The visual and instrumental analyses of different single-shade resin composites / Análisis visual e instrumental de diferentes resinas compuestas omnicromáticas

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color adaptation of single-shade resin composites applied to different tooth shades. A total of 108 class III preparations (n=6) were performed on the acrylic denture maxillary incisors (2mm depth and 2mm height). 5 single-shade resin composites (Vittra APS Unique, Omnichroma, ZenChroma, Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Universal, Charisma Topaz One) and 1 multishade resin composite (Estelite Asteria) were placed in the cavities and polished. I performed visual and instrumental color analyses. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to assess the shade differences (ΔE) between teeth and restorations. The obtained ΔE values were recorded and statistically analyzed. For the instrumental analysis, ZenChroma in A1 shade groups showed statistically significant higher differences (p<0.05). Among all tested materials, A3 shade groups showed lower ΔE values (p<0.05). For the visual analysis, there were no significant differences between materials and scores in A1 and A3 shade groups (p>0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the materials and the scores in A2 shade groups (p<0.05). As a result of this study, it was concluded that, making esthetic restorations with single-shade resin composites promises proper color adaptation, but their properties still need improvement. Single-shade resin composites can reduce chair-time and technical sensitivity with good color matching.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la adaptación del color de resinas compuestas omnicromáticas. Se realizaron un total de 108 preparaciones de clase III (n=6) en los incisivos superiores de prótesis acrílicas (2mm de profundidad y 2mm de altura). Se colocaron cinco resinas compuestas omnicromáticas (Vittra APS Unique, Omnichroma, ZenChroma, Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Universal, Charisma Topaz One), además de una resina multitono (Estelite Asteria) en las cavidades y se pulieron. Se realizó el análisis de color visual e instrumental. Se utilizó la fórmula CIEDE2000 para evaluar las diferencias de tono (ΔE) entre dientes y restauraciones. Los valores de ΔE obtenidos se registraron y analizaron estadísticamente. Para el análisis instrumental, ZenChroma en los grupos de color A1 mostró diferencias mayores estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Entre todos los materiales probados, los grupos de tonos A3 mostraron valores de ΔE más bajos (p<0.05). Para el análisis visual, no hubo diferencias significativas entre materiales y puntuaciones en los grupos de color A1 y A3 (p>0,05). Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los materiales y las puntuaciones en los grupos de color A2 (p<0,05). Como resultado de este estudio, se concluyó que la realización de restauraciones estéticas con resinas compuestas omnicromáticas promueve una adecuada adaptación del color, pero aún necesitan mejorar sus propiedades. Las resinas compuetas omnicromáticas pueden reducir el tiempo de atención clínica y la sensibilidad técnica con una adecuada combinación de colores.

Application of 4M1E Refined Management Method in Reducing Dispensing Time of Long-term Prescription in Outpatient Pharmacy / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of 4M1E refined management method in reducing dispensing time of outpatient prescription in outpatient pharmacies under the implementation of a long-term prescription policy.Methods The hospital started to implement 4M1E refinement management in July 2022.Ten thousand prescriptions were randomly selected for each of the pre-implementation(from January to June 2022)and post-implementation(from July to December 2022)human-machine hybrid dispensing windows.The dispensing time of a single prescription,the volume of prescriptions dispensed and the number of drugs prescribed during peak periods,the use of intelligent equipment,and patient satisfaction before and after imple-mentation were compared.Results After implementation,the single prescription drug dispensing time at the mixed human-ma-chine dispensing window was reduced from(96.88±1 401.17)s to(55.84±526.24)s(P<0.01);The number of prescriptions dispensed in the window increased from(135.20±21.06)to(147.19±21.24)prescriptions per 2 h,and the number of drugs pre-scribed increased from(871.74±215.61)to(1 008.53±267.87)prescriptions per 2 h during peak hours.The rate of straight prescription and the rate of equipment automation have been greatly improved.Outpatient satisfaction was higher than before man-agement.The data showed statistical differences(P<0.05).Conclusion Under long-term prescription pressure,hospital outpa-tient pharmacies can greatly reduce prescription dispensing time and improve patient satisfaction after applying the 4M1E fine management method.

Color matching and color recovery in large composite restorations using single-shade or universal composites

Abstract This study assessed the color-matching ability and color recovery of unprepared teeth when using single-shade composites and a universal composite in large restorations. Buccal and palatine surface colors of molars were measured with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB) before preparing round cavities (6 mm in diameter, 2 mm in depth). The cavities were randomly filled with a single-shade composite (Omnichroma, Diamond One, or Vittra APS Unique) or a universal composite (Filtek Universal). Color measurements of the restored cavities were taken, and overall color differences (ΔEab and ΔE00) and differences in the whitening index for dentistry (ΔWID) from baseline were calculated. Additionally, visual assessments of a color match to the surrounding enamel were performed by forty evaluators (laypersons and undergraduate students of dentistry) in a viewing booth under illuminant D65, with rating scores from 0 (no color mismatch) to 4 (not acceptable). Data were analyzed using RM or one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results showed that the restorations generally exhibited whiter colors (WID ranged from 27.9 to 41.3) than the unprepared teeth (WID ranged from 15.9 to 19.3). The composite Filtek Universal demonstrated the lowest color discrepancy (ΔWID = 8.6; ΔE00 = 10.8; and ΔE00 = 6.2), and no significant differences were observed among the evaluated single-shade composites. Furthermore, all composites showed similar and adequate color matches to the surrounding enamel. However, it is important to note that despite their ability to match the surrounding enamel reasonably, none of the composites evaluated in large restorations fully recovered the color observed in unprepared teeth.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a habilidade de combinação de cores e recuperação de cor de dentes não preparados ao utilizar resinas compostas de única tonalidade e uma resina composta universal em grandes restaurações. As cores das superfícies bucais e palatinas de molares foram medidas com um espectrofotômetro (CIELAB) antes de preparar cavidades esféricas (6 mm de diâmetro, 2 mm de profundidade). As cavidades foram preenchidas aleatoriamente com uma resina composta de única tonalidade (Omnichroma, Diamond One ou Vittra APS Unique) ou com uma resina composta universal (Filtek Universal). Foram realizadas medições das cores das cavidades restauradas e calculadas as diferenças de cor globais (ΔEab and ΔE00)) e as diferenças no índice de clareamento para odontologia (ΔWID) em relação à cor inicial. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações visuais da correspondência de cor com o esmalte circundante por quarenta avaliadores (leigos e estudantes de odontologia) em uma cabine de visualização sob iluminante D65, com pontuações de 0 (nenhuma discrepância de cor) a 4 (não aceitável). Os dados foram analisados usando RM ou ANOVA unidirecional (α = 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que as restaurações geralmente apresentavam cores mais brancas (WID variou de 27,9 a 41,3) do que os dentes não preparados (WID variou de 15,9 a 19,3). A resina composta Filtek Universal demonstrou a menor discrepância de cor (ΔWID = 8,6; ΔE00 = 10,8; and ΔE00 = 6,2), e não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as resinas compostas de única tonalidade avaliadas. Além disso, todas as resinas compostas apresentaram correspondência de cor similar e adequada com o esmalte circundante. No entanto, é importante observar que, apesar de sua capacidade de corresponder razoavelmente com o esmalte circundante, nenhuma das resinas compostas avaliadas em grandes restaurações recuperou completamente a cor observada nos dentes não preparados.

Surrounding and background shades effect on color adjustment of single-shade composites

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of surrounding and background shades on the color adjustment potential (CAP) and visual color match of two single-shade composites, Vittra APS Unique and Charisma Diamond One. Cylinder-shaped specimens were constructed, consisting of either single-shade composites alone (simple) or composites surrounded by the Forma material at shades A1 or A3 (dual). Simple specimens using only the Forma at the specified shades were also prepared. Color measurements of simple specimens were taken against a gray background using a spectrophotometer. For dual specimens, the color of the inner composite was measured against a gray or chromatic (the same shade as the outer composite) background. Color differences (ΔE00) between the single-shade composites and the A1/A3 composite were calculated. CAP was determined by comparing data from simple and dual specimens. Four experienced dentists scored the color match (perfect to unacceptable) for each specimen using a viewing booth illuminated by an illuminant D65. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results showed that both single-shade composites showed the lowest color discrepancies when they were compared to A1 and A3. Using a chromatic background only significantly affected the CAP when the outer composite was A3. The visual analysis showed poor color matches between the single-shade and control chromatic composites, except for Charisma Diamond One surrounded by A1. In conclusion, the CAP values of the evaluated single-shade composites were impacted by both surrounding shade and background color, and the color match of these materials tended to be poor.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da cor do entorno e do fundo no potencial de ajuste de cor (PAC) e na correspondência visual de cor de dois compósitos monocromáticos, Vittra APS Unique e Charisma Diamond One. Amostras em formato cilíndrico foram criadas utilizando os compósitos monocromáticos e de cor A1/A3. Algumas amostras dos compósitos monocromáticos foram circundadas pelos compósitos A1 ou A3, formando amostras duplas. Medidas de cor das amostras simples foram obtidas em um fundo cinza utilizando um espectrofotômetro. Para as amostras duplas, a cor do compósito interno foi medida em um fundo cinza ou cromático (com a mesma cor do compósito externo). As diferenças de cor (ΔE00) entre os compósitos de monocromáticos e os compósitos A1/A3 foram calculadas. O PAC foi determinado comparando os dados das amostras simples e duplas. Quatro dentistas experientes avaliaram a correspondência de cor (de perfeita a inaceitável) para cada espécime utilizando uma cabine de visualização iluminada por uma iluminante D65. Dados foram analisados por ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste de Kruskal-Wallis test. Os resultados mostraram que ambos os compósitos monocromáticos apresentaram as menores discrepâncias de cor quando comparados a A1 que em relação a A3. O uso de um fundo cromático afetou significativamente o PAC apenas quando o compósito externo era A3. A análise visual mostrou correspondência de cor fraca entre os compósitos monocromáticos e os compósitos cromáticos de controle, com exceção do Charisma Diamond One circundado por A1. Em conclusão, os valores de PAC dos compósitos monocromáticos avaliados foram impactados tanto pela cor do entorno quanto pela cor de fundo, e a correspondência visual de cor desses materiais tendeu a ser ruim.

Case-problem-based learning of pathophysiology based on inquiry-based learning and process management / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on the teaching concept of constructivism, this study aims to promote independent inquiry-based learning and clinical thinking among students and establish the guiding ideology of "full participation, process control, in-depth discussion, and expansion of thinking". A blending learning model was adopted with offline inquiry-based group learning and in-class defense and comment, as well as online teacher-student interaction and supervision to promote learning. Case-problem-based learning (CPBL) of pathophysiology was carried out among the medical students in the class of 2017, and process management was strengthened to effectively manage the two key links of data retrieval and group discussion. The analysis of 176 teaching evaluations collected at the end of the semester show that in terms of the overall evaluation of CPBL teaching, 162 students (92.05%) had high evaluation on teaching objectives, organization, cases, and personal gains and held a very or relatively favorable attitude. There were more negative feedbacks on "appropriate time allocation"; 21 students (11.93%) held a relatively or very disapproving attitude, and 149 students (84.66%) "felt very tired". In terms of teaching effect evaluation, 150 students (85.23%) strongly or relatively agreed that CPBL teaching may help to understand professional knowledge, stimulate learning enthusiasm and initiative, improve problem solving ability, emphasize clinical practice to cultivate clinical thinking, supervise and promote learning, and enhance team cooperation and teacher-student communication. In terms of the evaluation of teachers, 167 students (94.89%) thought that teachers were rigorous, responsible, and enthusiastic in teaching, attached importance to process management, and did well in effective guidance and thinking inspiration (strongly or relatively agree). The above results suggest that the CPBL teaching reform of pathophysiology based on process management can effectively promote in-depth inquiry-based independent learning and the cultivation of clinical thinking and improve teaching effectiveness, but further improvement is needed for teaching arrangement and time allocation.

Reform and practice of blended teaching of biochemistry and molecular biology in the context of new medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application effect of the blended teaching model of "pre-class synchronous small private online course (SPOC)+ flipped classroom+post-class knowledge expansion" in the theoretical teaching of biochemistry and molecular biology. Methods:A total of 951 students majoring in clinical medicine, preventive medicine, and pharmacy in the class of 2020 in Qiqihar Medical College were selected as teaching reform research group (experimental group), and their curriculum relied on the self-built massive open online course (MOOC) curriculum and the MOOC resources of Chinese universities to construct a blended teaching model; the reform methods such as small class grouping, case-based learning, and diversified examination were adopted to carry out theoretical flipped teaching activities with cross integration of cases and knowledge points as the main line. A total of 847 students majoring in clinical medicine, preventive medicine, and pharmacy in the class of 2019 were selected as control group, and the traditional teaching method was used for theoretical courses. The courses were evaluated by offline assessment and online assessment, and feedback information was collected through examination scores, questionnaire survey, and online voting. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis, and the t-test was used for comparison between groups. Results:The experimental group had a significantly higher total score of final examination than the control group [(92.12±3.88) vs. (86.73±5.27), P<0.05]. The questionnaire survey showed that the students in the experimental group showed a relatively high degree of satisfaction with the blended teaching reform, which increased their participation, experiencing, and sharing activities. The students majoring in clinical medicine in the class of 2020 believed that they had established clinical thinking ability (263, 92.61%) and become familiar with the clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of common diseases (262, 92.25%); the students majoring in preventive medicine in the class of 2020 believed that they had increased their awareness of serving the public (151, 93.21%) and developed the ability to teach and guide healthy living (148, 91.36%); the students majoring in pharmacy in the class of 2020 believed that they had mastered the mechanism of action of drugs for disease treatment (138, 93.24%) and understood the importance of rational drug use in clinical practice (135, 91.22%). Conclusion:The blended teaching model realizes student-centered teaching, stimulates the interest and initiative in learning, and improves learning outcome, thereby improving teaching quality to a certain extent.

Application of blended teaching in clinical skill practice course for undergraduate medical students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application and effect of blended teaching model in clinical skill training.Methods:According to the practical teaching syllabus for undergraduate medical students in Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and the national practical operation examination for medical practitioners, 20 basic skills of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and emergency were selected. A total of 120 junior medical students in the experimental group received the practice course of basic clinical skill operations using the online and offline blended teaching model in the academic years of 2020-2021, and 120 medical students in the control group received this course using the offline teaching model alone during the same period of time. The two groups were compared in terms of process completeness, skill proficiency, aseptic concept, communication and care, and clinical thinking, and a questionnaire survey was conducted for the students in the experimental group to investigate course design, adaptability, interest, satisfaction, and learning effect. SPSS 21.0 was used to perform the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the chi-square test.Results:There were no significant differences between the two groups in general information such as sex and major. The experimental group had significantly better scores of the above practical abilities than the control group [88 (86,89) vs. 75 (72,77), 57 (56,58) vs. 52 (50,54), 7 (6,8) vs. 5 (4,6), 8 (7,8) vs. 5 (4,6), 9 (8,9) vs. 6(6,7), 8 (7,9) vs. 7 (6,7), P<0.001], and the questionnaire survey showed that the students in the experimental group gave a relatively high overall evaluation of the course (4.0-4.8 points). Conclusions:The blended teaching model is beneficial to the cultivation of clinical skills and practical ability in undergraduate medical students and can help to enhance their self-learning and operational abilities and improve classroom efficiency and teaching effectiveness.

Effect of surrounded shade and specimen`s thickness on color adjustment potential of a single-shade composite

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of surrounded shade and specimens` thickness on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite. The composite Vittra APS Unique was surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens of the control composite were also confectioned. Opacity and whiteness index for dentistry (WID) were calculated for simple specimens. Color differences between the simple (ΔE*SIMPLE)/ dual specimens (ΔE*DUAL) and the controls were calculated. CAP was calculated based on the ratio between ΔE* SIMPLE and ΔE* DUAL. The tested composite presented lower opacity (53 to 62% vs. 80 to 93%) and higher WID (≈ 42 vs. 18 to 32) than controls. Irrespective of the specimens' thickness (1.0/ 1.5 mm), the lowest values of ΔE* SIMPLE (11.1/ 10.8) and ΔE*DUAL (7.2/ 6.1) were observed using the surrounding shade A1. The shade A3 yielded higher ΔE*SIMPLE (16.4/ 17.1) and ΔE* DUAL (11.3/ 12.3) than the A2 (ΔE*SIMPLE = 13.4/ 14.6; and ΔE* DUAL = 9.7/ 10.3). The specimen`s thickness significantly affected the CAP (0.35 and 0.44 for 1.0 and 1.5 mm, respectively) only for shade A1, which had the highest CAP values. The shade A3 resulted in higher CAP values (0.31) than A2 (0.27) when 1.0-mm thick specimens were used, but similar values were observed for 1.5 thick specimens (≈ 0.29). In conclusion, both surrounding shade and specimen thickness can affect the CAP of a single-shade resin composite.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito da cor circundante e da espessura da amostra no potencial de ajuste de cor (PAC) de uma resina monocromática. O compósito Vittra APS Unique foi circundado (amostras duplas) ou não (amostras simples) com um compósito controle (cor A1, A2 ou A3). Amostras simples do compósito controle também foram confeccionadas. A opacidade e o índice de brancura para odontologia (IBO) foram calculados para as amostras simples. As diferenças de cor entre amostras simples (ΔE*SIMPLE) / duplas (ΔE*DUAL) e os controles foram calculados. PAC foi calculado baseado na razão entre ΔE* SIMPLE e ΔE* DUAL. O compósito testado apresentou menor opacidade (53 a 62% vs. 80 a 93%) e maior IBO (≈ 42 vs. 18 a 32) que os controles. Independente da espessura da amostra (1,0/ 1,5 mm), os valores mais baixos de ΔE* SIMPLE (11,1/ 10,8) e ΔE*DUAL (7,2/ 6,1) foram observadas quando a resina circundante era A1. A cor A3 resultou em maior ΔE*SIMPLE (16,4/ 17,1) e ΔE* DUAL (11,3/ 12,3) do que A2 (ΔE*SIMPLE = 13,4/ 14,6; e ΔE* DUAL = 9,7/ 10,3). A espessura das amostras afetou significativamente o PAC (0,35 e 0,44 para 1,0 e 1,5 mm, respectivamente) apenas para a cor A1, que teve os maiores valores de PAC. A cor A3 resultou nos maiores valores de PAC (0,31) que A2 (0,27) quando amostras de 1,0 mm de espessura foram usadas, mas valores similares foram observados para amostras de 1,5 mm (≈ 0,29). Como conclusão, tanto a cor circundante como a espessura das amostras podem afetar o PAC de um compósito resinoso monocromático.

Preparation and characterization of poly( vinyl alcohol) /bacterial cellulose guided bone regeneration composite film / 安徽医科大学学报

Objective @#By testing the tensile strength of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/bacterial cellulose(BC) composite membrane and its effect on the proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, its potential as new bone tissue engineering membrane were studied.@*Methods @#PVA⁃BC films of different proportions and pure PVA films were prepared by self⁃evaporation method. The tensile strength of each group was tested. The group with the highest tensile strength was immersed in deionized water for 0. 5 h to measure its wet tensile strength. The microstructure of pure PVA film and the film with the highest tensile strength was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) .X⁃ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared ( FTIR) spectroscopy were used to analyze pure PVA, pure BC,and the film with the highest tensile strength respectively. Cell counting kit⁃8 (CCK⁃8) was applied to detect the survival rate in the blank control group, the pure PVA film group, and the composite film group with the highest tensile strength. @*Results @#PVA⁃BC composite films were successfully prepared, X⁃ray diffraction and FTIR analysis revealed the co⁃presence of PVA and bacterial cellulose in the composite film. The initial tensile strength of the composite membrane increased with the BC ratio. When the concentration ratio of PVA to BC was 10 ∶ 7, the tensile strength reached (155. 5 ± 14. 7) MPa, and wet samples reached (13. 8 ± 1. 2) MPa. The CCK⁃8 test of NIH/3T3 showed that there was no significant difference among the PVA⁃BC composite film group, pure PVA group and blank control group after 1,4 and 7 days of cell culture ( P > 0. 05 ) . @*Conclusion @#PVA⁃BC film fabricated by blending method obtain certain mechanical properties and biocompatibility in both wet and dry states, which may be an appropriate candidate as a GBR membranes for clinical application.

A near-infrared spectroscopy-based end-point determination method for the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Objectives: This study is aimed to explore the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets. These are composed of two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs, emodin and emodin methyl ether) and four kinds of excipients (sodium bicarbonate, starch, sucrose, and magnesium stearate). Also, the objective is to develop a more robust model to determine the blending end-point. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were established to monitor the homogeneity of the powder during the blending process. A calibration set consisting of samples from 15 batches was used to develop two types of calibration models with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method to explore the influence of density on the model robustness. The principal component analysis-moving block standard deviation (PCA-MBSD) method was used for the end-point determination of the blending with the process spectra. Results: The model with different densities showed better prediction performance and robustness than the model with fixed powder density. In addition, the blending end-points of APIs and excipients were inconsistent because of the differences in the physical properties and chemical contents among the materials of the design batches. For the complex systems of multi-components, using the PCA-MBSD method to determine the blending end-point of each component is difficult. In these conditions, a quantitative method is a more suitable alternative. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the effect of density plays an important role in improving the performance of the model, and a robust modeling method has been developed.

A near-infrared spectroscopy-based end-point determination method for the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

OBJECTIVES@#This study is aimed to explore the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets. These are composed of two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs, emodin and emodin methyl ether) and four kinds of excipients (sodium bicarbonate, starch, sucrose, and magnesium stearate). Also, the objective is to develop a more robust model to determine the blending end-point.@*METHODS@#Qualitative and quantitative methods based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were established to monitor the homogeneity of the powder during the blending process. A calibration set consisting of samples from 15 batches was used to develop two types of calibration models with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method to explore the influence of density on the model robustness. The principal component analysis-moving block standard deviation (PCA-MBSD) method was used for the end-point determination of the blending with the process spectra.@*RESULTS@#The model with different densities showed better prediction performance and robustness than the model with fixed powder density. In addition, the blending end-points of APIs and excipients were inconsistent because of the differences in the physical properties and chemical contents among the materials of the design batches. For the complex systems of multi-components, using the PCA-MBSD method to determine the blending end-point of each component is difficult. In these conditions, a quantitative method is a more suitable alternative.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our results demonstrated that the effect of density plays an important role in improving the performance of the model, and a robust modeling method has been developed.

Method selection and practice of pathology teaching in different stages / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To choose the corresponding teaching methods according to different teaching stage in the teaching of pathology for five-year clinical students,and to analyze the difference of teaching effects between staged-teaching and traditional teaching.Methods Students were randomly divided into two groups,with 112 in the experimental group and 118 in the control group.Considering that the teaching content in the experimental group contained the general introduction and different sections and students might experience stages such as "knowledge memorizing","pathology-clinical connection" and "knowledge application",so presentation,assimilation and discussion class (PAD class),blending teaching and flipped classroom were adopted respectively.Examination scores and questionnaire survey were used to evaluate the difference between two teaching ways.SPSS 19.0 was used for data analysis,and t-test and chi-square test were used for inter-group comparison.Results The pathological average score of students in the experimental group was (78.56 ± 7.172),which was higher than (72.53 ± 8.539) in the control group,with statistically significant difference (t=5.809,P=0.000).According to the questionnaire survey,the teaching effects using different teaching methods in different stages in the experimental group was superior than that in the control group,with statistically significant difference (P＜ 0.01).Conclusion Using different teaching methods in different stages is beneficial to guide students for truly comprehending the knowledge,applicating appropriate learning methods,and gradually forming their self-learning ability.

Method selection and practice of pathology teaching in different stages / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective@#To choose the corresponding teaching methods according to different teaching stage in the teaching of pathology for five-year clinical students, and to analyze the difference of teaching effects between staged-teaching and traditional teaching.@*Methods@#Students were randomly divided into two groups, with 112 in the experimental group and 118 in the control group. Considering that the teaching content in the experimental group contained the general introduction and different sections and students might experience stages such as "knowledge memorizing", "pathology-clinical connection" and "knowledge application", so presentation, assimilation and discussion class (PAD class), blending teaching and flipped classroom were adopted respectively. Examination scores and questionnaire survey were used to evaluate the difference between two teaching ways. SPSS 19.0 was used for data analysis, and t-test and chi-square test were used for inter-group comparison.@*Results@#The pathological average score of students in the experimental group was (78.56±7.172), which was higher than (72.53±8.539) in the control group, with statistically significant difference (t=5.809, P=0.000). According to the questionnaire survey, the teaching effects using different teaching methods in different stages in the experimental group was superior than that in the control group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Using different teaching methods in different stages is beneficial to guide students for truly comprehending the knowledge, applicating appropriate learning methods, and gradually forming their self-learning ability.

Investigation of students' satisfaction degree on blending learning in physiology under the background of audit assessment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective@#To investigate students' satisfaction degree and goal-achieving degree for cultivating applicative medical talents by analyzing the results of satisfaction degree survey on blending teaching in physiology from 2016 to 2018 under the background of audit assessment.@*Methods@#Grade 2015 undergraduates majoring in oral medicine (n=60), grade 2016 undergraduates in medical laboratory science (n=59), grade 2016 undergraduates in Traditional Chinese Medicine (n=27), and grade 2017 undergraduates in oral medicine (n=58) were selected as study subjects. Blending learning in physiology was adopted and the teaching process was designed according to the training objectives for applicative medical talents. Questionnaires were conducted among students at the beginning and end of the semester to rate the satisfaction degree of learning in physiology. The questionnaire scores were put into SPSS 19.0 for independent t-test.@*Results@#Grade 2015 oral, 2016 grade medical examination technology, 2016 grade traditional Chinese medicine, 2017 grade stomatology majors. In the scoring indicators of the questionnaire, teaching method scores, semester knowledge mastery scores, semester analysis problem solving ability scores, semester autonomy Both the learning ability score and the final expression communication ability score were significantly higher than the beginning of the semester, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Students are satisfied with the blending learning in physiology which fits the cultivating goal for applied medical talents and reaches the standard line of audit assessment.

Investigation of students' satisfaction degree on blending learning in physiology under the background of audit assessment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate students' satisfaction degree and goal-achieving degree for cultivating applicative medical talents by analyzing the results of satisfaction degree survey on blending teaching in physiology from 2016 to 2018 under the background of audit assessment.Methods Grade 2015 undergraduates majoring in oral medicine(n=60),grade 2016 undergraduates in medical laboratory science(n=59),grade 2016 undergraduates in Traditional Chinese Medicine(n=27),and grade 2017 undergraduates in oral medicine(n=58)were selected as study subjects.Blending learning in physiology was adopted and the teaching process was designed according to the training objectives for applicative medical talents.Questionnaires were conducted among students at the beginning and end of the semester to rate the satisfaction degree of learning in physiology.The questionnaire scores were put into SPSS 19.0 for independent t-test.Results Grade 2015 oral,2016 grade medical examination technology,2016 grade traditional Chinese medicine,2017 grade stomatology majors.In the scoring indicators of the questionnaire,teaching method scores,semester knowledge mastery scores,semester analysis problem solving ability scores,semester autonomy Both the learning ability score and the final expression communication ability score were significantly higher than the beginning of the semester,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion Students are satisfied with the blending learning in physiology which fits the cultivating goal for applied medical talents and reaches the standard line of audit assessment.

Application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU. Methods Totally 165 nursing students who practiced in ICU from 2016 to 2017 were selected by convenient sampling.82 nursing students in the traditional teaching mode were used as the control group in 2016, while 83 nursing students in the blending-teaching model on the basis of the control group were used as the observation group in 2017. Results The aspects of theory and skill operation, clinical nursing comprehensive ability, teaching content, teaching method, language expression, interpersonal relationship, learning atmosphere, learning opportunity and overall evaluation in nursing students of the observation group were (83.89±7.01),(93.05±2.60), (6.61± 1.15),(3.64±0.68),(3.85±0.77),(3.76±0.73),(3.84±0.91),(3.68±0.78),(3.74±0.81),(3.73±0.66)points, which were higher than(69.93 ± 10.28),(87.94 ± 3.11),(5.51 ± 1.53),(2.79 ± 0.84),(2.69 ± 0.63),(2.39 ± 0.52),(2.01 ± 0.70),(2.43 ± 0.57),(2.50 ± 0.55),(2.46 ± 0.55)points in the control group, the differences were significant(t =-14.235--5.176,P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex, age, educational level, scores of entrance examination, teachers′quality, teaching attitude, work atmosphere and organizational support (P>0.05). Conclusions The blending-teaching model is beneficial to improve the learning achievement, clinical nursing comprehensive ability and satisfaction in nursing students who practiced in ICU, and promote the continuous improvement of clinical teaching quality.

Application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To explore the application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU.@*Methods@#Totally 165 nursing students who practiced in ICU from 2016 to 2017 were selected by convenient sampling.82 nursing students in the traditional teaching mode were used as the control group in 2016, while 83 nursing students in the blending-teaching model on the basis of the control group were used as the observation group in 2017.@*Results@#The aspects of theory and skill operation, clinical nursing comprehensive ability, teaching content, teaching method, language expression, interpersonal relationship, learning atmosphere, learning opportunity and overall evaluation in nursing students of the observation group were (83.89±7.01), (93.05±2.60) , (6.61±1.15), (3.64±0.68) , (3.85±0.77) , (3.76±0.73) , (3.84±0.91) , (3.68±0.78) , (3.74±0.81) , (3.73±0.66) points, which were higher than (69.93±10.28) , (87.94±3.11) , (5.51±1.53) , (2.79±0.84) , (2.69±0.63) , (2.39±0.52) , (2.01±0.70) , (2.43±0.57) , (2.50±0.55) , (2.46±0.55) points in the control group, the differences were significant (t=-14.235- -5.176, P<0.05) .There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex, age, educational level, scores of entrance examination, teachers′ quality, teaching attitude, work atmosphere and organizational support (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#The blending-teaching model is beneficial to improve the learning achievement, clinical nursing comprehensive ability and satisfaction in nursing students who practiced in ICU, and promote the continuous improvement of clinical teaching quality.

Near-infrared spectroscopy for online quantitative monitoring of blend uniformity of hydroxychloroquine sulfate raw and auxiliary materials / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To establish a quantitative analysis model for online monitoring of the blending uniformity of hydroxychloroquine sulfate raw and auxiliary materials, so as to accurately and quickly determine the blending endpoint. Methods: A mixture of excipients and hydroxychloroquine sulfate raw material was prepared with a labeling percentage of 70%-130%. The near-infrared spectrum was collected; and the standard normal variate transformation and frst derivative by Norris smoothing were used for spectra pretreating, with 8 372-9 045 cm-1, 5 616-6 058 cm 1 used as the spectral bands. A quantitative analysis model was developed using partial least squares regression. The quantitative analysis model was used to predict the labeling percentage of hydroxychloroquine sulfate in the blending process of raw and auxiliary materials, and the blending endpoint was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results: Five primary factors were used to establish the model. The root mean square error of calibration was 0.96 and the correlation coefficient of calibration set (Rc) was 0.998. The root mean square error of prediction was 0.97 and the correlation coefficient of validation set (Rp) was 0.998. The root mean square error of cross-validation was 1.56 and the correlation coefficient of cross-validation (Rcv) was 0.995. The prediction results of the near-infrared model was consistent with the results of HPLC verification. Conclusion: The near-infrared model in this study can be used for online quantitative analysis of the blending uniformity of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and it can accurately and quickly determine the blending endpoint.

Overview and prospects of traditional Chinese medicine blending technology oriented by quality consistency / 中国中药杂志

The consistency of drug quality is related to the clinical efficacy and safety,which is highly valued by the government and relevant industries. Compared with chemical medicine,traditional Chinese medicine originates from the nature,and is greatly influenced by natural factors,such as the place of origin,cultivation and processing technology,climate. The quality consistency of traditional Chinese medicine is poor. The quality consistency has become the pain point and difficulty of the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry,which seriously affects the stability and controllability of clinical efficacy and the reproducibility or recognition of modern research results. It is also a bottleneck for Chinese patent medicine to enter the international market. Mixed batch blending technology is an effective method for the scientific guarantee of the quality consistency in other industries and disciplines,and widely applied in liquor making industry,tobacco industry and perfume industry. Overseas,mixed batch blending technology has been successfully applied in guaranteeing the quality consistency of Ginkgo biloba preparations Jinnado. It has been used in the production of Chinese formulations in Japan for more than 30 years. In recent years,mixed batch blending technology has been introduced into the pharmaceutical field to ensure the quality consistency of traditional Chinese medicine,and relevant research has gradually increased.This manuscript reviews the application of blending technology in other disciplines,summarizes the algorithm principles and software systems of mixed batch blending in traditional Chinese medicine or natural medicine,explains the specific implementation process of mixed batch blending technology,and looks forward to the application prospects of artificial intelligence and other new technologies,in the hope of providing new ideas and technologies for breaking through the problem of quality consistency,and boosting the high-quality and high-level development of Chinese medicine industry in the new era.

VisConnectome: an independent and graph-theory based software for visualizing the human brain connectome / 生物医学工程学杂志

As a complex system, the topology of human's brain network has an important effect on further study of brain's structural and functional mechanism. Graph theory, a kind of sophisticated analytic strategies, is widely used for analyzing complex brain networks effectively and comparing difference of topological structure alteration in normal development and pathological condition. For the purpose of using this analysis methodology efficiently, it is necessary to develop graph-based visualization software. Thus, we developed VisConnectome, which displays analysis results of the brain network friendly and intuitively. It provides an original graphical user interface (GUI) including the tool window, tool bar and innovative double slider filter, brain region bar, runs in any Windows operating system and doesn't rely on any platform such as Matlab. When importing the user-defined script file that initializes the brain network, VisConnectome abstracts the brain network to the ball-and-stick model and render it. VisConnectome allows a series of visual operations, such as identifying nodes and connection, modifying properties of nodes and connection such as color and size with the color palette and size double slider, imaging the brain regions, filtering the brain network according to its size property in a specific domain as simplification and blending with the brain surface as a context of the brain network. Through experiment and analysis, we conclude that VisConnectome is an effective visualization software with high speed and quality, which helps researchers to visualize and compare the structural and functional brain networks flexibly.