o tema e da pouca familiaridade dos radiologistas com as principais indicações, o presente ensaio iconográfico tem por objetivo demonstrar o uso de CHBEs na avaliação perioperatória das vias biliares, ressaltando a avaliação anatômica, as indicações e os principais achados de imagem.

RE: Communication between the Cystic Lesions of the Liver and Biliary Tree: How Can We Evaluate Efficiently and Safely?

No abstract available.

Colecistectomía laparoscópica y la importancia de un laboratorio de entrenamiento en cirugía mínimamente invasiva, a propósito de su reciente creación en la Universidad de Costa Rica / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the importance of a laboratory training in minimally invasive surgery, about his recent creation at the University of Costa Rica

La colecistectomía es un procedimiento quirúrgico empleado para tratar la colelitiasis y constituye un tratamiento valioso porque esta patología tiene una alta prevalencia en Costa Rica. En contraste con la colecistectomía abierta, la colecistectomía laparoscópica se asocia con beneficios como menor mortalidad operatoria, menor dolor postoperatorio, menor duración de la estadía hospitalaria y menor tiempo de recuperación. La importancia de que el personal médico reciba entrenamiento en procedimientos de cirugía mínimamente invasiva, dentro de los cuales se encuentra la colecistectomía laparoscópica, ha llevado al desarrollo de laboratorios de entrenamiento en este tipo de cirugía. En Costa Rica, la reciente implementación de dichos centros de entrenamiento hace vislumbrar un futuro promisorio en el tratamiento de las colecistectomías...

Cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure employed to treat cholelithiasis and is a valuable treatment in Costa Rica since this pathology has a high prevalence in the country. In contrast to open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated to benefits such as lower operatory mortality, lower post-operative pain, shorter hospital stay and shorter recuperation time. The importance of training in minimally invasive surgery procedures has led to the development of laboratories for medical personnel training in this type of surgery. In Costa Rica, recent implementation of such training centers envisions a better future for the development of cholecystectomies...

The Usefulness of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Diseases of Liver, Biliary Tree, Gallbladder and around Distal Common Bile Duct / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is now accepted as an essential tool for the diagnosis and the therapy of various gastrointestinal diseases. With regard to the biliary system, its high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were reported recently. We assessed the clinical usefulness of EUS for the diagnosis of diseases of the liver, biliary tree, gallbladder and distal common bile duct. METHODS: We sent questionnaires about the clinical usefulness of EUS to the doctors who requested EUS examination for 32 patients with suspected diseases of the liver, gallbladder and around extrahepatic biliary tree from Aug. 2001 to Aug. 2002. We evaluated the answers and clinical characteristics of the patients. RESULTS: Patients were 17 males and 15 females with mean age of 61.8 years old. All received abdominal computed tomography (CT) before EUS and some had abdominal ultrasonography (USG) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). EUS was more accurate and informative than other imaging modalities and gave definite final diagnosis for 31.2%. In 40.6%, EUS was helpful as an additional diagnostic tool. CONCLUSIONS: EUS was useful in 71.8% of the cases for the diagnosis of diseases of the liver, biliary tree, gallbladder and around distal common bile duct. EUS can be used as an important adjunct to USG, CT and ERCP.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of biliary tree in childhood: report of 1 case and literature review / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To improve the understanding and diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomysarcoma of biliary tree in childhood.Methods:The management of 1 child with sarcoma botryoides of biliary tree and other 15 cases reported were reviewed.Results:11 cases of boys and 5 of girls,varying from 1 to 6 years old.Clinical symptoms at presentation included jaundice in 16/16,fever 8/16,abdominal pain 6/16,white feces 9/16 and hepatomegaly 13/16, etc.5 cases of which were misdiagnosed as having hepatitis.There were only 2 cases considered as rhabdomyosarcoma by ultrasound and 1 by abdominal CT scan.7 cases had not recurred in 8 months after combined treatment of complete surgical excision,chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Treated with combination of partial excision and chemotherapy,1 case's tumor turned smaller 3 months later.But 2 cases treated solely with partial excision died 2 months later and 1 case recurred 2 months later.Conclusion:All rhabdomyosarcoma of biliary tree in childhood are botryoid,embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.The patients are aged from 1 to 6 years old,and boys are more common than girls.The main clinical symptoms are obstructive jaundice,fever and hepatomegaly,so it is easily misdiagnosed as hepatitis in clinic.Ultrasound and abdominal CT sacn are helpful in diagnosing embryonal rhabdomysarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) of biliary tree,but pathological examination is essential for confirming the disease.A combined approach of aggressive surgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy may result in long-term survival.

Usefulness of Brushing Cytology in the Diagnosis of the Patients with the Stricture of Biliary Tree / 대한세포병리학회지

Pancreaticobiliary tract strictures are frequent indications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). We have investigated the brushing cytology in order to determine its efficacy for diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Brushing cytology during ERCP was evaluated in 56 patients with biliary tract stricture presenting to the Catholic Hospital of Taegu-Hyosung from April 1997 to August 1999. A comparison was made between the cytologic and histologic diagnoses on 32 cases from 30 patients. A diagnosis of malignancy was establishied in 78.1%, benign in 15.6%, and inadequate in 6.3% of the cases. Statistical data on cytologic diagnoses in strictures of the bile duct were as follows; specificity and sensitivity of brushing procedure was 100% & 83.3%, respectively: sensitivity of interpretation was 89.3%: with no false positive cases and 3 false negative cases: predictive value for malignancy was 100% & 100%, respectively: predictive value for benign was 28.6% & 40%, respectively: overall diagnostic efficiency was 84.4%. It is concluded that brush cytology is a diagnostically reliable, highly specific technique for malignant lesions encounted at ERCP, although a negative result does not rule out the diagnosis of malignancy.