Influence of microbial consortia on the incidence of grey mold (Botrytis cinerea) in strawberry (Monterey variety)

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mold disease, is one of the most destructive pathogens of strawberry crops, both in vegetative development and postharvest. The control of this pathogen is complex due to its aggressiveness and ability to attack and infect various plant tissues and is mainly based on chemical control; however, the incorrect use of pesticides, mainly due to overdosing, causes the presence of traces of these agrochemicals in the fruits, as well as the selection of pathogen resistance to fungicides, making it a risk to human health and the environment. The objective of the study was to use biological regulation strategies, with the application of microbial consortia made up of mycorrhizal fungi, antagonistic bacteria and Trichoderma harzianum, as an alternative for the management of grey mold in strawberry crops (Monterey variety) under field conditions. Treatments T4 (mycorrhizal fungi), T8 (mycorrhizal fungi, antagonistic bacteria and T. harzianum) and T2 (T. harzianum) presented the lowest incidence of the pathogen with 2.6, 3.1 and 3.6 %, respectively, compared to control plants with 16.6%. The influence of all biological treatments on the regulation of B. cinerea was greater than the control.

Botrytis cinerea, el agente causal de la enfermedad del moho gris, es uno de los patógenos más destructivos del cultivo de fresa, tanto en el desarrollo vegetativo como en poscosecha. El control de este patógeno es complejo, debido a su agresividad y capacidad de atacar e infectar diversos tejidos de la planta y se basa, principalmente, en el control químico; sin embargo, el uso incorrecto de plaguicidas, principalmente por sobredosificación, provoca la presencia de trazas de estos agroquímicos en los frutos, así como la selección de resistencia del patógeno a los fungicidas, convirtiéndolo en un riesgo para la salud humana y el ambiente. El objetivo del estudio fue utilizar estrategias de regulación biológica, con la aplicación de consorcios microbianos, conformados por hongos micorrícicos, bacterias antagonistas y Trichoderma harzianum, como alternativa para el manejo del moho gris, en cultivos de fresa (variedad Monterey), en condiciones de campo. Los tratamientos T4 (hongos micorrízicos), T8 (hongos micorrízicos, bacterias antagonistas y T. harzianum) y T2 (T. harzianum) presentaron la menor incidencia del patógeno, con 2,6, 3,1 y 3,6 %, respectivamente, en comparación con las plantas control, con 16,6 %. La influencia de todos los tratamientos biológicos en la regulación de B. cinerea fue mayor respecto al control.

Problems and countermeasures in development of Chinese materia medica resource / 中草药

With the increase in population and depletion of resources, the wild resources of Chinese materia medica are not enough to meet the demand of human, so the cultivated resources become a major source, resulting in severe degradation of herbal medicine quality. It poses a serious threat to traditional Chinese medicine with thousands of years of history. The cultivation is the most basic and effective means to solve the shortage of resources, and improving the quality of the cultivated medicinal materials is the key to deal with this problem. In this paper, the current production and developments of herbal medicine were discussed, the problems of blindly expanding planting area, lack of enough attention to germ plasm resource and advanced production technology were prevalent. The idea of improving the quality and yield of cultivated medicinal materials was put forward. On the premise of improving the quality and yield of medicinal materials, the cultivation of Chinese medicinal materials should optimize the planting area, standardize the cultivation of fine high-quality germplasm, improve the production technology of high-quality medicinal materials, and expand the application market of Chinese materia medica to expand Chinese traditional culture.

La vida como actividad normativa y auto-realización: debate en torno al concepto de normatividad biológica en Goldstein y Canguilhem / Life as regulatory activity and self-realization: debate surrounding the concept of biological regulation in Goldstein and Canguilhem

La influencia de Kurt Goldstein en el pensamiento de Georges Canguilhem se extendió a lo largo de toda su obra. El presente trabajo pretende recuperar esta relación con el objeto de realizar un estudio de la norma como nexo o conexión entre el concepto y la vida. En consecuencia, este trabajo será una reflexión sobre el planteamiento de la vida como actividad normativa y autorealización. Para ello, será necesario resignificar los conceptos de salud y enfermedad, y atravesar el camino que va de uno a otro. Al final de este camino, se encontrará que estos conceptos permiten explicar la identidad entre el concepto y la vida, lo cual conduce a la conclusión inesperada que la cura es, en definitiva, autocuración.

The influence of Kurt Goldstein on the thinking of Georges Canguilhem extended throughout his entire work. This paper seeks to examine this relationship in order to conduct a study of the norm as a nexus or connection between the concept and life. Consequently, this work will be a reflection on the approach to life as a regulatory activity and self-realization. For this, it will be necessary to redefine the concepts of health and disease, and make a crossover between the two. At the end of this trajectory, it will be found that these concepts can explain the identity between the concept and life, which leads to the unexpected conclusion that the cure is ultimately self-healing.

Dos conceitos de regulação às suas possibilidades / From the concepts of regulation to their possibilities

O termo regulação tem sido utilizado de forma muito diversa. Há uma variedade de significados, abordagens e objetivos, ora inter-relacionados, ora divergentes. Foi realizada uma revisão dos conceitos de regulação a partir das seguintes disciplinas: ciências da vida, direito, economia, sociologia e ciência política. O termo regulação apresenta significados múltiplos e é utilizado em distintas disciplinas. Nota-se que a evolução da noção de regulação não ocorreu de uma maneira linear, uma vez que as ideias relacionadas a esse termo não tiveram lugar em fases sucessivas de desenvolvimento e melhoria. No entanto, o que diferencia os conceitos de regulação é precisamente a definição das diversas formas de intervenção. Por fim, qualquer projeto consciente de intervenção para a melhoria da situação de saúde requer conceitos fundamentados sobre regulação. Justamente para romper com possíveis monopólios de interpretação. A partir dessa reflexão crítica, é possível aproximar-se tanto do contexto polissêmico que constitui os conceitos de regulação e de suas consequências para a análise de políticas públicas...

The term regulation has been used in very different ways. There is a variety of meanings, approaches, and objectives, sometimes interrelated, sometimes divergent. A review of the concepts of regulation was conducted by means of the following disciplines: life sciences, law, economics, sociology, and political science. The term regulation has multiple meanings and it has been used in several disciplines. It is noticed that the evolution of the notion of regulation did not occur in a linear way, since the ideas related to this term did not take place in successive stages of development and improvement. However, what makes the concepts of regulation different from each other is precisely the definition of various intervention ways. Finally, any conscious intervention project to improve the health situation requires grounded concepts of regulation. Precisely to break with potential interpretation monopolies. By means of this critical reflection, it is possible to get closer both to the polysemous context that constitutes the concepts of regulation and its consequences for analyzing public policies...

Role of HOX genes in tumor genesis and development / 解剖学报

HOX gene belongs to a highly conserved subgroup of the homeobox superfamily .The HOX genes constitute a family of transcription factors that play key roles in embryonic development , regulating numerous processes , such us cellular growth, differentiation, apoptosis, motility and angiogenesis.The present review shows that there is a close relationship between aberrant expression of HOX genes and malignancy .This article summarizes briofly the advances in the research on HOX genes and their roles in tumor genesis .