RESUMO
Resumen: La enseñanza de la investigación debe abarcar todos los aspectos de su proceso, involucrando los estudios piloto. En la investigación biomédica, el primer paso en la ejecución de un proyecto es la realización de un estudio o prueba piloto, que busca probar en menor escala aspectos logísticos de la ejecución del estudio, lo que evitará cometer errores en los estudios posteriores y de mayor envergadura. La presente revisión pretende exponer aspectos fundamentales en la utilización y planeación de los estudios piloto, lo que servirá para optimizar los procesos de investigación en las áreas de la salud.
Abstract: The teaching of research covers all aspects of the research process, involving pilot studies. In biomedical research, the first step in the execution of a project is the realization of a pilot study, with the objective of testing on smaller scale logistic aspects of the execution of the study, which will avoid making mistakes in the larger studies. This review aims to expose fundamental aspects in the use and planning of pilot studies, which will serve to optimize research processes in the areas of health.
Assuntos
Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Educação Médica , Projetos de Pesquisa , Bioestatística , Pesquisa Biomédica , Metodologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Introducción: El uso práctico de la Bioestadística es una preocupación de cualquier investigador. Objetivo: Con el objetivo de facilitar el cálculo matemático de las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas en las investigaciones epidemiológicas, su aplicación e interpretación, se confeccionaron cuatro herramientas, utilizando el software libre y no propietario OpenOffice.org.Calc 2.3 del sistema operativo Unix Ubuntu 8.04 de Linux (con copia a Microsoft Office Excel para su generalización) y con el título: "ESTADÍSTICA PILOTO. PAQUETE ESTADÍSTICO DIGITAL EDUCACIONAL PARA LAS INVESTIGACIONES EPIDEMIOLÓGICAS", en Pinar del Río en el 2008. Material y método: el software contiene 18 pruebas estadísticas: Ji cuadrado (incluye Corrección de Yates), test de probabilidad exacta de Fisher, Odds Ratio, riesgo relativo, sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo de la prueba positiva y negativa, riesgo atribuible, riesgo atribuible porcentual e índices de Kappa y Youden, pruebas dependientes de los valores a-b-c-d de la tabla de contingencia 2x2, además, el cálculo de media, desviación estándar, varianza, estadígrafo Z y Ji cuadrado de Mc Nemar. Resultados: las herramientas fueron validadas mediante programas profesionales y generalizados en trabajos de terminación de las especialidades y maestrías y en otras investigaciones de la provincia. Las herramientas fueron presentadas en los eventos provinciales nacionales y en Sudáfrica (2007) y son las médulas de los cursos de postgrado de Bioestadística aplicada del autor, sin sustituir los programas profesionales, sino que se suman a ellos para facilitar el aprendizaje de la Bioestadística. Sus ventajas son la sencillez, aplicabilidad e inmediatez, los resultados al unísono, la facilidad de interpretación, ayuda en español y su pequeño tamaño.
The practical use of Biostatistics is a concern for any researcher. Objective: Four tools were created aimed at providing the mathematical calculation of the statistical tests used in epidemiological researches as well as its application and interpretation, these tools use a free software, without property OpenOffice.org.Calc 2.3 of the Unix Ubuntu 8.04 of Linux operative system (with a copy in Microsoft Office Excel to its generalization) having the title of: "Piloto's statistics. A digital-educational statistical package for the epidemiological researches" in Pinar del Rio during 2008 Material and Method: the software contains 18 statistical tests; chi square test (includes Yates's correction), Fisher's test of exact probability, odds ratio, relative risk, attributable risk percent and Kappa's and Youden's rates, dependent tests a-b-c-d of contingency table 2x2. Besides; the calculation of the mean, standard deviation, variance, Z statistic and Mc Nemar's chi square test. Results: the tools were validated by means of professional programs and generalized in the final researches of the medical specialties, master's degree and other researches of the province. The tools were presented in provincial, national events and in South Africa (2007) and they are fundamental topics in postgraduate courses of Applied Biostatistics to the tutor, without the substitution of the professional syllabuses; the tools are added to easier the acquisition of knowledge in Biostatistics. The most important advantages of these tools are: the simplicity, applicability and immediacy, as well as the results in unison, easy interpretation, help in Spanish language and little size.
RESUMO
O novo modelo de saúde brasileiro exige médicos dotados de visão social abrangente e capacitados para prestar à comunidade cuidados permanentes e resolutivos, bem como profissionais críticos diante da tomada de decisões. Este relato descreve uma experiência estratégica de ensino de epidemiologia e bioestatística no curso de Medicina, cuja construção do processo foi centrada no educando, que foi o agente dos conhecimentos adquiridos, por meio da produção de informações e da pesquisa na comunidade ou nos serviços de saúde. Esta estratégia resultou na integração e interdisciplinaridade acadêmica, contribuindo para a compreensão de assuntos clínicos considerando a abordagem epidemiológica e estatística. Os acadêmicos despertaram para a importância da produção científica e da construção do currículo profissional ainda na fase acadêmica, sendo capazes de identificar problemas locais e direcionar as intervenções, e reconhecer que isto representa um dos objetivos mais importantes da pesquisa em saúde. Os resultados indicam que a epidemiologia e a bioestatística podem ser trabalhadas no curso de Medicina com o mesmo sucesso de outras disciplinas da clínica, desde que seja favorecida a aprendizagem significativa dos acadêmicos.
The new Brazilian health model requires physicians with a comprehensive social vision that are trained to provide the community with high-quality care on an on-going basis and are capable of making critical decisions. The current article describes a strategic teaching experiment in epidemiology and biostatistics during undergraduate medical training. The experiment focused on the students themselves as protagonists in acquiring knowledge through the production of information and research in both the community and health services. The strategy resulted in academic integration and interdisciplinarity, contributing to the grasp of clinical topics through an epidemiological and statistical approach. Students realized the importance of scientific output and the development of a professional resume while still in their undergraduate training and proved capable of identifying local problems and managing interventions, acknowledging the latter as a key health research objective. The findings indicate that epidemiology and biostatistics can be taught as successfully as other clinical courses during undergraduate medical training, as long as meaningful learning by students is encouraged.