RESUMO
@#Introduction: Binaural beats (BB) provisions alpha and gamma have been suggested to modulate working memory (WM), while white noise (WN) acted as a control condition. Methods: The current study overlays WN on alpha and gamma tones to study its modulating role on WM performance. A block-design n-back task paradigm used to determine the effect of load on embedded BB on WM performance using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Six young adults (3 males and 3 females) with mean age of 23.5 ± 0.84 within the Kota Bharu vicinity participated in the study. A repeated-measures ANOVA (p<0.05) on response accuracy indicate medium effect size on condition (η2 =0.420), and large effect sizes on groups (η2 = 0.388) and load (η2 = 0.487). The potential practical difference is more evident on low- (0-back) and high-load (3-back). GWN provision marginally excels, implying its entrainment may benefit WM processing. A repeated-measures ANOVA (p<0.05) on reaction time (RT) implied a large effect size on all variables (condition: η2 =0.065, groups: η2 =0.227 and load: η2 =0.169). It was observed that BB exposure elicits a slow processing speed which worsens RT. The neural correlates suggest activated regions in GWN and AWN are associated with attentional mechanisms and WM processes. Conclusion: Preliminary findings indicate both embedded BB has a potential to improve WM performance with the cost of slower processing speed. GWN provision modulates attentional mechanisms benefiting WM performance and AWN may enhance performance in extreme ends of WM load.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION@#Several studies have suggested that music has a significant effect on memory. Classical music has been studied extensively. However, there are studies on other types of music like binaural beats which involve the introduction of tones of different frequencies. This study aimed to determine the effects of binaural beats stimulation compared to classical music on memory among high school students.@*METHODS@#This was a randomized single-blind controlled trial among senior high school students in a selected private school assigned to listen to either binaural beats stimulation or classical music to determine their effect on memory as measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Pre- and post-intervention RBANS scores were compared within and between the two study groups.@*RESULTS@#RBANS scores in both classical music and binaural beats stimulation groups improved with an increase of 20.58 ± 10.33 and 20.26 ± 12.06, respectively. The difference between the increase in scores was not significant.@*CONCLUSION@#Exposure to either binaural beats stimulation or classical music provided statistically and clinically significant increases in memory. Binaural beats stimulation increased memory to the same degree as classical music.
RESUMO
El objetivo más importante de la investigación fue demostrar la eficacia de los sonidos binaurales en la consulta dental como técnica actual para disminuir la ansiedad de los pacientes con parálisis cerebral infantil, así como comprobar que el entorno odontológico genera temor en los pacientes pediátricos. Por medio de un oxímetro de pulso, un aparato reproductor mp3 y auriculares, se logró cuantificar las pulsaciones cardíacas durante tres momentos a lo largo de la investigación. Se valoraron las historias médicas de cada uno de los niños del Hogar Divina Misericordia, así como los medicamentos que consumen diariamente y las enfermedades asociadas a la parálisis cerebral. Se observaron diversos tipos de reacciones al utilizar cada uno de los sonidos, desde el llanto y enojo hasta conseguir la tranquilidad y alegría en los pacientes. Finalmente los resultados revelan los beneficios y la veracidad de los sonidos binaurales mientras que, por el contrario, se expone a los sonidos del ambiente odontológico como un método distractor y desfavorable durante las visitas dentales.
The most important objective of the research was to demonstrate the efficiency of binaural beats in the dental consultant as a current technique to reduce anxiety in child patients with cerebral palsy, also prove that the dental environment generates fear in pediatric patients. To achieve quantify the heartbeats of the children during three different moments throughout the investigation, we used fingertip pulse oximeter, a mp3 player and headphones. We evaluate the medical histories of each children from Hogar Divina Misericordia, as well the medicines they consume daily and diseases related with cerebral palsy. We observed different types of reactions when using each of the sounds, some cried and got anger until they get relax and happy. Finally the results in this research show the benefits and the veracity of the binaural beats while on the contrary are expose to the sounds of the dental environment as a distracting and unfavorable method during dental visits.