RESUMO
O descarte incorreto dos chamados Resíduos Sólidos da Saúde (RSS) é algo que causa grande impacto na integridade do meio ambiente e coloca a vida da população em risco, principalmente dos trabalhadores em contato direto com esses materiais. Objetos perfuro-cortantes, como agulhas, além de materiais contaminados com sangue e outros fluídos, medicamentos vencidos ou não, são alguns dos exemplos desses resíduos que tanto impactam na natureza e na saúde pública quando descartados incorretamente. Contudo, esse não é um problema exclusivo da saúde humana. A Medicina Veterinária também contribui para a produção desses resíduos, podendo ainda ser inclusas as carcaças de animais, por exemplo. Sendo assim, objetivou-se apresentar dados da literatura sobre o descarte de RSS, incluindo também os resíduos da área da Medicina Veterinária, a fim de que se criem projetos de conscientização da população para um correto manejo desses materiais. Foi realizado um compilado de artigos publicados sobre o assunto em questão: Resíduos Sólidos da Saúde. A grande quantidade de artigos publicados que mostram o descarte incorreto dos RSS apontam a falta de políticas públicas para alertar a população sobre o tema. Com isso, percebemos a necessidade dessa conscientização, com a criação de programas com comissões formadas não só por fiscalizadores governamentais, mas também por profissionais, professores e alunos da área da saúde humana e veterinária.
Incorrect disposal of so-called Health Solid Waste (HSW) has a major impact on the integrity of the environment and puts the lives of the population at risk, especially of workers in direct contact with these materials. Sharps, such as needles, as well as materials contaminated with blood and other fluids, expired or not, are some examples of these residues that impact both nature and public health when disposed incorrectly. However, this is not an exclusive human health problem. Veterinary Medicine also contributes to the production of these residues, including animal carcasses, for example. Thus, the objective was to present data from the literature on the disposal of HSW, including residues from the area of Veterinary Medicine, in order to create population awareness projects for the correct management of these materials. A compilation of articles published on the matter in question (Health Solid Waste) was made. The large number of published articles showing the incorrect disposal of HSW indicate the lack of public policies to alert the population about the topic. Hence, we notice the need of awareness, through the creation of programs with committees formed not only by government inspectors, but also by professionals, professors and students in the area of human and veterinary health.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Medicina Veterinária , Resíduos , Saúde Pública , Contenção de Riscos BiológicosRESUMO
RESUMEN Una de las vías de transmisión del virus del VIH es la sanguínea a través de accidentes cortopunzantes, los trabajadores sanitarios que están expuestos a lesiones por pinchazos con agujas que contienen sangre infectada con el VIH, tienen un riesgo de 0.23 % de ser infectados. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar los accidentes de riesgo biológico y el uso de profilaxis post exposición ocupacional en los trabajadores sanitarios que consultaron en el Programa Nacional de Lucha contra el SIDA desde enero a diciembre del año 2013. Material y Método: Diseño observacional, descriptivo, de corte transverso. Fueron incluidos 66 fichas para este estudio. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, procedencia, ocupación o puesto de trabajo, hora del accidente, exposición ocupacional, trabajador sanitario, paciente fuente, tipo de accidente laboral o clasificación del accidente según el riesgo, tipo de exposición, indicación de profilaxis post exposición, efectos colaterales de los medicamentos antiretrovirales. Resultados: 85% fueron mujeres y 15% fueron hombres. La edad media fue de 33,1 ± 8,9 (20 a 62) años. En cuanto a la profesión a los trabajadores sanitario los expuestos ocupacionalmente fueron el personal de enfermería en 36,6%; seguido de Personal de limpieza en 24,24%, y personal médicos en 18,8%. El accidente fue clasificado como leve en un 62,1 % y como grave en un 37,8%. El tipo de exposición, en un 65,1% fue de tipo 1 (pinchazos, corte con agujas acanalada o hueca, bisturí), La paciente fuente era conocido en un 54,5% de los casos. De entre los pacientes fuente conocidos, el 62% con serología positiva para el VIH, 77% inició Profilaxis Post Exposición. Solo 6% completó el esquema de tratamiento. De entre los que completaron PPE, uno de ellos presentó efectos colaterales (mareos, náuseas y eritema facial). Conclusión: La precaución universal es la primera línea de defensa para prevenir la exposición ocupacional. El asumir que todos los pacientes están potencialmente infectados constituye la única manera de optimizar las medidas para prevenir la trasmisión de esta patología, con aseguramiento de controles y medidas para completar la profilaxis si fuera necesario
ABSTRACT One of the routes of transmission of the HIV virus is blood through sharps accidents; health workers who are exposed to needle stick injuries that contain HIV-infected blood have a 0.23% risk of being infected. The objective of this study is to characterize the biological hazard accidents and the use of occupational post-exposure prophylaxis in health workers, who consulted in the National Program to Fight AIDS from January to December 2013. Material and Method: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design. 66 tokens were included for this study. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, origin, occupation or workplace, time of accident, occupational exposure, health worker, source patient, type of work accident or accident classification according to risk, type of exposure, indication of postprophylaxis exposure, side effects of antiretroviral drugs. Results: 85% were women and 15% were men. The mean age was 33.1 ± 8.9 (20-62) years. Health Workers more exposed were the nursing staff in 36.6%; followed by cleaners 24.24%, and medical personnel 18.8%. The accident was classified as mild in 62.1% and as severe in 37.8%. The type of exposure, in 65.1% was type 1 (punctures, cut with needles grooved or hollow, scalpel), the patient source was known in 54.5% of cases. Among the known source patients, 62% with serology positive for HIV, 77% started Prophylaxis Post Exposure. Only 6% completed the treatment schedule. Among those who completed PPE, one of them presented side effects (dizziness, nausea and facial erythema). Conclusion: Universal precaution is the first line of defense to prevent occupational exposure. Assuming that all patients are potentially infected is the only way to optimize measures to prevent the transmission of this pathology, with assurance of controls and measures to complete prophylaxis if necessary.
RESUMO
Hydrocyanic acid and various cyanides are relatively common poisons both in suicide, accident and occasionally homicide. Acute poisoning with cyanide is most often self administered as the swift and sure action is generally known. Accidental poisoning from inhalation of vapours due to fires in buildings or by the free gas liberated from some commercial processes is also known to occur. The preparations are rarely used with homicidal intent. Whatever be the manner of poisoning, in medical settings the persons involved in postmortem examination of cases of death of cyanide poisoning are exposed to significant degree of cyanide remaining in the body cavities and tissues of the deceased. This risk is not only for the persons attending postmortem examination but also for the first respondents like police, rescue persons and also persons extending emergency care both outside and within hospital. Hydrocyanic acid is rapidly absorbed from all mucous surfaces and even from unabraded skin .Hence attending a case of cyanide poisoning involves a hazard of inhalation of cyanide gas from the victim The hazards involved in such situations are briefly reviewed.