Reform and exploration of biopharmaceutics blended teaching in the context of "first-class undergraduate education" / 生物工程学报

In recent years, the biopharmaceutical industry has developed rapidly, creating urgent demand for high-quality, innovative, and application-oriented talents. In the context of "first-class undergraduate education", it is of great significance to reform and explore biopharmaceutics blended learning to foster professional talents who can adapt to the industrial development. The blended teaching of biopharmaceutics course in Hubei University was based on small private online course (SPOC) and ChaoXing platform, aiming to meet the first-class "AIC (advanced, innovation, challenge)". The course strengthened the three phases of teaching: before, during, and after class, and innovated teaching methods actively to achieve curriculum goals, and integrated typical cases organically. In addition, the course improved the discriminative power of assessment by strengthening the formative performance evaluation. Moreover, the course provided guidance for students to improve the learning efficiency through investigating the students' learning behavior and employing the marginal utility curve to analyze the characteristics of group activities. Furthermore, the course also offered students personalized learning guidance based on their career planning. The reform of biopharmaceutics blended teaching has achieved significant outcomes, such as improving students' satisfaction, students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability, and curriculum construction level, thus may serve as a reference for the teaching reform and research of the related courses.

Reform and Practice of Ideological and Political Education of Core Courses of Biopharmaceutical Specialty———Taking The Course of Biotechnology Pharmacy as An Example / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

As mentioned in this paper, the curriculum team of biotechnological pharmaceutics in Binzhou University reoriented the curriculum objective based on the educational policy: fostering virtue through education and consolidating fundamental spirit and soul. Additionally, the team drew on cutting-edge scientific and technological developments, social hotspots, national spirit, innovative thinking, dedication spirit and other elements, conducted in-depth study on the ideological and political elements of the subject and organically integrated them with the contents such as genetic engineering, cellular engineering, fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, and established online and offline ideological and political database. Furthermore, with the aid of teaching apps like ‘Rain Classroom’, the teaching models include lecture, case-based teaching, group discussion, and blended teaching for the subject. In the meantime, the ideological and political educational requirements were integrated into the curriculum evaluation system. Taking the genetic engineering pharmaceutics as an example, reform and practice for the ideological and political education for the undergraduate subject, biotechnological pharmaceutics, was applied. This paper expatiated the teaching practice of the ideological and political education, and reviewed the outcomes of the curriculum reform over these years in an effort to formulate a set of all-round programs for the reform and practice of the ideological and political education that can be replicated and improved continuously. This paper aims not only in developing high-caliber biomedical talents with a strong sense of patriotism and social responsibility, but also in providing a reference for the teaching reform of related subjects.

Prevalencia de tuberculosis latente determinada mediante la prueba de derivado proteico purificado (PPD) en una población de pacientes adultos con artritis reumatoide llevados a terapia biotecnológica / Prevalence of latent tuberculosis determined using the Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) test in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving biotechnological therapy

RESUMEN Introducción: Colombia es un país endémico para tuberculosis (TB), con una prevalencia de 26 casos por millón. Sin embargo, no se cuenta con datos recientes y claros respecto a la prevalencia de tuberculosis latente (TBL) en la población con artritis reumatoide (AR) candidata a terapia biotecnológica. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal con componente analítico para determinar la pre-valencia de TBL en pacientes con AR candidatos a terapia biotecnológica. Resultados: La prevalencia de TBL en pacientes con AR candidatos a terapia biotecnológica es alta, del 18,3% (IC 95% 14,7-21,9), y en los cruces exploratorios se encontró una relación entre TBL y la variable género masculino (p ≤ 0,001), hallazgos anormales en la radiografía de tórax (p = 0,039) y el tabaquismo (p = 0,028). Conclusión: La prevalencia de TBL en pacientes con AR candidatos a terapia biotecnológica es alta. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para evaluar la incidencia de TB en este grupo de pacientes y así corroborar su asociación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although tuberculosis (TB) is endemic in Columbia, with a prevalence of 26 cases per million, there are no recent and clear data regarding the prevalence of latent tuberculosis (LBT) in the population with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), candidates for biotechnological therapy. Methodology: A cross-sectional study with an analytical component to determine the prevalence of LBT in patients with RA who are candidates for biotechnological therapy. Results: The prevalence of LTB in RA patients who are candidates for biotechnological therapy is high, 18.3% (95% CI: 14.7-21.9). In the exploratory analysis, a relationship between LBT and male gender was found (P ≤ .001), as well as abnormal findings on chest radiography (P = .039), and smoking (P = .028). Conclusion: The prevalence of LTB in patients with RA who are candidates for biotechnological therapy is high. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the incidence of TB in this group of patients and corroborate this association.

O corpo em cena / The body on stage / El cuerpo en escena / Le corps sur la scène

A autora propõe considerar a categoria "corpo" como um tema de fronteira. Aborda problemáticas referidas aos corpos virtuais, biotecnológicos e da diferença sexual. Defende que a heterogeneidade anatômica adota, na maioria das culturas, uma forma dualística que se enfrenta com os desafios apresentados pelas sexualidades e identidades plurais das sociedades contemporâneas. Enfatiza que o sexo biológico se organiza através de ficções filosóficas e médicas, e propõe pensar em uma anatomia interpretada em relação com os outros e com os discursos vigentes. Ressalta que o corpo sempre tem um núcleo de heterogeneidade radical a respeito da subjetividade. Aponta o fato de que o corpo da mulher encarna a diferença em um deslizamento que demanda ser desconstruído. Propõe pensar os corpos como categorias de intersecção com disjunções e concordâncias entre a heterogeneidade dos corpos sexuados, o campo desejante e os discursos vigentes sobre a diferença sexual.

The author proposes to consider the category "body" as a frontier theme. She addresses issues related to virtual bodies, biotechnology and sexual difference. She argues that anatomical heterogeneity adopts, in most cultures, a dualistic form that faces the challenges presented by the sexualities and plural identities of contemporary societies. Emphasizes that biological sex is organized through philosophical and medical fictions, and proposes to think of an anatomy interpreted in relation to others and to current discourses. Points out that the body always has a nucleus of radical heterogeneity regarding subjectivity. Points out that the woman's body embodies the difference in a slide that demands to be deconstructed. She proposes to think of bodies as categories of intersection with disjunctions and concordances between the heterogeneity of sexualized bodies, the desiring field and the current discourses on sexual difference.

La autora propone considerar la categoría "cuerpo" como una temática de borde. Aborda problemáticas referidas a los cuerpos virtuales, biotecnológicos y de la diferencia sexual. Sostiene que la heterogeneidad anatómica adopta en la mayoría de las culturas una forma dualística que en la actualidad se enfrenta con los desafíos que presentan las sexualidades e identidades cambiantes de las sociedades contemporáneas. Enfatiza que el sexo biológico está organizado a través de ficciones filosóficas y médicas y propone pensar en una anatomía siempre interpretada, en relación con los otros, con los discursos vigentes. Remarca que el cuerpo siempre tiene un núcleo de heterogeneidad radical con respecto a la subjetividad. Señala que, tradicionalmente, el cuerpo de mujer aparece como encarnación de la diferencia en un desplazamiento que demanda ser deconstruído. Propone pensar los cuerpos como categorías de intersección con disyunciones y concordancias entre la heterogeneidad de los cuerpos sexuados, el campo deseante y los discursos vigentes sobre la diferencia sexual.

L'auteur propose de considérer la catégorie « corps ¼ comme un thème frontière. Elle aborde des questions liées aux corps virtuels, à la biotechnologie et à la différence sexuelle. Elle soutient que l'hétérogénéité anatomique adopte, dans la plupart des cultures, une forme dualiste qui fait face aux défis posés par les sexualités et les identités plurielles des sociétés contemporaines. Souligne que le sexe biologique s'organise à travers des fictions philosophiques et médicales, et propose de penser une anatomie interprétée en relation avec les autres et avec les discours actuels. Elle fait remarquer que le corps a toujours un noyau d'hétérogénéité radicale en matière de subjectivité. Elle mettre en évidence que le corps de la femme incarne la différence dans une diapositive qui demande à être déconstruite. Propose de penser les corps comme des catégories d'intersection avec disjonctions et concordances entre l'hétérogénéité des corps sexués, le champ désirant et les discours actuels sur la différence sexuelle.

Potential Biotechnological Applications of Cyanobacterial Exopolysaccharides

Abstract The cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are considered as one of the important group of biopolymers having significant ecological, industrial, and biotechnological importance. Cyanobacteria are regarded as a very abundant source of structurally diverse, high molecular weight polysaccharides having variable composition and roles according to the organisms and the environmental conditions in which they are produced. Due to their structural complexity, versatility and valuable biological properties, they are now emerging as high-value compounds. They are possessing exceptional properties and thus are being widely explored for various applications like in food and pharmaceutical industries, in bioremediation for removal of heavy metals, for soil conditioning, as biopolymers, bioadhesives, and bioflocculants. However, poor understanding of their complex structural properties, lack of concrete information regarding the genes encoding the proteins involved in the EPS biosynthetic pathways, their process of production and about the associated factors controlling their structural stability, strongly limits their commercialization and applications in the various fields of biotechnology. Owing to the above context, the present review is aimed to organize the available information on applications of cyanobacterial EPSs in the field of biotechnology and to identify the research gaps for improved industrial utilization and commercialization of these biomaterials.

Advances in biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols / 中草药·英文版

Sandalwood essential oil has been widely used not only as natural medicines but also in perfumery and food industries, with sesquiterpenoids as its major components including (Z)- α-santalol and (Z)-β-santalol and so on. The mature heartwoods of Santalum album, Santalum austrocaledonicum and Santalum spicatum are the major plant resources for extracting sandalwood essential oil, which have been overexploited. Synthetic biology approaches have been successfully applied to produce natural products on large scale. In this review, we summarize biosynthetic enzymes of santalenes and santalols, including various santalene synthases (STSs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), and then highlight the advances of biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols in heterologous hosts, especially metabolic engineering strategies for constructing santalene- and santalol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Biodegradation of furan aldehydes in lignocellulose hydrolysates / 生物工程学报

Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable organic carbon resource on earth. However, due to its complex structure, it must undergo a series of pretreatment processes before it can be efficiently utilized by microorganisms. The pretreatment process inevitably generates typical inhibitors such as furan aldehydes that seriously hinder the growth of microorganisms and the subsequent fermentation process. It is an important research field for bio-refining to recognize and clarify the furan aldehydes metabolic pathway of microorganisms and further develop microbial strains with strong tolerance and transformation ability towards these inhibitors. This article reviews the sources of furan aldehyde inhibitors, the inhibition mechanism of furan aldehydes on microorganisms, the furan aldehydes degradation pathways in microorganisms, and particularly focuses on the research progress of using biotechnological strategies to degrade furan aldehyde inhibitors. The main technical methods include traditional adaptive evolution engineering and metabolic engineering, and the emerging microbial co-cultivation systems as well as functional materials assisted microorganisms to remove furan aldehydes.

In-depth transcriptome reveals the potential biotechnological application of Bothrops jararaca venom gland

Lack of complete genomic data of Bothrops jararaca impedes molecular biology research focusing on biotechnological applications of venom gland components. Identification of full-length coding regions of genes is crucial for the correct molecular cloning design. Methods: RNA was extracted from the venom gland of one adult female specimen of Bothrops jararaca. Deep sequencing of the mRNA library was performed using Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. De novo assembly of B. jararaca transcriptome was done using Trinity. Annotation was performed using Blast2GO. All predicted proteins after clustering step were blasted against non-redundant protein database of NCBI using BLASTP. Metabolic pathways present in the transcriptome were annotated using the KAAS-KEGG Automatic Annotation Server. Toxins were identified in the B. jararaca predicted proteome using BLASTP against all protein sequences obtained from Animal Toxin Annotation Project from Uniprot KB/Swiss-Pro database. Figures and data visualization were performed using ggplot2 package in R language environment. Results: We described the in-depth transcriptome analysis of B. jararaca venom gland, in which 76,765 de novo assembled isoforms, 96,044 transcribed genes and 41,196 unique proteins were identified. The most abundant transcript was the zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like jararhagin. Moreover, we identified 78 distinct functional classes of proteins, including toxins, inhibitors and tumor suppressors. Other venom proteins identified were the hemolytic lethal factors stonustoxin and verrucotoxin. Conclusion: It is believed that the application of deep sequencing to the analysis of snake venom transcriptomes may represent invaluable insight on their biotechnological potential focusing on candidate molecules.(AU)

Cloning and molecular characterization of a putative habanero pepper SERK1 cDNA expressed during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis

Background: Plant gene homologs that control cell differentiation can be used as biotechnological tools to study the in vitro cell proliferation competence of tissue culture-recalcitrant species such as peppers. It has been demonstrated that SERK1 homologs enhance embryogenic competence when overexpressed in transformed tissues; therefore, cloning of a pepper SERK1 homolog was performed to further evaluate its biotechnological potential. Results: A Capsicum chinense SERK full-length cDNA (CchSERK1) was cloned and characterized at the molecular level. Its deduced amino acid sequence exhibits high identity with sequences annotated as SERK1 and predicted-SERK2 homologs in the genomes of the Capsicum annuum CM-334 and Zunla-1 varieties, respectively, and with SERK1 homologs from members of the Solanaceae family. Transcription of CchSERK1 in plant tissues, measured by quantitative RT-PCR, was higher in stems, flowers, and roots but lower in leaves and floral primordia. During seed development, CchSERK1 was transcribed in all zygotic stages, with higher expression at 14 days post anthesis. During somatic embryogenesis, CchSERK1 was transcribed at all differentiation stages, with a high increment in the heart stage and lower levels at the torpedo/cotyledonal stages. Conclusion: DNA sequence alignments and gene expression patterns suggest that CchSERK1 is the C. chinense SERK1 homolog. Significant levels of CchSERK1 transcripts were found in tissues with cell differentiation activities such as vascular axes and during the development of zygotic and somatic embryos. These results suggest that CchSERK1 might have regulatory functions in cell differentiation and could be used as a biotechnological tool to study the recalcitrance of peppers to proliferate in vitro.

Biodiversity of psychrotrophic microbes and their biotechnological applications

The extreme cold environments harbor novel psychrotrophic microbes. The psychrotrophic microbes have been reportedas plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents for sustainable agriculture, in industry as cold-adapted hydrolyticenzymes and in medicine as secondary metabolites and pharmaceutical important bioactive compounds. Inoculationwith psychrotrophic/psychrotolerant strains significantly enhanced root/shoot biomass and nutrients uptake as comparedto non-bacterized control. The psychrotrophic microbes play important role in alleviation of cold stress in plant growingat high hill and low temperature and conditions. The psychrotrophic microbes have been reported from worldwidefrom cold habitats and belong to all three domain archaea, bacteria, and eukarya including different phylum such asActinobacteria, Ascomycota, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Chloroflexi, Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria,Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia, Mucoromycota, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes,Thaumarchaeota and Nitrospirae. The most dominant genera belong to Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Exiguobacterium,Paenibacillus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, and Serratia have been reported from the cold habitats. The Psychrotrophicmicrobes have biotechnological applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, food, and allied sectors

Xanthan gum production by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae from glycerin of biodiesel in different media and addition of glucose

Biodiesel production has been increasing yearly in Brazil. A large amount of glycerin is generated in this process and needs a correct destination. One possible use of this glycerin in crude form is in biotechnological processes. Xanthan gum is a commercial gum used primarily in the pharmaceutical and food industries as thickener, emulsifier and stabilizer. It is synthetized by species of the bacterium Xanthomonas generally from glucose. However, current research shows that species of this bacterium have the capacity to grow and synthesize the gum using glycerin from biodiesel. The aim of this study was to produce xanthan gum using glycerin from biodiesel production in medium with different nitrogen content, named complex and simple media. The kinetics of fermentation in simple medium showed a twofold increase in gum production (3.16 kg.m-3) compared to the one in complex medium (1.46 kg.m-3) after 120 hours. The gum generated in this study showed chemical and rheological characteristics of xanthan gum. Glucose supplementation did not show an increase in xanthan production but did increase the consistency index and the behavioral index of solutions of this gum.

Practice and evaluation of the elective course "Structural Biology" in biotechnological pharmaceutics teaching for biotechnology undergraduates / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Biotechnological Pharmaceutics is a compulsory course for biotechnology undergraduates in our school.We designed and implemented an elective course named Structural Biology to help students master technological principles through practice.This elective course included in-classroom lectures and experiments; during which we encouraged students to work together,and design,prepare,implement,and complete projects; examination score of Biotechnological Pharmaceutics was used to assess learning outcomes.The results showed that students who took this course gained higher score in the examination,indicating that the elective course is effective to improve the learning effect of Biotechnological Pharmaceutics for biotechnology undergraduates.

Practice and evaluation of the elective course "Structural Biology" in biotechnological pharmaceutics teaching for biotechnology undergraduates / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Biotechnological Pharmaceutics is a compulsory course for biotechnology undergraduates in our school. We designed and implemented an elective course named Structural Biology to help students master technological principles through practice. This elective course included in-classroom lectures and experiments; during which we encouraged students to work together, and design, prepare, implement, and complete projects; examination score of Biotechnological Pharmaceutics was used to assess learning outcomes. The results showed that students who took this course gained higher score in the examination, indicating that the elective course is effective to improve the learning effect of Biotechnological Pharmaceutics for biotechnology undergraduates.

Cloning of the Coffea canephora SERK1 promoter and its molecular analysis during the cell-to-embryo transition

Background: Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase 1 (SERK1) is a cell membrane receptor active in different plant tissues and involved in cell differentiation activities including somatic embryogenesis. The identification of promoter elements responsible for SERK1 expression during the onset of somatic embryogenesis can be useful to understand the molecular regulation of the cell-to embryo transition, and these promoter elements represent biotechnological tools in plant organ tissue culture. Results: A −1,620 bp DNA sequence located upstream of the Coffea canephora SERK1 gene homologue (CcSERK1) was isolated, and then, different segments containing key response elements (REs) for somatic embryogenesis onset and development were fused to the uidA (encoding a ß-glucuronidase, GUS) reporter gene to evaluate its expression in transgenic leaf explants. DNA segments of −1,620 and −1048 bp in length directed uidA expression with patterns in leaf explants similar to those occurring during somatic embryogenesis. When a −792-bp fragment was used, uidA expression disappeared only in leaf explants and pro-embryogenic mass but persisted in developing embryos. No uidA expression was detected in any embryogenic stage when a −618-bp fragment was used. Conclusion: DNA deletions showed that a −1048-bp sequence located upstream of the CcSERK1 gene is sufficient to direct gene expression during the onset and the development of C. canephora somatic embryogenesis. The DNA segment located between −1048 and −792 bp (containing BBM and WUS REs) is needed for gene expression before embryogenesis onset but not during embryo development. The promoter segment between −792 and −618 bp (including GATA, ARR1AT, and ANT REs) regulates gene expression in developing embryos.

El proceso analítico jerárquico como metodología para seleccionar revistas científicas en el área biotecnológica

l objetivo de este trabajo es establecer una metodología apropiada para seleccionar una revista para publicar en el área biotecnológica, a través del proceso analítico jerárquico. La publicación de artículos en revistas indizadas es una de las metas fundamentales del trabajo de investigación científica. Por eso es importante seleccionar la revista que mejor proyecte la información del artículo entre la comunidad técnico-científica; sin embargo, depender de criterios subjetivos puede derivar en la pérdida de tiempo y energía, costos innecesarios y una baja difusión de la productividad científica del investigador. Para establecer la metodología se evaluaron 11 parámetros cualitativos y cuantitativos de 20 revistas científicas, validadas por un grupo de expertos en el área, luego se usó un proceso de análisis jerárquico con lo que se estableció el criterio de selección. Se encontró que los elementos clave para considerar la selección de una revista son el factor de impacto, el tiempo de aceptación, el tipo de indización y la cantidad de artículos publicados por la revista. De esta forma, con una metodología para escoger la revista idónea, se puede aumentar las posibilidades de publicar el artículo, disminuir el tiempo de espera, gastos de publicación y lograr tener un mayor número de citas una vez publicado, usando una diversidad de criterios y no únicamente criterios bibliométricos como el factor de impacto.

he aim of this study is to establish an applicable methodology for the selection of a journal when aspiring to publish a scientific work in the biotechnology field, using the hierarchical analytical process. The publication of papers in indexed journals is one of the main goals of scientific research work. That's why it is of great importance to select the journal that best disseminates the information of the paper among the technical-scientific community; however, having to rely on subjective criteria in the journal selection process can result in time and energy waste, unnecessary costs and a low dissemination of the researcher's scientific productivity. To establish the methodology, 11 qualitative and quantitative parameters of 20 scientific journals were evaluated, validated by a group of experts in the area, followed by a hierarchical analysis process, which established the selection criteria. It was found that the key elements to consider the journal selection are the impact factor, the acceptance time, the type of indexing and the number of articles published by the journal. Thus, with a methodology to choose the appropriate journal, it is possible to increase the possibilities of publishing the article, decrease the waiting time, publication costs and achieve a larger number of citations once published, using a variety of criteria and not just bibliometric criteria as the impact factor.

Alginate overproduction and biofilm formation by psychrotolerant Pseudomonas mandelii depend on temperature in Antarctic marine sediments

Background: In recent years, Antarctica has become a key source of biotechnological resources. Native microorganisms have developed a wide range of survival strategies to adapt to the harsh Antarctic environment, including the formation of biofilms. Alginate is the principal component of the exopolysaccharide matrix in biofilms produced by Pseudomonas, and this component is highly demanded for the production of a wide variety of commercial products. There is a constant search for efficient alginate-producing organisms. Results: In this study, a novel strain of Pseudomonas mandelii isolated from Antarctica was characterized and found to overproduce alginate compared with other good alginate producers such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Alginate production and expression levels of the alginate operon were highest at 4°C. It is probable that this alginate-overproducing phenotype was the result of downregulated MucA, an anti-sigma factor of AlgU. Conclusion: Because biofilm formation is an efficient bacterial strategy to overcome stressful conditions, alginate overproduction might represent the best solution for the successful adaptation of P. mandelii to the extreme temperatures of the Antarctic. Through additional research, it is possible that this novel P. mandelii strain could become an additional source for biotechnological alginate production.

Subjetividades em transição, parentalidades contemporâneas: diversidade e diferença / Subjetividades en transición, parentalidades contemporáneas: diversidad y diferencia / Subjectivities in transition. contemporary parenthood: diversity and difference / Subjectivités en transition parentalités contemporaines: diversité et différence

Las sociedades contemporáneas, principalmente en Occidente, atraviesan importantes cambios en cuanto a las normativas que rigen la organización de los lazos sociales. Se expresan en lo que la autora denomina subjetividades en transición. Distintos tipos de familias se hacen presentes: monoparentales, ensambladas y/o constituidas por parejas que encarnan otras expresiones de la sexualidad y el género, que se apartan de las legalidades vigentes. Se abordan sus efectos en las parentalidades contemporáneas. Se considera el efecto de las biotecnologías a través de distintas variantes de fertilización asistida, especialmente cuando hay inclusión de un tercero y eventuales efectos de ajenidad. Asimismo, se reflexiona sobre los efectos de la tecno-cibercultura en la producción de subjetividad, en ese espacio que se genera entre lo humano y la máquina. Se propone distinguir entre los conceptos de diversidad y diferencia y revisar los dispositivos, subjetivos e intersubjetivos, que generan diferencia simbólica y que implican el reconocimiento de la alteridad. Se sugiere exceder los límites del pensamiento binario en pos de un pensamiento triádico. La autora revisa las nociones de deseo de hijo y función paterna a la luz de las parentalidades contemporáneas, convencionales o no, y sostiene que la categoría diferencia en un sentido ampliado puede estar incluida en el psiquismo de los padres, más allá de su orientación sexual.

Contemporary societies, especially in the Western world, have experienced important changes regarding norms that rule the organization of social bonds. These changes are expressed in what the author has called subjectivities in transition. We may find different types of families: one-parent families, reconstituted families, and/or families constituted by couples who adopt other expressions of sexuality and gender which are not according to the laws in force. This paper studies their impact in contemporary parenthood. In her paper, the author takes into consideration the impact of biotechnology through different sort of assisted fertilization, particularly the use of a third person and how it may affect the parenthood. She also writes a reflection on the impacts of the techno-cyberculture in the development of subjectivity in this space which has arisen between human and machine. The author's purpose is to distinguish diversity from difference, and revising the subjective and intersubjective apparatus as well. This apparatus generates a symbolic difference and results in recognizing alterity. The author suggests that the limitations of the binary thinking be overcome in order to produce a triadic thinking. The author revises notions of child's desire and the paternal function in the light of contemporary parenthoods, which may be conventional or not. She defends the idea that difference, as category in an ample sense, may be included.

Les sociétés contemporaines, surtout à l'Occident, passent par d'importants changements concernant aux normes qui régissent l'organisation des liens sociaux. Elles sont exprimées dans ce que l'auteur appelle subjectivités en transition. Différents types de famille se font présents: monoparentales, reconstitués e/ou constitués par des couples qui adoptent d'autres expressions de la sexualité et de genre qui n'appartiennent pas à la législation en vigueur. On aborde leurs effets dans la parentalité contemporaine. On considère l'effet des biotechnologies par de différentes variantes de fertilisation assisté, en spécial lorsqu'il y a l'inclusion d'un tiers et les éventuels effets de s'aliéner. On réfléchit aussi sur les effets de la techno- -cyberculture dans la production de subjectivité, dans cet espace généré entre l'humain et la machine. On propose distinguer entre les concepts de diversité et différence et revoir les dispositifs subjectifs et intersubjectifs qui génèrent une différence symbolique et qui impliquent la reconnaissance d'altérité. On suggère que l'on excède les limites de la pensée binaire en vue d'une pensée triadique. L'auteur revoit les notions de désir de fils et la fonction paternelle à la lumière des parentalités contemporaines, conventionnelles ou non, et soutient que la catégorie différence dans un sens élargi peut être inclus dans le psychisme des parents, au-delà de son orientation sexuelle.

Construction and preliminary application analysis of the case library of biotechnology pharmaceu-tical production, learning and research based on the independent innovation / 中华医学教育探索杂志

There are still some problems in the cooperation-education model of the production-learning-research , such as paying attention to the theory but ignoring the transformation of achievements, lack of original innovation in the field of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry and so on. Besides, the advantages of school enterprise cooperation have not been effectively put into teaching. If the platform of production-learning-research constructs the case base which covers all aspects of the comprehensive knowl-edge of biotechnology pharmaceutics, the teachers can use the good resources from the cooperated enterprise, then can more effectively educate the students how to apply the essence of the theory of knowledge into applications. The case study teaching which is based on independent innovation will also inspire the students' innovative consciousness more effectively. National Biotechnology Engineering Research Center does teaching based on the cultivation aim of the innovative talents on the major of pharmacy. The teaching cases should be carefully selected. Various teaching methods should be flexibly applied. The information screening ability, the critical thinking ability, the concise scientific problem-solving ability, the practical ability and the cognitive occupation ability should be cultivated. The cases need to cover the vocational humanistic education and regulations. The application effects of the case teaching during 2011 to 2016 were evaluated.

"Teaching reformation in biotechnological pharmaceutics based on ""Excellent Engineer Education and Training Plan""" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Biotechnological pharmaceutics is an important course for pharmacy undergraduates , however there are many problems in current curriculum design and teaching methods. With the advantage of our platform National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, we tried to carry out the teaching reformation based on Excellent Engineer Education and Training Plan. We optimized the curriculum standards and teaching design, highlighted the combination ofBiotechnological pharmaceuticsand Engineering, strengthened the experiment teaching, tried the reformation of teaching method such as flipped classroom and PBL, strengthened the cultivation of innovative thinking and scientific research ability. Our teaching reformation is beneficial to cultivating the compound talents in the field of biotechnological pharmaceutics.

A permanente relação entre biologia, poder e guerra: o uso dual do desenvolvimento biotecnológico / The permanent relation between biology, power and war: the dual use of the biotechnological development

Resumo Ao longo do século XX, o avanço biológico teve uma relação cada vez mais estreita com as estratégias de poder, na busca pela ponta tecnológica. A partir de 1970, a manipulação de agentes patogênicos recombinados geneticamente foi o grande salto tecnológico que transcendeu radicalmente a biologia tradicional e reforçou as relações bélicas da ciência. Deu-se a abertura da revolução biotecnológica, com novas perspectivas para o campo político-militar da ciência. Foi a partir deste ponto do desenvolvimento biotecnológico que se criou um novo paradigma para a guerra, bem como para as ciências da vida, gerando novos desafios para a Saúde Internacional no século XXI. Através de uma trajetória histórica relacionada ao poder, o objetivo deste texto é apresentar o mecanismo de articulação entre ciência e poder e contribuir para a compreensão sobre a maneira pela qual o campo militar está naturalmente inserido no desenvolvimento biotecnológico que, em sua essência, produz biotecnologias de uso civil e militar.

Abstract Throughout the twentieth century, the biological advance had a closer and closer relation with the strategies of power in search of high technology. From 1970, the manipulation of genetically recombined pathogenic agents was a high technological breakthrough that radically over passed traditional biology and reinforced the war relations of science. The biotechnological revolution started along with new perspectives for the political and military field of science. From this point of the biotechnological development a new paradigm for war, as well as for the sciences of life, was then created and new challenges for International Health in the twenty first century came into scene. Through a historical account related to power, this paper is meant to present the mechanism of articulation existent between science and power and to contribute for understanding how the military field is naturally inserted in the biotechnological development which, in its essence, produces biotechnologies for civil and military uses.