Bacteria-blocking effect of surgical gowns with new material / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study bacteria-blocking effect of surgical gowns with new material.Methods Semi-quantitative and qualitative testing methods were used to detect bacteria-blocking rates of key sites of surgical gowns(chest and forearm), the detected samples included sample A (composite material, unused), sample B (composite material, after washing 100 times), and sample C (monolayer material, unused).Results In semi-quantitative testing,the average bacteria-blocking rates of three samples were 75.47%, 70.78%, and 73.73% respectively.In qualitative testing,three samples could effectively block the penetration of Staphylococcus aureus under wet condition and Bacillus subtilis var.niger spores under dry condition.Conclusion In semi-quantitative testing, all three kinds of samples had bacteria-blocking effect, and the average bacteria-blocking rate was> 70%;in qualitative testing, three samples all meet requirements of bacteria-blocking effect under wet and dry condition.

Influence of obstructive jaundice on neuromuscular blocking effect and drug metabolism of rocuronium / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To observe the effect of obstructive jaundice on the neuromuscular blocking effect and drug metabolism of rocuronium, so as to guide proper use of rocuronium during anesthesia for patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgeries. Methods: Thirty patients (with normal renal function and without muscle or nerves diseases, ASA I - II) receiving elective surgery were divided into 2 groups: obstructive jaundice group (group I, n=15) and control group (group II, n=15). All patients received continuous peridural anesthesia and general anesthesia. Neuromuscular blockade was evaluated with train-of-four (TOF) stimuli of the ulnsar nerve using TOF Watch SX nerve stimulators. The onset time, clinical duration of rocuronium, the time of TOFR from 0 to 70% and recovery index (T1 from 25%-75%) were observed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to determine the concentration of rocuronium in the plasma at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after administration of 0. 9 mg/kg rocuronium. Results: The age, body mass index, and prothrombin time were matched between the two groups. The total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin in group I were significantly higher than that in group II (P<0.01). The onset time was similar between the two groups; the clinical duration of rocuronium, the time of TOFR from 0 to 70%, and the recovery index (to 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of T1) in group I were significantly longer than those in group II (P<0.01). The plasma concentrations of rocuronium in group I were significantly higher than those in group II at 60, 90, 120 min after administration of rocuronium (P<0. 01 or P<0.05). Conclusion: Obstructive jaundice may prolong the duration of rocuronium action and recovery time, and slows down the metabolism of rocuronium. So patients with obstructive jaundice should have a longer interval for drug addition. Peri- and post-operative monitoring of neuromuscular function is suggested for proper drug use and anesthesia extubation.

Cuando la contigüidad no es suficiente: bloqueo en relaciones de equivalencia / When Contiguity is not Enough: Blocking Equivalence Relations

El fenómeno de bloqueo describe una circunstancia en la cual se impide o se dificulta el la transferencia de funciones entre eventos que se han presentado en una relación de contigüidad espacio-temporal. Desde una perspectiva teórica y empírica, el efecto bloqueo no debería predecirse en la adquisición de clases de estímulos aun cuando algunos de los estímulos de la misma clase se presenten simultáneamente. El presente estudio examina si la historia adicional de entrenamiento A-EI bien sea previa o posterior al entrenamiento con un estímulo muestra compuesto AX, es la variable crítica en la presentación del efecto bloqueo. Los desempeños obtenidos en las pruebas de bloqueo por los participantes de un grupo expuesto al procedimiento de bloqueo, un grupo expuesto al procedimiento de bloqueo invertido, y un grupo control, sugieren que el entrenamiento adicional con un solo elemento del compuesto no impide la inclusión de todos los estímulos dentro de la clase. Los casos en los que se observó el efecto bloqueo se interpretan en términos de tipos de percepciones elementales y configurales.

The blocking effect describes a circumstance which impedes function transfer among events that are part of a relation of spatiotemporal contiguity. However, theoretical and empirical evidence in stimulus class acquisition predicts that the blocking effect should not be observed even if some of the stimul11n the class are presented simultaneously as compound stimuli. The present study examines if additional A-EI training, whether prior or following training with a compound sample AX, constitutes a critical variable in the occurrence of the blocking effect. Performances in blocking tests by a group exposed to the blocking procedure, a group exposed to the backward blocking procedure and a control group were compared. Findings suggest that additional training with one member of the compound does not impede responding to all stimuli as members of the class. Instances where the blocking effect was observed are interpreted in terms of configural and elemental types of responding.

Magnitude and valence of outcomes as determinants of causal judgments / Magnitud y valencia de las consecuencias como determinantes de la atribución de juicios causales

This study examines if the blocking effect paradigm predicts causal judgments when consequences of events vary in valence and magnitude. The procedure consists on presenting participants with reports describing the positive or negative effects produced by different substances, when these are consumed either separately or simultaneously with others. Two groups of participants were exposed to high and low magnitude consequences, respectively. The extent to which behavior with respect to causal judgments is consistent with the predictions of the blocking effect was evaluated in in both groups using two types of questions. One of them asked whether or not substance X produced the effect, while the other one asked about the probability of substance X producing the effect. Differences in causal judgments as a product of logical or intuitive reasoning were examined. Even though the blocking effect was not observed, a significant interaction was obtained between the factors valence and experimental condition (blocking and control). Findings are discussed in terms of the differences between associative learning in humans and in non-human animals, and in terms of the theoretical differences between evaluative conditioning and predictive or causal conditioning.

El propósito de este proyecto es examinar si el modelo de bloqueo predice la atribución de juicios causales al variar la valencia y la magnitud de las consecuencias. El arreglo experimental consiste en la presentación de reportes sobre los efectos positivos y negativos que producen diferentes sustancias al ser consumidas solas o en conjunto con otras. Los participantes del primer grupo estuvieron expuestos a consecuencias de alta magnitud y los del segundo grupo, a consecuencias de baja magnitud. Se evaluó si la atribución de causalidad es consistente con las predicciones del efecto bloqueo mediante dos tipos de pregunta: una pregunta acerca si la sustancia X produce o no el efecto, y una pregunta sobre la probabilidad de que X produzca el efecto. Se examinaron las diferencias en los juicios causales cuando las atribuciones son producto del razonamiento lógico o intuitivo. Si bien no se observó evidencia del efecto bloqueo, se obtuvieron efectos de interacción entre los factores valencia y condición experimental (sustancias bloqueo y control). Se discuten los hallazgos en términos de las diferencias entre el aprendizaje asociativo en humanos y animales no humanos, y en términos de las implicaciones sobre las diferencias teóricas entre el condicionamiento evaluativo y el condicionamiento predictivo.

Clinical Comparison of Neuromuscular Pharmacodynamics of Different Dosage of Mivacurium Chloride in Infants during Sevoflurane Anesthesia / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the neuromuscular blocking effects and clinical pharmacology of different dosage of mivacurium chloride in infants during sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods Forty ASA I infants undergoing sevoflurane general anesthesia were randomly assigned to tow groups according to the dose level of mivacurium: group1: 200 μg/kg ( n =20) and group2: 250 μg/kg ( n =20) . TOFs were determined synchronously. The onset time of mivacurium, recovery time of spontaneous breathing and cardiovascular reactions were measured. Results The onset time was significantly shortened in group 2 compared with group 1 (P<0.05) . There was no significant difference in the recovery time of spontaneous breathing between the two groups. 2 minutes after mivacurium was injected, DBP in group 2 decreased significantly compared with baseline and group 1. 3 minutes after mivacurium was injected,SBP in group 2 decreased significantly compared with baseline and group 1. Conclusion In infants undergoing sevoflurane general anesthesia, the onset time of mivacurium can be shortened when 250μg/kg was administered,but the depression of cardiovascular system may occurr simultaneously.

Neuromuscular Blocking Effects of Ketamine / 대한마취과학회지

In the human isolated arm preparation applied tourniquet on the upper arm, the neuromuscular blocking effects of ketamine were confirmed with the changes of first twitch height (T1) and train of four ratio (T4R) induced from 2Hz ulnar nerve stimulation (ABM Datex Co.) at 20 minutes after administration of ketamine. The results obtained were as follows; In the control group administered of saline, T1 was elevated to 6.48% compared with before tourniquet applied but T4R was not changed through the whole of the process. In the group I administered of ketamine 1 mg/kg, T1 and T,R were depressed of 8.68% and 29.59% respectively but T1 was not significant. In the group II administered of ketamine 2 mg/kg, T1 and T4R were depressed of 43.4% and 40.4% respectively. T1 and T4R in the group I and II were significantly depressed comparing with control group.

BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING EFFECT OF BUNOLOL: A COMPARISON WITH PROPRANOLOL / 中国药理学通报

The effect of bunolol on ?-adrenergic receptor of various tissues of animals were reported. The results showed that cumulative dose-response curves of isoprenaline were shifted paratlely to the right by bunolol ( 10-8, 10-7, 10-6mol/L ) on isolated rabbit atrium and guinea pig trachea preparation utilizing isoprenaline as a beta-receptor agonist. In the isolated rabbit right atrium preparation,the pA2 value of bunolol antagonizing the chronotropic action of isoprenaline was 9.3. In the isolated guinea-pig trachea preparation,the pA2 value of bunolol antagonizing the isoprenaline-induced relaxation was 9.1. By contrast, the 〔pA2 ( ?1 )- pA2 ( ?2 ) 〕 value of bunolol was 0.2, suggesting its ?-blocking action in the atrium being nearly 0,6 times more than that in the trachea. Also, comparison with pfopranolol, the blocking effect of bunolol on cardiac ?1 receptor and on trachea ?2 receptor were 4 times and 1.6 times more than that of propranolol respectively.Bunolol ( 1 mg/kg ) could, block completely the vasodilating response of epinephrine ( 10?gAg ) . At the same dosage, bunolol had no effect on blood pressure and heart rate of prior reserpini-sation rats.