Brazilian growth charts for Williams-Beuren Syndrome at ages 2 to 18 years

Abstract Objective: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts. The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. Results: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. Conclusion: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals.

Factors influencing the height development of children and adolescents in Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China / 中国基层医药

Objective:To analyze the factors that influence the height development of children and adolescents aged 3 to 16 years in Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China.Methods:During the period from August 2021 to June 2022, a convenient sampling method was used to select 100 children and adolescents aged 3-16 years residing in Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China. The subjects' physical measurement indicators, Tanner stage, height development questionnaire, wrist bone age, sex hormones, and nutritional biochemical indicators were carefully collected. The factors that influence height development were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to visualize the effects of these influential factors.Results:The study involved a total of 100 children and adolescents, with 51 (51.0%) participants in the tall stature group and 49 (49.0%) participants in the low stature group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of height difference relative to the national average, body weight, waist circumference, luteinizing hormone level, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, follicle stimulating hormone level, and bone age [ χ2 ( t) = 13.6, 2.65, 2.47, -2.58, 10.9, -2.95, 11.8, all P < 0.05]. A univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that body mass, waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, follicle stimulating hormone level, and bone age are factors that possibly affect height development ( OR = 1.05, 1.05, 4.56, 1.18, 2.99, all P < 0.05). Furthermore, a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, and bone age as independent factors influencing height development ( OR = 1.10, 7.01, 3.14, all P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the values of the area under the curve were 0.65, 0.65, 0.67, and 0.75 respectively for waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, bone age, and their combination (all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Waist circumference, the percentage of individuals with an abnormal luteinizing hormone level, and bone age appear to be critical factors influencing the height development of children and adolescents In Chengguan District of Lhasa of Xizang Autonomous Region, China.

Exploratory analysis of the association between stature, obesity, and food insecurity in adults of the National Dietary Survey 2017-2018 / Análise exploratória da associação entre estatura, obesidade e insegurança alimentar em adultos no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2017-2018

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate short stature as a possible explanation for obesity, and identify if consumption of energy, protein, carbohydrate, and lipids were associated to higher risk for obesity in Brazilian adults (20-59 y) living in household food insecurity. Methods Cross-sectional study from 2017/2018 Household Budget Survey (N=28,112). Food insecurity was measured with the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Short stature was used as an indicator of malnutrition at the beginning of life, which characterizes metabolic alterations resulting from the presence of food insecurity (cuts off women ≤149cm; men ≤160cm). Body mass index (kg/m2) was estimated from self-reported weight and body height. The average food intake was estimated from a 24-hr recall. The weighted means and standard error of the food security/insecurity categories were assessed according to height, mean energy intake and protein(g), carbohydrate(g) and lipids(g) intake, stratified by gender and nutritional status. Results Both men and women with obesity and food insecurity had significantly lower average height in comparison with those in food security status (p-value <0.01). The prevalence of obesity 1 (BMI 30-34.9kg/m2) increased significantly with the food insecurity among women. There was a trend towards short stature among obese women from families with food insecurity, as well as lower intake of energy. Among both men and women, the lowest intakes of protein and the highest intake of carbohydrates were observed in the underweight group (BMI <18.5kg/m2). Conclusion In women, the risk of obesity may depend on the metabolic background, since who presents food insecurity and develop obesity have low stature and lower energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a baixa estatura como possível explicação para a obesidade, e identificar se o consumo de energia, proteína, carboidrato e lipídios esteve associado ao maior risco de obesidade em adultos brasileiros (20-59 anos) que vivem em domicílios em insegurança alimentar domiciliar. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017/2018 (N=28.112). A Insegurança alimentar domiciliar foi medida pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. A baixa estatura (mulheres ≤149cm; homens ≤160cm) foi utilizada como indicador de alterações metabólicas decorrentes da presença de insegurança alimentar. O índice de massa corporal (kg/m2) foi estimado a partir do peso e altura autorreferidos. A média de ingestão alimentar foi estimada a partir do recordatório de 24 horas. As médias ponderadas e o erro padrão das categorias de segurança/insegurança alimentar foram avaliadas segundo estatura, médias de ingestão energéticas e de proteínas(g), carboidratos(g) e lipídios(g), estratificado por sexo e estado nutricional. Resultados Homens e mulheres com obesidade e insegurança alimentar apresentaram a média de estatura significativamente menor em comparação aqueles com segurança alimentar (p-valor <0,01). A prevalência de obesidade 1 (índice de massa corporal 30-34,9Kg/m2) aumentou significativamente com a insegurança alimentar entre as mulheres. Houve tendência de baixa estatura entre mulheres obesas de famílias com insegurança alimentar, bem como menor ingestão de energia. Entre homens e mulheres, a menor ingestão de proteína e a maior ingestão de carboidratos foram observadas no grupo de baixo peso (índice de massa corporal <18,5Kg/m2). Conclusão Nas mulheres, o risco de obesidade pode depender do metabolismo, pois quem apresenta insegurança alimentar e desenvolve obesidade possui baixa estatura e menor ingestão energética.

Liver Size and its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters and Age / El Tamaño del Hígado y su Correlación con los Parámetros Antropométricos y la Edad

SUMMARY: The liver has over 500 physiological and biochemical roles in our organism so checking of liver size and function is a part of every clinical examination. Aim of our research was to estimate liver size on computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen images and to determinate relations between liver dimensions and anthropometric parameters. The research included 99 patients, 49 men and 50 women, who were referred for CT of abdomen. We measured body height (BH) and body mass (BM), and calculated body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). Also, on CT images we measured anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) and two craniocaudal liver diameters (one at the level of midclavicular line - CCmcl, and the other was maximal - CCmax). Liver volume (LV) was calculated with formula. Our results showed that AP diameter positively correlated with BSA (r=0.30) in women. LL diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.43), and BSA (0.31) in men. CCmcl diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33), BM (r=0.31), and BSA (r=0.34) in men, while in women it correlated only with BH (r=0.38). CCmax diameter positively correlated with BH (r=0.33) and BSA (r=0.33) in men. LV positively correlated with BH and BSA in both men (r=0.36, r=0.33, respectively) and women (r=0.42, r=0.31, respectively), and in men also with BM (r=0.34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax, and LV negatively correlated with aging in both sexes After the age of 60, there was a decrease in size of LL, CC diameters, as well as in LV. We concluded that liver dimensions decrease with aging, regardless of sex at the expanse of LL and CC diameters which are related to the size of body parameters, so that for a precise evaluation of liver size all three diameters should be measured, LV as well as BH, BM, and BSA.

El hígado desempeña más de 500 funciones fisiológicas y bioquímicas en nuestro organismo, por lo que comprobar el tamaño y la función de este órgano es parte de cada examen clínico. El objetivo de nuestra investigación fue estimar el tamaño del hígado mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) de imágenes del abdomen y determinar las relaciones entre las dimensiones del hígado y los parámetros antropométricos. La investigación incluyó a 99 pacientes, 49 hombres y 50 mujeres, que fueron remitidos para TC de abdomen. Medimos la altura corporal (BH) y la masa corporal (BM), y calculamos el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el área de superficie corporal (BSA). Además, en las imágenes de TC medimos los diámetros hepáticos anteroposterior (AP), laterolateral (LL) y dos craneocaudales (uno a nivel de la línea medioclavicular - CCmcl, y el diámetro máximo - CCmax). El volumen del hígado (VI) se calculó con una fórmula. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el diámetro AP se correlacionó positivamente con BSA (r = 0,30) en mujeres. El diámetro de LL se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,43) y BSA (0,31) en hombres. El diámetro CCmcl se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33), BM (r=0,31) y BSA (r=0,34) en hombres, mientras que en mujeres se correlacionó solo con BH (r=0,38). El diámetro CCmax se correlacionó positivamente con BH (r=0,33) y BSA (r=0,33) en hombres. El VI se correlacionó positivamente con BH y BSA tanto en hombres (r=0,36, r=0,33, respectivamente) como en mujeres (r=0,42, r=0,31, respectivamente), y en hombres también con BM (r=0,34). LL, CCmcl, CCmax y LV se correlacionaron negativamente con el envejecimiento en ambos sexos. Después de los 60 años, hubo una disminución en el tamaño de los diámetros LL, CC y LV. Concluimos que las dimensiones del hígado disminuyen con la edad, independientemente del sexo, en la extensión de los diámetros LL y CC que están relacionados con el tamaño de los parámetros corporales, por lo que para una evaluación precisa del tamaño del hígado se debe medir LV como BH, BM y BSA.

Age of pubertal height growth spurt in children and adolescents from Huila, Colombia / Edad del estirón puberal en altura en niños, niñas y adolescentes de Huila, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: It has been reported that the height of children and adolescents (2-18 years) from Huila-Colombia is below the international reference values described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). However, information regarding the biological parameters of height growth spurt during puberty in this population is still limited. Objectives: To identify the age at minimal pre-spurt height velocity (AMHV), age at peak height velocity (APHV), and age at minimal pre-spurt height velocity return (AMHVR) in the population of Huila, Colombia, and to construct height velocity curves. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted with data from 130 599 children and adolescents (males: n=65 467, females: n=65 132) registered between 2009 to 2016 in the Identification System of Potential Beneficiaries of Social Programs. Height growth velocity was calculated using the LMS method, and height growth velocity curves for each sex were created in the LMSchartmaker software. AMHV, APHV and AMHVR were compared with reference data reported by the CDC and the WHO. Results: AMHV, APHV and AMHVR occurs at the ages of 10, 12.9 and 15.1, respectively, in boys, and at the ages of 8.5, 10.5 and 12.6, respectively, in girls. Peak height velocity (PHV) was 7.1 and 6.6 cm/year, respectively. Conclusions: AMHV, AMHVR and APHV occurred first in girls than in boys. There was a marked difference in height growth patterns between sexes, and APHV was relatively early (in both sexes) compared to the reference values reported by the CDC and WHO.

Resumen Introducción. Se ha reportado que la altura de los niños y adolescentes (2-18 años) del departamento del Huila (Colombia) está por debajo de las referencias internacionales descritas por el Centro para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Sin embargo, la información relativa a los parámetros biológicos del estirón puberal en la altura sigue siendo limitada en esta población. Objetivos. Identificar la edad en la velocidad mínima de crecimiento en altura pre-estirón (AMHV), la edad en la velocidad máxima de crecimiento en altura (APHV) y la edad en el retorno a la velocidad mínima de crecimiento en altura pre-estirón (AMHVR) en población del Huila, y construir curvas de velocidad de crecimiento en altura. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal realizado con datos de 130 599 niños, niñas y adolescentes (varones, n=65 467, mujeres, n=65 132) registrados entre 2009 y 2016 en el Sistema de Identificación de Potenciales Beneficiarios de los Programas Sociales. La velocidad de crecimiento en altura se calculó utilizando el método LMS y las curvas de velocidad de crecimiento en altura para cada sexo se crearon en el programa LMS Chart Maker. La AMHV, la APHV y la AMHVR se compararon con los datos de referencia del CDC y la OMS. Resultados. La AMHV ocurre a los 10 y 8.5 años en niños y niñas, respectivamente; la APHV, a los 12.9 y 10.5 años; la AMHVR, a los 15.1 y 12.6 años, y el pico de velocidad de crecimiento en altura (PHV) fue de 7.1cm/año y 6.6cm/año. Conclusiones. La AMHV, la AMHVR y la APHV ocurrieron primero en las niñas que en los niños; hubo una marcada diferencia en los patrones de crecimiento en altura entre sexos, y la APHV fue relativamente temprana (en ambos sexos) en comparación con los valores de referencia reportados por el CDC y la OMS.

Growth percentiles and growth curves for weight, height, and body mass index of children and adolescents aged 2-18 years from Huila, Colombia / Percentiles y curvas de crecimiento para el peso, la altura y el índice de masa corporal de niños y adolescentes de 2 a 18 años de Huila, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Physical growth, in terms of weight, height and body mass index (BMI), is a relevant parameter that reflects the growth and development pattern of a community. Objective: To construct reference growth curves for weight, height and BMI of children and adolescents (2-18 years) from the department of Huila, Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted using data from 130 599 children and adolescents (males, n=65 467; females, n=65 132) registered between 2009 and 2016 in the System for the Identification of Potential Beneficiaries of Social Programs. The LMS method was used to establish weight-for-age, height-for-age and BMI-for-age percentiles (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 97th) for each age range (every six months). Reference centile curves were created using the LMSchartmaker software. Results: According to the 50th percentile, the greatest increase of weight, height and BMI occurred in males between 13 and 14 years (5.09kg), 2 and 3 years (8.90cm), and 13 and 14 years (0.66kg/m2), respectively. In females, the greatest increase occurred between 12 and 13 years (4.54kg), 2 and 3 years (7.36cm), and 13 and 14 years (0.94kg/m2). Furthermore, at 18 years, weight, height, and BMI were 61.01kg, 168.58cm and 20.65kg/m2 and 55.76kg, 157.64cm and 21.88kg/m2 in males and females, respectively. Conclusions: The reference weight-for-age and height-for-age growth values in the pediatric population of Huila are lower than the reference values described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, as well as those reported in European countries and in Colombia (the latter with the exception of height at 5 years and weight at 18 years in females).

Resumen Introducción. El crecimiento físico, en términos de peso, altura e índice de masa corporal (IMC), es un parámetro relevante que refleja el patrón de crecimiento y desarrollo de una comunidad. Objetivo. Construir curvas de crecimiento de referencia para el peso, la altura y el IMC de niños y adolescentes (2-18 años) del departamento de Huila, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal realizado con datos de 130 599 niños y adolescentes (varones, n=65 467; mujeres, n=65 132) registrados entre 2009 y 2016 en el Sistema de Identificación de Potenciales Beneficiarios de los Programas Sociales. Se utilizó el método LMS para establecer los percentiles (3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 97) de peso, altura e IMC para cada rango de edad (cada seis meses). Las curvas centiles de referencia se crearon en el programa LMSchartmaker. Resultados. Según el percentil 50, se observó que en los varones el mayor incremento en el peso, la altura y el IMC ocurre entre los 13 y 14 años (5.09kg), los 2 y 3 años (8.90cm) y los 13 y 14 años (0.66kg/m2), respectivamente, y en mujeres, entre los 12 y 13 años (4.54kg), los 2 y 3 años (7.36cm) y los 13 y 14 años (0.94kg/m2). Además, a los 18 años, el peso, la altura y el IMC en varones y mujeres fueron 61.01kg, 168.58cm y 20.65kg/m2 y 55.76kg, 157.64cm y 21.88kg/m2, respectivamente. Conclusión. Los valores de referencia de crecimiento para peso y altura en la población pediátrica del Huila son inferiores a los valores de referencia del Centro para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como de los descritos en países europeos y en Colombia (este último excepto en la altura a los 5 años y el peso a los 18 años del sexo femenino).

Nutritional status on vitamin A, vitamin D and its relation with height among primary and middle school students in poor rural areas of Enshi from 2012 to 2021 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the status of physical development, vitamin A and vitamin D among primary and middle school students in poor rural areas in Hubei, to evaluate the implementation effectiveness of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (abbreviated to the program) from 2012 to 2021.@*Methods@#In Enshi City, a pilot monitoring county of the program in Hubei, and a total of 2 554 students from one primary school and one junior middle school were randomly selected. During September to October in 2012-2021, height was measured, and fasting venous blood was collected from students, and serum vitamin A and vitamin D were detected.@*Results@#From 2012 to 2021, height, serum vitamin A and serum vitamin D concentration increased by 2.7 cm, 96.7 μg/L and 8.6 ng/mL. Growth retardation rate decreased by 1.0%. The subclinical and clinical deficiency of serum vitamin A decreased by 37.3% and 6.2%. The subclinical and clinical deficiency of serum vitamin D decreased by 45.7% and 8.5%. Height was positively correlated with serum vitamin A status and negatively correlated with serum vitamin D status ( r =0.08,-0.08, P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#The pilot counties of the program in Enshi, has witnessed improvement in height, serum vitamin A and vitamin D status among primary and secondary students. However, future efforts remains essential as subclinical deficiency of vitamin A and vitamin D are noted in some students. Serum vitamin A is positively associated with height, and vitamin D is negatively associated with height.Considering the correlation between serum vitamin A and vitamin D status with height, continued efforts should be implemented in poor rural areasto strengthen targeted nutrition intervention for students in Hubei.

Relationship between anthropometric parameters and 20 meter shuttle run test among children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To determine the association between anthropometric parameters and 20 meter shuttle run test (20 m SRT) score among children and adolescents.@*Methods@#The convenient sampling method was conducted to select 3 192 primary and secondary school students in Baoan District, Shenzhen, based on the street school types school from April to May 2019. Height, weight, 20 m SRT score and general demographic indicators were assessed and collected. Individuals were divided into two groups based on the dose response correlation between different anthropometric parameters (the Z score of height, weight and BMI) and 20 m SRT score analyzed with the restricted cubic spline. The association between the Z score of height and 20 m SRT score was further analyzed using the Spearman correlation analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze separately the relationship different anthropometric parameters and 20 m SRT score.@*Results@#The Z value of weight and 20 m SRT score showed a non linear dose response association ( P <0.01), the significant but weak linear correlation between the Z value of height and 20 m SRT score ( r=0.06, P <0.05). The prevalence rate on the low level of the Z value of 20 m SRT score in 3 192 children and adolescents was 44.7%, and the gender ( χ 2=14.02, P <0.01) and grade difference ( χ 2=93.28, P <0.01) were both statistically significant. There was no significant relationship between the Z value of height and 20 m SRT score grade among total population, different genders and different grades ( P > 0.05). Compared with the reference group on the Z value of weight ≤-0.23, individuals with the Z value of weight >-0.23 had the low level of 20 m SRT score ( OR =0.61, P <0.05). Compared with the reference group on the Z value of BMI ≤ 0.25, individuals with the Z value of weight >0.25 had the low level of 20 m SRT score ( OR =0.45, P <0.05). Stratified for gender and grade, the above significant relationship on the Z value of weight, Z value of BMI and 20 m SRT score were still observed ( P <0.01).@*Conclusions@#The higher height Z value shows on correlations with 20 m SRT score, but the positive association is found between weight and BMI Z value and the 20 m SRT score. The cardiopulmonary fitness improvement may be more effective among children and adolescents when tuking weight and BMI Z scores into consideration.

Trends of height-for-age Z-scores according to age among Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019 / Tendências dos escores Z de estatura por idade entre crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos de 2006 a 2019 / Tendencias de las puntuaciones Z de la talla por edad entre los niños brasileños menores de cinco años de 2006 a 2019

This study compared the distribution of stunting and height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores among age groups in data from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The final sample comprised 4,408 and 14,553 children < 59 months of age in the PNDS 2006 and ENANI-2019, respectively. Children with HAZ scores < -2 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard were classified as stunted. Prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), means, and standard deviations were estimated for Brazil and according to age. The distribution of HAZ scores at each age (in months) was estimated using the svysmooth function of the R survey package. Analyses considered the complex sampling design of the studies. Statistical differences were determined by analyzing the 95%CI of the overlap of point estimates. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence of stunting for children < 12 months of age increased from 4.7% to 9%. As expected, the smoothed curves showed a higher mean HAZ score for children < 24 months of age in 2006 than in 2019 with no overlap of 95%CI among children aged 6-12 months. For children ≥ 24 months of age, we observed a higher mean HAZ score in 2019. Although the prevalence of stunting among children < 59 months of age was similar between 2006 and 2019, mean HAZ scores among children ≥ 24 months of age increased, whereas the mean HAZ score among children < 24 months of age decreased. Considering the deterioration in living conditions and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect a greater prevalence of stunting in Brazil in the near future.

Este estudo comparou a distribuição dos escores Z de estatura (ZAI) e déficit de estatura por faixas etárias nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS 2006) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nossa amostra final foi composta por 4.408 e 14.553 crianças < 59 meses de idade da PNDS 2006 e ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Crianças com escores HAZ < -2 de acordo com o padrão de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foram classificadas como tendo déficit de estatura. Prevalências, intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), médias e desvios padrão foram estimados para o Brasil e de acordo com a idade. A distribuição dos HAZ em cada idade (em meses) foi estimada usando a função svysmooth do pacote R. Nossas análises consideraram o desenho amostral complexo dos estudos. Diferenças estatísticas foram determinadas pela análise da sobreposição pontual dos IC95%. Entre 2006 e 2019, a prevalência de déficit de estatura para crianças < 12 meses de idade aumentou de 4,7% para 9%. Como esperado, as curvas suavizadas revelaram um HAZ médio maior para crianças < 24 meses de idade em 2006 do que em 2019, sem sobreposição de IC95% entre crianças de 6-12 meses. Para crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade, observamos um HAZ médio maior em 2019. Embora a prevalência de déficit de estatura entre crianças < 59 meses de idade tenha sido semelhante entre 2006 e 2019, observamos um aumento no HAZ médio entre crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade e uma diminuição no HAZ médio entre crianças < 24 meses de idade. Considerando a deterioração das condições de vida e o potencial impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, espera-se uma maior prevalência de déficit de estatura no Brasil no futuro próximo.

Este estudio comparó la distribución de las puntuaciones Z de talla (ZTE) y el déficit de estatura por grupos de edad en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del Niño y de la Mujer (PNDS 2006) y la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nuestra muestra final consistió en 4.408 y 14.553 niños < 59 meses de edad de PNDS 2006 y ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Los niños con puntuaciones HAZ < -2 según el patrón de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se clasificaron como con déficit de talla para edad. Las prevalencias, los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95 %), las medias y las desviaciones estándar se estimaron para Brasil y según la edad. La distribución de HAZ para cada edad (en meses) se estimó utilizando la función svysmooth del paquete R. Nuestros análisis tuvieron en cuenta el complejo diseño de muestra de los estudios. Las diferencias estadísticas se determinaron mediante el análisis de la superposición puntual de los IC95 %. Entre 2006 y 2019, la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad en niños < 12 meses de edad aumentó del 4,7 % al 9%. Como se esperaba, las curvas suavizadas revelaron un HAZ promedio mayor para los niños < 24 meses de edad en 2006 que en 2019, sin una superposición del IC95 % entre los niños de 6-12 meses. Para los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad, observamos un HAZ promedio mayor en 2019. Aunque la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad entre los niños < 59 meses de edad fue similar entre 2006 y 2019, observamos un aumento en el HAZ promedio entre los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad y una disminución en el HAZ promedio entre los niños < 24 meses de edad. Teniendo en cuenta el deterioro de las condiciones de vida y el impacto potencial de la pandemia de COVID-19, se espera una mayor prevalencia de déficit de talla para edad en Brasil en un futuro cercano.

Correlation of Anthropometric Measurements of Proximal Tibia with Its Length for Stature Estimation in Forensic Analysis

Background: Estimation of stature is one of the commonly used methods in forensic analysis to establish identity of individuals. Estimation of stature from fragments of long bones is done by deriving linear regression equations. The objective of the present study was to derive a simple regression equation for estimating length of the tibia using the morphometry of proximal end of tibia. Materials and methods: In this descriptive study carried out in the department of anatomy of a medical college, anthropometric measurements of proximal end of 150 dry human tibiae were collected irrespective of the sex and side. The parameters measured included the mediolateral length of the proximal end, the anteroposterior length of the medial and lateral condyle of tibia, anteroposterior length of the intercondylar area, and the circumference of proximal end of tibia. The measurements were done using Vernier calliper and measuring tape. Length of the tibia was estimated by using simple regression analysis. Results: The following linear regression equations were derived. Length of tibia can be calculated by, 29.2749 + (1.1925 × Mediolateral length) ±1.1926, 27.6418 + (2.333 × Anteroposterior length of lateral condyle) ±1.132, 21.8342+(3.2614 ×Anteroposterior length of medial condyle) ±1.328, 33.542 +(0.8952 × Anteroposterior length of intercondylar region) ±1.474, 23.1902 +(0.76379 × Circumference of proximal end) ± 1.134 Conclusion: The study revealed that there is a positive correlation between the measurements of proximal end of tibia and its length. The equation derived would help in forensic analysis to estimate the stature of an individual.

Longitudinal study on the changes and correlation of height, weight and blood pressure among children in Shenzhen / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the changes of children s height, weight, blood pressure and gender differences, to explore the relationship between overweight, obesity and childhood hypertension, and to provide a scientific basis for childhood hypertension prevention.@*Methods@#Physical examination data during 2013 to 2018 of ten primary school students in Shenzhen were collected. Growth rate of height, weight and blood pressure by age and gender were calculated. The generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the association between overweight, obesity and hypertension.@*Results@#Weight, body mass index (BMI) and systolic pressure of boys and girls increased with age ( t/Z =3.89-31.52, P <0.05). The height growth rate of girls was higher than that of boys at the age of 8-11, and reaches the peak of height growth at the age of 10, while boys were two years later than girls(boys:7.68 cm, gilrs:7.42 cm). Weight and blood pressure growth rates were similar. At the same time, the growth rate of height and blood pressure had a synchronous trend, and the peak of the growth rate of blood pressure was also at the peak stage of height growth. The OR value of obesity on childhood hypertension was 1.62(1.48-1.81), and the OR value of overweight on childhood hypertension was 2.01(1.75-2.30), both P <0.01.@*Conclusion@#There are gender differences in children s height, weight, and blood pressure, and the growth rate of height and blood pressure shows a synchronous trend. Overweight and obesity in children can increase the risk of high blood pressure and hypertension.

A study of anatomical location of the low tibial tunnel in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction based on CT images / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To measure the anatomical parameters of the simulated low tibial tunnel of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) based on knee CT images so as to provide clinical reference for accurate location of the tunnel.Methods:The CT images of 201 healthy knee joints collected at Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from June 2016 to September 2021 were used for simulation of the PCL low tibial tunnel. The anatomical parameters of the tibial tunnel were measured using the RadiAnt DICOM Viewer. The primary measures included the angle between tibial plateau and tibial tunnel (ATPT) and the perpendicular distances from the tibial tunnel entrance and exit point to the tibial plateau (L1 and L2). The secondary measures included the angle between tibial plateau and posterior slope (PSA), the angle between tibial anatomical axis and central line of tibial tunnel (ATAA), the angle between posterior tibial slope line and the central line of tibial tunnel (APST), the anterior and posterior diameter of tibial plateau (APD), the length of posterior tibial slope (LPTS), and the length of tibial tunnel (LTT). The measurement results were analyzed according to the body height (divided into 3 groups: a 1.00 to 1.60 m group, a 1.61 to 1.70 m group, and a ≥1.71 m group) and gender using the software IBM SPSS 26.Results:The primary measures: ATPT was 37.0°±4.5°, and L1 and L2 were respectively (57.8±7.4) mm and (34.5±3.3) mm. The secondary measures: PSA 128.1°±5.4°, ATAA 52.7°±4.1°, APST 89.1°±5.9°, APD was (32.9±2.6) mm, LPTS (20.5±2.4) mm, and LTT (40.9±5.7) mm. After grouping by gender, there was no significant difference in PSA between men and women ( P>0.05) while there were significant differences in the other indexes between men and women ( P<0.05). After grouping by body height, there was no significant difference in ATPT, PSA, APST or ATAA between the 3 groups (1.00 to 1.60 m group, 1.61 to 1.70 m group and ≥1.71 m group) ( P>0.05) while there were significant differences in L1, L2, APD, LPTS and LTT between the 3 groups ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Based on the knee CT images, the primary measures of PCL low tibial tunnel are as follows: the angle between tibial plateau and tibial tunnel is 37.0°±4.5°, and the perpendicular distances from the tibial tunnel entrance and exit point to the tibial plateau are (57.8±7.4) mm and (34.5±3.3) mm, respectively. Gender and body height are the important factors influencing the above measurement outcomes.

Effect of oral acitretin on the height and bone development of children: a retrospective analysis of 106 cases / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of oral acitretin on the height and bone development of children.Methods:Clinical and imaging data were collected from 106 children receiving oral acitretin for at least 1 month in Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children′s Hospital from March 2007 to January 2021, and retrospectively analyzed. The main outcome measures were height and near-adult height. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to investigate relevant factors for short stature in children, and non-inferiority test was used to analyze the proximity of the actual height to target height of children who had reached near-adult height. The secondary outcome measures were bone age and epiphyseal closure. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze differences in the value of bone age minus chronological age between the baseline and last follow-up, and the premature closure of epiphysis was also evaluated.Results:Among the 106 children, 62 were males and 44 were females; 84 were diagnosed with pustular psoriasis, 10 with psoriasis vulgaris, 11 with pityriasis rubra pilaris, and 1 with lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei. These children received oral acitretin at doses of <1 mg·kg -1·d -1 for 1 - 90 months. Among the 96 children aged under 18 years, 91 (94.8%) were of normal stature, and 5 (5.2%) were short in stature; among the 83 children receiving acitretin monotherapy, 81 (97.6%) were of normal stature, and 2 (2.4%) of short stature. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of short stature caused by acitretin combined with glucocorticoid therapy was 76.57 times higher than that of acitretin monotherapy ( OR = 77.57, 95% CI: 2.20 - 2 738.82, P = 0.017) , while the type of disease, gender, age at onset, age at initial treatment with acitretin, course of treatment, and average daily dose of acitretin did not significantly affect the stature of children ( P = 0.988, 0.214, 0.087, 0.078, 0.066, 0.350, respectively) . At the last follow-up visit, 13 children who had reached near-adult height were of normal stature, and the non-inferiority test showed that their near-adult height was not inferior to the target height (Satterthwaite = 0.23, P = 0.030) . Bone age was evaluated in 45 children at baseline and last follow-up visit, there was no significant difference in the value of bone age minus chronological age between the baseline and last follow-up ( Z = -0.85, P = 0.250) , and no patients experienced premature closure of epiphysis before and after the treatment. Conclusion:This study preliminarily revealed that oral acitretin at doses of <1 mg·kg -1·d -1 for less than 90 months might not significantly affect the height and bone development of children.

Association between socioeconomic and nutritional factors and height of Brazilian adolescents: results from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents / Associação entre fatores socioeconômicos e nutricionais e altura de adolescentes brasileiros: resultados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes / Asociación entre los factores socioeconómicos y nutricionales y la estatura de los adolescentes brasileños: resultados del Estudio de Riesgo Cardiovascular en Adolescentes

This study aims to describe the mean height of adolescents from the five regions of Brazil and to evaluate socioeconomic and nutritional factors associated with normal growth. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Brazilian urban and rural areas with students aged 12 to 17 years (n = 71,553). Anthropometry, socioeconomic variables, physical activity, and diet were evaluated. Height-for-age z-scores were calculated and multiple linear regression models were used to investigate the association of exposure variables with height (outcome) by sex and age (12-13, 14-15, and 16-17 years). We observed a lower mean height in adolescents from the North Region and in individuals with low socioeconomic status. At 17 years of age, the closest to the final height in this sample, mean heights for girls and boys were 160.9 ± 0.1cm and 173.7 ± 0.3cm, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, physical activity (girls β = 0.119, 95%CI: 0.035; 0.202; boys β = 0.092, 95%CI: 0.012; 0.172) and high level of maternal education (girls β = 0.103, 95%CI: 0.001; 0.204; boys β = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.245; 0.534) were positively associated with height-for-age z-score in 16- to 17-year-old boys and girls. Other factors positively associated with height-for-age z-score in older students include higher protein consumption (β = 0.022, 95%CI: 0.010; 0.035) and obesity (β = 0.217, 95%CI: 0.084; 0.350) for boys, and low weight (β = 0.205, 95%CI: 0.028, 0.382) for girls. We observed differences in the mean height among adolescents from the five Brazilian regions. Normal growth, especially among older adolescents, was associated with high maternal education, practice of physical activity, protein consumption, and body mass index (BMI) categories.

Buscou-se descrever a altura média dos adolescentes das cinco regiões do Brasil e avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos e nutricionais que estejam associados ao seu crescimento normal. Este é um estudo transversal realizado em ambientes urbanos e rurais no Brasil com estudantes de 12 a 17 anos (n = 71.553). Avaliamos antropometria, variáveis socioeconômicas, atividade física e dieta. Calculou-se os escores-z por idade e investigou-se a associação das variáveis de exposição com altura (desfecho) por sexo e idade (12-13, 14-15 e 16-17 anos) através de múltiplos modelos de regressão linear. Observou-se menor altura média em adolescentes da região Norte e em baixos níveis socioeconômicos. Aos 17 anos, o mais próximo da altura final nesta amostra, as alturas médias para meninas e meninos foram de 160,9 ± 0,1cm e 173,7 ± 0,3cm, respectivamente. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, atividade física (meninas β = 0,119, IC95%: 0,035; 0,202; meninos β = 0,092, IC95%: 0,012; 0,172) e Ensino Médio materno (meninas β = 0,103, IC95%: 0,201; 0,204; meninos β = 0,39, IC95%: 0,245; 0,534) estiveram positivamente associados ao escore-z de altura por idade em meninos e meninas de 16-17 anos. Maior consumo de proteína (β = 0,022, IC95%: 0,010; 0,035) e obesidade (β = 0,217, IC95%: 0,084; 0,350) estiveram positivamente associados ao escore-z de altura para a idade meninos mais velhos, enquanto a variável associada às meninas foi baixo peso (β = 0,205, IC95%: 0,028; 0,382). Observou-se diferenças na altura média de adolescentes das cinco regiões brasileiras. O crescimento normal, especialmente entre adolescentes mais velhos, esteve associado à escolaridade materna, à prática de atividade física, ao consumo de proteínas e às categorias de índice de massa corporal (IMC).

Los objetivos fueron describir la estatura media de los adolescentes de las cinco regiones de Brasil y evaluar los factores socioeconómicos y nutricionales asociados al crecimiento normal. Estudio transversal realizado en entornos urbanos y rurales de Brasil con estudiantes de 12 a 17 años (n = 71.553). Se evaluaron la antropometría, las variables socioeconómicas, la actividad física y la dieta. Se calculó la puntuación Z de la altura para la edad y se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para investigar la asociación de las variables de exposición con la altura (resultado) por sexo y edad (12-13, 14-15 y 16-17 años). Se observó una estatura media más baja en los adolescentes de la región norte y en los de nivel socioeconómico bajo. A los 17 años, la edad más cercana a la estatura final en esta muestra, las estaturas medias de las chicas y los chicos eran de 160,9 ± 0,1cm y 173,7 ± 0,3cm, respectivamente. En el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, la actividad física (chicas β = 0,119, IC95%: 0,035; 0,202; chicos β = 0,092, IC95%: 0,012; 0,172) y la madre con educación secundaria (chicas β = 0,103, IC95%: 0,001; 0,204; chicos β = 0,39, IC95%: 0,245; 0,534) se asociaron positivamente con la puntuación z de la altura para la edad en chicos y chicas de 16-17 años. En el caso de los chicos, el mayor consumo de proteínas (β = 0,022, IC95%: 0,010; 0,035) y la obesidad (β = 0,217, IC95%: 0,084; 0,350), mientras que, en el caso de las chicas, el bajo peso (β = 0,205, IC95%: 0,028; 0,382) también se asociaron positivamente con la puntuación z de la altura para la edad en los estudiantes mayores. Se observaron diferencias en la estatura media entre los adolescentes de las cinco regiones brasileñas. El crecimiento normal, especialmente entre los adolescentes de mayor edad, se asoció con la alta escolaridad de la madre, la práctica de actividad física, el consumo de proteínas y las categorías de índice de masa corporal (IMC).

Medidas antropométricas orofaciais de recém-nascidos e sua relação com sexo, peso e altura / Anthropometric orofacial measures of newborns and their relationship with sex, weight and height

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar as medidas antropométricas orofaciais, com peso, altura e sexo de recém-nascidos. Método Estudo transversal observacional realizado com 130 recém-nascidos em aleitamento materno exclusivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por fonoaudiólogas devidamente treinadas e calibradas. As medidas orofaciais dos recém-nascidos foram realizadas com uma régua maleável e transparente de 10 cm de comprimento, nos seguintes segmentos: alturas do terço superior (tr-g), do terço médio (g-sn) e do terço inferior da face (sn-gn); altura do filtro (sn-Is); distância entre o canto do olho e a comissura labial do lado direito e esquerdo (ex-ch). A medida do peso e da altura foram coletadas nos prontuários dos recém-nascidos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, sendo aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney, adotando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Dos 130 recém-nascidos, 61 eram do sexo masculino e 69 do sexo feminino. A mediana do peso foi de 3,3 kg e da altura de 49 cm. Houve diferença significativa entre o peso e a medida da distância entre o canto do olho e a comissura labial do lado direito e esquerdo (ex-ch). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa das medidas orofaciais com sexo e altura. Conclusão Não houve diferença nas medidas antropométricas orofaciais de recém-nascidos a termo quando comparadas com sexo e altura; porém, quando comparadas com peso, há diferença nas medidas da distância entre o canto do olho e a comissura labial do lado direito e esquerdo.

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare orofacial anthropometric measurements, with weight, height and sex of newborns. Methods Observational cross-sectional study carried out with 130 newborns on exclusive breastfeeding. Data collection was performed by properly trained and calibrated speech therapists. The orofacial measurements of the newborns were performed with flexible and transparent ruler 10 cm long, in the following segments: heights of the upper third(tr-g), the middle third(g-sn) and the lower third on the face (sn-gn); filter height (sn-Is), distance between the corner of the eye and the labial commissure on the right and left side (ex-ch). Weight and height measurements were collected from the newborns' medical records. The data were submitted to statistical analysis, using the Mann-Whitney test, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results Of the 130 newborns, 61 were male and 69 female. The median weight was 3.3 kg and the median height was 49 cm. There was significant difference between weight and measurement distance between the corner of the eye and the left and right labial commissure (ex-ch). There was no significant difference in orofacial measurements with sex and height. Conclusion There was no difference in orofacial anthropometric measurements of full-term newborns when compared with sex and height; however, when compared to weight, there is a difference in the measurements of the distance between the corner of the eye and the labial commissure on the right and left side.

Equations for calculating ideal body weight in patients on mechanical ventilation in adult intensive care units in Latin America: exploratory review / Ecuaciones para calcular el peso ideal en pacientes con ventilación mecánica en unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto en Latinoamérica: revisión exploratoria

Abstract Introduction Ideal body weight calculation is used in critical medicine for drug dosing and setting ventilation parameters. However, the suggested and used equations were designed on the basis of anthropometric variables that do not represent the Latin American population. Objective To map and present the current evidence on the equations used to calculate ideal weight in patients on mechanical ventilation in intensive care units in Latin America. Material and Methods Exploratory review using the Joanna Briggs Institute method conceived by Arskey / O'Malley. A search was performed in the BVS, LILLACS, REDALYC, Ovid, Google Scholar and Scielo databases using keywords and MeSH terms in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, with no time limitation. The results are presented in descriptive tables. Results Overall, 1126 studies were identified and 1120 were excluded; 6 studies were reviewed and 3 additional studies were identified through a manual search. The studies were published in Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, and Peru. In 89%, the ARDS Network equation was used to calculate tidal volume. Acute respiratory distress syndrome was the most reported pathology (33%). Conclusions Adult intensive care units in Latin America use the equation suggested by the ARDS Network, which was designed in a population with different anthropometric characteristics.

Resumen Introducción El cálculo del peso ideal se utiliza en medicina crítica para dosificación de medicaciones y programación de parámetros ventilatorios; sin embargo, las ecuaciones sugeridas y usadas fueron diseñadas con variables antropométricas que no representan la población latinoamericana. Objetivo Mapear y presentar la evidencia actual de las ecuaciones utilizadas para calcular el peso ideal en pacientes con ventilación mecánica en unidades de cuidado intensivo de Latinoamérica. Material y métodos Revisión exploratoria con el método del Instituto Joanna Briggs concebido por Arskey y O'Malley. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos BVS, LILACS, Redalyc, Ovid, Google Scholar y SciELO con el uso de palabras clave y términos MeSH en idiomas español, inglés y portugués, sin límites de tiempo. Los resultados se presentan de forma descriptiva. Resultados Se identificaron 1.126 estudios, se excluyeron 1.120, se revisaron seis y se encontraron tres adicionales mediante búsqueda manual. Los estudios fueron publicados en Chile, Brasil, México, Ecuador y Perú. En el 89 % se usó la ecuación del ARDS Network para calcular volumen corriente. El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda fue la patología más informada (33 %). Conclusiones En las unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto de Latinoamérica se usa la ecuación sugerida por el ARDS Network diseñada en población con características antropométricas diferentes.

Reference values for height, weight, and body mass index of children and adolescents aged 2 to 18. A systematic review with an emphasis on the Colombian population / Valores de referencia para estatura, peso e índice de masa corporal en niños, niñas y adolescentes de 2 a 18 años. Una revisión sistemática con énfasis en la población colombiana

Abstract Introduction: Basic body measurements (height, weight, and body mass index) of children and adolescents are essential indicators in the field of health and sports talent identification and selection. Objectives: To identify and synthesize original research studies on basic body measurements in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years published between 2003 and 2018. Materials and methods: The search was carried out in PubMed, Epistemonikos, and Google Scholar between May 2017 and June 2018. The inclusion criteria established that the works to be analyzed should be original research articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese and that they should discuss morphological profile, use basic body measurements or physical fitness measurements as reference criteria, include children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years in their study population, and be published between 2003 and 2018 in open-access journals with an impact factor. Results: The search yielded 18 articles that described the morphological profile of children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years; all had a cross-sectional design. Five papers were conducted in Colombia and the remaining 13 in countries or regions of America, Europe, and Asia. Conclusion: This systematic review allowed establishing reference values for height, weight, and BMI, and highlighted the variability of the basic body measurements associated with sex, age, and country of evaluation.

Resumen Introducción. Las dimensiones corporales básicas (estatura, peso e índice de masa corporal) de niños, niñas y adolescentes son indicadores indispensables tanto en el ámbito de la salud, como en procesos de selección de talentos deportivos. Objetivos. Identificar y sintetizar los estudios originales de investigación sobre dimensiones corporales básicas en niños, niñas y adolescentes de 2 a 18 años publicados entre 2003 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed, Epistemonikos y Google Académico entre mayo de 2017 y junio de 2018. Se buscaron artículos originales de investigación en inglés, español o portugués que abordaran el perfil morfológico, que hubieran utilizado como criterio de referencia las dimensiones corporales básicas o las de la condición física; que en su población de estudio incluyeran niños, niñas y adolescentes de 2 a 18 años, y que hubieran sido publicados entre 2003 y 2018 en revistas con factor de impacto y de libre acceso. Resultados. Se encontraron 18 artículos que describían el perfil morfológico en niños, niñas y adolescentes de 2 a 18 años, todos de corte transversal. De estos, 5 se realizaron en Colombia y los 13 restantes en países o regiones de América, Europa y Asia. Conclusión. La presente revisión sistemática permitió establecer un valor de referencia para las variables estatura, peso e IMC, y destacó la variabilidad del perfil morfológico básico asociada con el sexo, la edad y el país de evaluación.

Nutritional assessment of hospitalized patients: Comparison of real and estimated anthropometric measures

ABSTRACT The assessment of the nutritional status of hospitalized patients is fundamental to the establishment of the diagnosis. For bedridden patients, however, it is not possible to determine simple measures, such as weight and height, which are the most widely used variables for nutritional assessments. Objective: Compare real and estimated anthropometric measures in hospitalized patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with adult (>18 years of age) and senior patients (>60 years of age) admitted for clinical or surgical treatment in the general surgery infirmary of Governador Paulo Guerra Restauração Hospital. Data (sex, age, clinical diagnosis, real weight, real height, body mass index, knee height and arm circumference) were collected using nutritional follow-up charts and tabulated using Excel 2016. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS® version 21.0. Results: One hundred and twenty patients participated in the study (median age: 55 years). Most were adults (73.3%) and women (53.3%). The mean differences in weight between the estimated and real measures were statistically significant (p=0.000), with an overestimation of this variable. Regarding height, the estimated values differed significantly from the real values in both men and women (p<0.000) and the difference was larger among the seniors (mean: -0.072). No significant difference was found between the real and estimated body mass index (p= 0.44). Conclusion: In the comparison of methods for estimating weight and height to real measures, a tendency was found to overestimate these body measures.

RESUMEN La evaluación del estado nutricional de los pacientes hospitalizados es esencial para establecer su diagnóstico. Sin embargo, para los pacientes postrados en cama, no se pueden realizar medidas sencillas como el peso y la altura, que son las más utilizadas para el diagnóstico nutricional. Objetivo: Comparar mediciones antropométricas reales y estimadas en pacientes hospitalizados. Metodología: Estudio transversal, que incluye pacientes adultos (>18 años) y personas mayores de 60 años, ingresados para tratamiento clínico o quirúrgico en la sala de cirugía general del Hospital da Restauração Governador Paulo Guerra. Los datos (sexo, edad, diagnóstico clínico, peso real, altura real, índice de masa corporal, altura de la rodilla y circunferencia del brazo) se recopilaron mediante los formularios de monitoreo nutricional y se tabularon en el software Excel 2016. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con SPSS®, versión 21.0. Resultados: 120 pacientes con mediana de 55 años, en su mayoría adultos (73,3%) y mujeres (53,3%). Las diferencias promedio entre las mediciones estimadas y reales fueron estadísticamente significativas, con sobreestimación del peso (p<0,0001). Con respecto a la altura, fue posible identificar que las medidas estimadas diferían significativamente (p<0,0001) de las reales para hombres y mujeres, y que esta variación era aún mayor entre los ancianos (media: -0,072). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el índice de masa corporal real y el estimado (p= 0,44). Conclusión: Al comparar las metodologías para estimar el peso y la altura con las mediciones reales, fue posible observar una tendencia de los métodos a sobreestimar estas mediciones corporales.

Combined effect of height growth and overweight/obesity on blood pressure in children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the association between the combined effect of height growth and overweight/obesity with elevated blood pressure in Chinese children.@*Methods@#Based on a cohort study of puberty development in Xiamen, a cluster sampling method was used to select 1 313 children whose complete height, weight and blood pressure levels at baseline were obtained in 2017 and during a follow up in 2019. The incidence of elevated blood pressure was compared between four different subgroups, and multivariate Logistic regression was performed to analyze the combined effect in boys and girls.@*Results@#Among 1 313 children, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure at baseline was 25.2%. After 2 years of follow up, the incidence of elevated blood pressure was 19.7% and 23.4% in boys, and 16.6% in girls. After adjusting for factors including age, sex, family history of hypertension, sleep time, intake of fruits, vegetables, sugar sweetened beverages, and meat products, multivariate Logistic regression analyses showed that children in the high height growth and overweight/obesity group were more likely to exhibit a higher incidence of elevated blood pressure (overall:RR=2.41，95%CI=1.44-4.04；boys：RR=2.69，95%CI=1.45-5.02). Among girls, the risk of elevated blood pressure in the low height growth and overweight/obesity group also increased significantly (RR=4.47, 95%CI=1.45-13.75).@*Conclusion@#A large magnitude of height growth and being overweight/obesity were associated with elevated blood pressure in children, especially boys. Therefore, interventions that are targeted toward obesity prevention in children before pubertal growth spurts in height may be beneficial to reduce childhood high blood pressure.

Nutrition status of primary and middle school students in poor rural areas of Ningxia during 2013 to 2017 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the nutritional status of the rural compulsory education students from "Rural Compulsory Education Students Nutrition Improvement Program"(hereinafter referred to "plan") in Ningxia, to provide a scientific basis for future targeted nutrition education and interventions.@*Methods@#The survey was conducted in 27 732 students aged 6 to 15 years selected by stratified samplings in 7 counties of Ningxia.@*Results@#In the 5 years of the "plan" implementation, trend in decreasing malnutrition rates across the 5 years(18.16%, 18.77%, 17.08%, 14.38%, 14.93%), with statistically significant difference(Chi-square for trend was 47.02, P<0.01). Overnutrition rate significantly increased(5.21%, 4.89%, 5.51%, 5.68%, 6.83%, Chi-square for trend was 6.66, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Improved nutritional status of rural primary and middle school students in Ningxia has been observed, Co-occurring of malnutrition in boys and overnutrition requires further attention.