Addition of micronutrients to npk formulation and initial development of maize plants / Adição de micronutrientes a formulado npk e o desenvolvimento incial de plantas de milho

Micronutrients are essential nutrients for plant growth and development; however, the micronutrient content in soil is often insufficient to ensure maximum productivity, which creates the need for their application through fertilizers. This study compared the availability of zinc, boron, manganese and copper to the soil, their absorption, accumulation and effect in developing maize plants, supplied as granules mixed with NPK granules or as powder, coating NPK granules. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design with four replications, using a soil classified as Oxisol and maize hybrid AG1051. The formulation for fertilizers used was 4-30-10 (N- P2O5 -K2O) with 0.3% zinc, 0.1% boron, 0.2% manganese and 0.2% copper applied at doses of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 kg ha-1, furthermore, doses of 4-30-10 without micronutrients were applied to ensure variation only for micronutrient doses. Coating NPK granules with micronutrients was better than the mixture for soil Zn content, zinc concentration and accumulation in the shoot and dry mass production. Both fertilizers presented similar behavior for soil B content, B concentration and accumulation in shoots. However, for the greatest dose, B results were better for the mixture of granules. The addition of Mn and Cu to NPK formulation resulted in no response in the soil, although the mixture resulted in greater concentration of Mn in the shoot and coating granules showed greater accumulation of Cu.

Os micronutrientes são essenciais às plantas porém seus teores no solo podem não ser suficientes para altas produtividades, o que gera necessidade de aplicação via fertilizantes. Objetivou-se comparar a disponibilização de zinco, boro, manganês e cobre para o solo, sua absorção, acúmulo e efeito no desenvolvimento de plantas de milho, quando aplicados granulados e em mistura com grânulos NPK ou na forma de pó, revestindo grânulos de NPK. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, com amostras de solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico e híbrido de milho AG1051. Os fertilizantes utilizados foram de formulação 4-30-10 (N-P2O5-K2O) com 0,3 % de zinco, 0,1 % de boro, 0,2 % de manganês e 0,2 % de cobre aplicados nas doses de 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200 e 2400 kg ha-1. Doses complementares de 4-30-10 sem micronutrientes foram aplicadas para que todos os tratamentos recebessem as mesmas doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando somente as doses dos micronutrientes. O revestimento dos grânulos de NPK com micronutrientes é superior à mistura quando se compara o teor de zinco no solo, a concentração e o acúmulo de zinco na parte aérea e a produção de massa seca das plantas de milho. A mistura de micronutrientes granulados com grânulos de NPK apresenta comportamento semelhante para os teores de boro no solo, sua concentração e acúmulo na parte aérea. A adição de manganês e cobre ao formulado NPK não resultou em resposta no solo, embora a forma de mistura tenha resultado em maior concentração de manganês na parte aérea, e o revestimento de grânulos tenha mostrado maior acúmulo de cobre pelas plantas de milho.

Riesgo ambiental por arsénico y boro en las cuencas hidrográficas Sama y Locumba de Perú / Environmental risk due to arsenic and boron in the watersheds Sama y Locumba from Perú

Se efectuó un estudio para estimar el riesgo ambiental sostenible relativo ante concentraciones totales de arsénico y boro en aguas superficiales de las cuencas hidrográficas Sama y Locumba, en Tacna, Perú, a través de muestreos de tipo no probabilístico por conveniencia en puntos referenciales, durante los meses de agosto y noviembre del 2016, así como abril y junio del 2017. Se obtuvo que los valores de arsénico en los respectivos meses fueron 0,0731; 0,29835; 0,287 y 0,711 mg.L-1, lo que superó el límite máximo permisible (0,01 mg.L-1); este incumplimiento fue similar en cuanto al boro, pues se hallaron concentraciones de 8,681 y 4,148 mg.L-1, pero el valor máximo establecido es de 2,4 mg.L-1. Las concentraciones determinadas por meses revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (pd≤0,05). Se concluyó que las aguas superficiales como recurso natural fueron no sostenibles y representaban un riesgo ambiental y para la salud humana

A study was carried out to estimate the relative sustainable environmental risk with total concentrations of arsenic and boron in superficial waters of the watersheds Sama and Locumba, in Tacna, Peru, through samplings of non probabilistic type by convenience in reference sites, during the months of August and November of 2016, as well as April and June, 2017. It was obtained that the arsenic values in the respective months were 0,0731; 0,29835; 0,287 and 0,711 mg.L-1, which overcame the permissible maximum limit (0,01 mg.L-1); this unfulfillment was similar as for the boron, because concentrations of 8,681 and 4,148 mg.L-1 were found, but the established maximum value is 2,4 mg.L-1. Concentrations determined per months revealed statistically significant differences (pd≤0,05). It was concluded that the superficial waters as natural resource were not sustainable and they represented an environmental risk and for the human health

High exposure to boron in drinking water and sperm parameters in Chilean young people / Exposición elevada a boro en el agua potable y parámetros de esperma en gente joven chilena

Our aim was to describe sperm parameters in residents from Northern Chile. We evaluated in 101 volunteers (18 and 30 years old) urinary and drinking water Boron levels using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry; semen parameters were measured with standardized methods. Each individual was categorized in 3 levels of exposure: low (B levels in urine 2.94 mgL-1 or tap water 3.0 mgL-1), medium (urinary B between 2.95-7.4 mgL-1 and B in tap water with 3.0-7.0 mgL-1) and high (urinary B > 7.4 mgL-1 or tap water > 7.0 mgL-1). We found no significant differences among groups by pH, sperm concentration (45.1; 48.2 and 38 million/mL), motility 1th hour (38.1; 40.0 and 45.5 %) and vitality 1th hour (88.6; 88.0 and 76.9 %) respectively. Abnormal morphology was significant different (83.3; 90 and 83 %). Young men exposed to B in drinking water present sperm variations associated with the level of exposure. Most of these changes are positive at intermediate levels of B. For the highest exposures were observed negative changes in sperm morphology, concentration, motility and vitality, all relevant parameters of fertility. Beneficial effect is observed at medium exposure, like a "U curve".

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los parámetros espermáticos en residentes del norte de Chile. Se evaluaron en 101 voluntarios (18 y 30 años), los niveles urinarios y de agua potable de boro, usando "Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry". Los parámetros del semen se midieron con métodos estandarizados. Cada individuo se clasificó en 3 niveles de exposición: bajo (niveles B en la orina 2,94 mgL-1 o agua potable 3,0 mgL-1), medio (B urinario entre 2,95-7,4 mgL-1 y B en agua de beber con 3,0- 7,0 mgL-1) y alto (B urinario >7,4 mgL-1 o agua potable > 7,0 mgL-1). No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos por pH, concentración de espermatozoides (45,1; 48,2 y 38 millones/mL), motilidad a 1 hora (38,1; 40,0 y 45,5%) y vitalidad 1 hora (88,6; 88,0 y 76,9%) respectivamente. La morfología anormal fue significativamente diferente (83,3; 90 y 83%). Los hombres jóvenes expuestos a B en el agua potable presentan variaciones espermáticas asociadas con el nivel de exposición. La mayoría de estos cambios son positivos en niveles intermedios de B. Para las exposiciones más altas se observaron cambios negativos en la morfología, concentración, motilidad y vitalidad del esperma, parámetros relevantes de la fertilidad. Un efecto beneficioso se observa en la exposición media, como una "curva U".

Effects of supplemental boron on intestinal proliferation and apoptosis in African ostrich chicks / Efectos del boro suplementario sobre la proliferación intestinal y apoptosis en polluelos de avestruz africana

Boron is an essential trace element which plays an important role in process of metabolism and the function of the tissues. However, the effects of boron on the intestinal cells in African ostrich chicks are poorly reported. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the role of boron on proliferation and apoptosis of the intestinal cells. A total of 36, ten day-old ostrich chicks were randomly divided into six groups and fed on the same basal diet supplemented with 0, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg/L boric acid in drinking water for 80 days. Proliferatingcell nuclearantigen (PCNA) wasused to test the proliferation indexof intestine in different group byimmunohistochemicalstaining (IHC). Apoptoticcellsofintestinewere detectedbyDutp-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) reaction and evaluated by integral optical density (IOD). Results showed that proliferationof intestinal cells significantly increased in groups of 80, 160, 320 and 640 mg/L. TUNEL reaction showed that apoptosis significantly decreased in 80 mg/L groups, while significantly increased in high dose of boron groups (320 and 640 mg/L), especially inepithelium. In conclusion, low dose of boron-supplemented water could promote cell proliferation and depress apoptosis, while high dose of boron could cause intestinal apoptosis and thus we found increased proliferation of intestine cell as a compensatory adaption. These findings may support optimal dosage of boron that could protect the development of ostrich intestine, while high dosage of boron could suppress it, or even has toxic effects on it.

El boro es un elemento esencial que desempeña un importante rol en el proceso del metabolismo y en la función de los tejidos. Sin embargo, existe poca información de los efectos del boro en las células intestinales de polluelos de avestruz Africana. Por lo tanto, este estudio fue diseñado para investigar el papel del boro sobre la proliferación y la apoptosis de las células intestinales. Un total de 36 polluelos de avestruz de diez días se dividieron, aleatoriamente, en seis grupos y se alimentaron con una misma dieta basal suplementada con 0, 40, 80, 160, 320 y 640 mg/L de ácido bórico en agua potable durante 80 días. Se utilizó el antígeno nuclear celular de células en proliferación (PCNA) para probar el índice de proliferación de intestino en diferentes grupos por tinción inmunohistoquímica. Las células apoptóticas del intestino fueron detectadas por dUTP-biotina nick etiquetado para reacción (TUNEL) y evaluadas por la densidad óptica integrada (DOI). Los resultados mostraron que la proliferación de las células intestinales aumentó significativamente en los grupos de 80, 160, 320 y 640 mg /L. La reacción TUNEL mostró que la apoptosis se redujo significativamente en los grupos de 80 mg/L, mientras que el aumento fue significativo en grupos tratados con dosis alta de boro (320 y 640 mg/L), especialmente en el epitelio. En conclusión, la baja dosis de boro en agua suplementada podría promover la proliferación celular y deprimir la apoptosis, mientras que altas dosis de boro podrían provocar apoptosis intestinal y, por lo tanto, se halló una mayor proliferación de las células del intestino como una adaptación compensatoria. Estos hallazgos indican que una dosis óptima de boro podría proteger el desarrollo del intestino del avestruz, mientras que altas dosis de boro podrían suprimirla, o incluso tener efectos tóxicos sobre ella.

Adubação boratada e produção de sementes de trigo / Boron fertilization on wheat seed production

A deficiência de B pode diminuir a fertilidade das flores, prejudicando a produtividade de sementes de trigo. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a produção e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo produzidas sobre épocas e doses de aplicação de B. O experimento foi desenvolvido no laboratório didático de análise de sementes e em casa de vegetação, no município do Capão do Leão (RS). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições e em esquema fatorial, envolvendo estádio de aplicação (semeadura e perfilhamento), e doses de B (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5kg B ha^-1). A fonte de B utilizada foi o tetraborato de sódio (boráx), o qual apresenta 11,5% de B. A adubação boratada, aplicada na semeadura ou perfilhamento, em doses entre 2,5kg e 3kg de B ha^-1 ocasionam aumento no número de sementes e espigas produzidas por planta, redução do rendimento de sementes por planta, peso de mil sementes e o peso hectolítrico, sem causar redução na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo. As plantas de trigo apresentam maior absorção de B na aplicação no estádio de perfilhamento, em relação à fase de semeadura.

Boron deficiency can decrease fertility of flowers, harming productivity of wheat seeds. The experiment was conducted in didactic laboratory seed testing and in the greenhouse, both located in the municipality of Capão do Leão (RS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and physiological quality of wheat seed produced on time and doses of B application. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications in a factorial arrangement involving application stage (seeding and tillering), and B doses (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5kg ha^-1). The B source utilized was sodium tetraborate (borax), which has 11.5% of B. Boron fertilization applied at sowing and tillering at doses ranging from 2.5kg to 3kg B ha^-1 causing an increase in the number of seeds produced per plant and spikes, reduction of seed yield per plant, thousand seed weight and weight hectoliter, no reduction in physiological seed quality of wheat. Wheat plants have a higher absorption of B application on the tillering stage in relation to the stage of sowing.

Histological evaluation of the effects of borax obtained from various sources in different rat organs / Evaluación histológica de los efectos del borax obtenido de diversas fuentes en diferentes órganos de rata

Boron is an essential element for life and intake via different sources into the body. Because effects of boron and compounds on the body has not been studied enough especially in tissue level, we planned this study to evaluate the effects of borax the most intaken form of boron compound on different intraabdominal organs histologically and also clinically. 42 male rats divided into equal 7 groups and different toxicological doses consistent with its LD50 dose (5000 mg/kg/d) were administered by gavage except control and sham groups. In the study, 2 different kinds of borax one of which was produced for research and the other for agriculture but the same formulation, were used and their effects were also compared. As a result it was found that borax did not cause any histological changes in kidney, large intestine, liver and stomach in lower doses. But if doses were increased, a slightly inflammatory cell migration was detected without clinical signs in liver and large intestine. However, when a single very high dose of borax was administered, very high edema, inflammatory cell migration and neovascularization was observed and clinically 2 out of 6 rats died within 5 hours. We suggested that very high dose intake of borax may cause sudden death and also during long periods and higher dose intake may pave the way of inflammatory bowel diseases. At the same time, in boron related studies we advice that the kind of boron and also their source should be evaluated carefully and the most suitable compound should be chosen in case of faulty results.

El boro es un elemento esencial para la vida e ingresa a través de diferentes fuentes al cuerpo. Dado que los efectos del boro y sus compuestos en el cuerpo no se han estudiado lo suficiente, especialmente a nivel tisular, se planificó este estudio para evaluar sus efectos y la forma de consumo más común del compuesto de boro sobre diferentes órganos intraabdominales a nivel histológico y clínico. Cuarenta y dos ratas macho divididas en 7 grupos, con diferentes dosis toxicológicas de acuerdo con su dosis DL50 (5000 mg/kg/d) administradas por sonda, excepto en los grupos control y simulado. En el estudio fueron usados 2 tipos diferentes de boro, uno producido para la investigación y el otro para la agricultura, pero de la misma formulación, y sus efectos fueron comparados. Se encontró que el boro no causó cambios histológicos en el riñón, intestino grueso, hígado y estómago en dosis bajas. Sin embargo, al aumentar la dosis, se detectó una leve migración de células inflamatorias, sin signos clínicos, en el hígado e intestino grueso. Por otra parte, cuando se administró una sola dosis muy alta de boro, se observó un amplio edema, migración de células inflamatorias y neovascularización; clínicamente 2 de 6 ratas murieron dentro de 5 horas. Sugerimos que la ingesta de dosis muy altas de bórax pueden causar la muerte súbita, además la ingesta de dosis altas y durante periodos de tiempo prolongado puede causar enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino. Es recomendable que en los estudios relacionados con el boro, el tipo de boro así como su fuente sean evaluados cuidadosamente, eligiendo el compuesto más adecuado en caso de resultados erróneos.

Adubação bórica na produção de forragem e componentes radiculares de trevo branco / White clover roots production and nodulation submitted to boron levels

O trevo branco é utilizado no Sul do Brasil conferindo qualidade nas pastagens ao qual se encontra, podendo ser maximizada a sua produção pelo manejo de macro e micronutrientes. Porém, alguns micronutrientes como o boro, possuem limites estreitos entre a deficiência e a toxicidade. Dessa forma, esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de boro sobre a produção de forragem e componentes radiculares de trevo branco cultivadas em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, localizada no Município de Pato Branco - PR. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições e os tratamentos consistiram de cinco níveis de boro (0; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 kg ha-1). Foram avaliadas as características referentes à produção de raízes, nodulação e matéria seca da parte aérea em plantas de trevo branco. A adubação aumentou a produção de matéria seca de raízes, o número de nódulos e a matéria seca de nódulos até 2,8 kg de boro ha-1, resultando em maior produção de matéria seca de forragem. As maiores taxas, no entanto, apresentaram efeitos negativos sobre a produção de trevo branco, devido à sua toxicidade.

The white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is used in southern Brazil in giving quality pasture as you are and can be maximized by managing their production of macro and micronutrients. However, some micronutrients such as boron, have narrow limits between deficiency and toxicity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of doses of boron application on the production of forage and root components of white clover grown on an Oxisol. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Technological University of Parana, located in the city of Pato Branco - PR. The experimental design was completely randomized design with five replications and treatments consisted of five levels of boron (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kg ha-1). We evaluated the characteristics concerning the production of roots, nodulation and dry matter of shoots of white clover plants. Fertilization increased the production of root dry weight, nodule number and nodule dry matter up to 2.8 kg ha-1 of boron, resulting in higher production of herbage. Higher rates, however, had negative effects on the production of white clover, due to its toxicity.

Boron as testicular toxicant in mice (Mus domesticus) / El boro como tóxico testicular en ratón (Mus domesticus)

It has been reported that boron causes changes in various systems, including the male reproductive system. Residents in some towns in northern Chile were consuming a few years ago in the drinking water 20 times more than the amount established as permissible limit by WHO. This study evaluates the effects in an animal model of high intake of boron on the testis. Boron was administered in the drinking water. Twenty male mice (Mus domesticus), sexually mature, were used, divided into 2 groups: the experimental group was given Boron at a dose of 12 mg/L, and the control group 0.6 mg/L, for 42 days. Sections of testis were obtained for: HE staining (Morphometry and Histopathology), Immunohistochemistry (Cox-2), Mallory and Picrosirious stain (evaluation of tunica albuginea). The results indicate that ingestion of a dose of 12 mg Boron/L produces vacuolization, tubular epithelial desquamation and tamponade. Morphometry revealed decreased tubular diameter and epithelial height and lumen diameter and increased interstitial area in the exposed group. Immunodetection of COX-2 was positive in high percentage of tubules in the intoxicated group. The tunica albuginea was thinner, with decreased percentage of type I collagen fibers and an increase in the percentage of type III collagen fibers in animals exposed to boron in contrast to the control group. Exposure to critical levels of boron produces severe histopathological changes in the testis, altering morphometric parameters and causing overexpression of Cox-2. Finally, evaluation of collagen fibers suggests that Boron produced a degradation of the collagen of the tunica albuginea, causing a decrease in the thickness of it and altering the percentage ratio collagen I/collagen III, a process called collagenolysis...

Se ha reportado que el Boro provoca alteraciones en diversos sistemas, incluido el sistema reproductor masculino. Los habitantes de algunas localidades del norte de Chile estuvieron hasta hace algunos años consumiendo en el agua de bebida 20 veces más que la cantidad establecida como límite permisible por la OMS. El presente estudio evalúa en modelo animal los efectos del alto consumo de Boro sobre el testículo, administrado en el agua de bebida. Se utilizaron veinte ratones (Mus musculus) machos, sexualmente maduros, divididos en 2 grupos; al grupo experimental se administró Boro a una dosis de 12 mg/L, y al grupo control 0.6 mg/L, durante 42 días. Posteriormente se obtuvieron secciones de testículo para: Tinción H-E (Morfometría e Histopatología); Inmunohistoquímica (Cox-2); Tinción de Mallory y Picrosirious Red (evaluación de túnica albugínea). Los resultados indican que la ingestión de Boro a dosis de 12 mg/L produce vacuolización, descamación epitelial y taponamiento tubular. La morfometría revela disminución en el diámetro tubular y altura epitelial, así como aumento del diámetro luminal y del área intersticial en el grupo expuesto. La inmunodetección de COX-2 resultó positiva en gran porcentaje de túbulos en el grupo intoxicado. La túnica albugínea, demostró menor grosor, así como una disminución en el porcentaje de fibras colágenas tipo I y un aumento en el porcentaje de fibras colágenas tipo III en los animales expuestos a Boro en contraste con el grupo control. La exposición a niveles críticos de Boro genera alteraciones histopatológicas severas en el testículo, alterando parámetros morfométricos y provocando la sobreexpresión de COX-2. Finalmente, la evaluación de fibras colágenas sugiere que el Boro produjo una degradación del colágeno de la túnica albugínea, provocando una disminución en el espesor de ésta y alterando la relación porcentual Colágeno I/Colágeno III, proceso llamado colagenólisis...

Estudio comparativo de la excreción urinaria de boro, calcio, magnesio y fósforo en mujeres posmenopáusicas con y sin osteoporosis / Comparative study of the urinary excretion of boron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis

Con el propósito de comparar la posible relación entre las concentraciones urinarias de boro y las concentraciones de calcio, de magnesio y de fósforo en suero y orina de mujeres posmenopáusicas con y sin osteoporosis, seleccionamos 45 mujeres posmenopáusicas con más de 47 años de edad, divididas en dos subgrupos: grupo I mujeres posmenopáusicas clínicamente sanas y grupo II mujeres posmenopáusicas con osteoporosis, sin enfermedades renales, hepáticas o diabetes mellitus. Se determinó el boro (B), el fósforo (P), el calcio total (Ca) y el magnesio total (Mg) en la orina de dos horas por espectroscopia de emisión atómica con plasma acoplado por inducción (ICPA-ES), el calcio y el magnesio total en suero por espectroscopia de absorción atómica en llama (FAAS) y el fósforo inorgánico en suero y la creatinina en suero y orina por espectroscopia de absorción molecular. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren preliminarmente una diferencia significativa (p<0,05) en las concentraciones de boro y de fósforo en la orina de dos horas entre los grupos estudiados. El análisis de regresión lineal aplicado, sugiere relación entre el índice boro/creatinina y los índices calcio/creatinina, magnesio/creatinina y fósforo/creatinina en la orina de las mujeres posmenopáusicas con osteoporosis.

In order to compare the possible relationship between urinary concentrations of boron, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in serum and urine of postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis, we selected 45 postmenopausal women over 47 years of age, divided into two groups: group I clinically healthy postmenopausal women and group II postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, without chronic kidney and hepatic diseases or diabetes mellitus. We determined the boron (B), phosphorus (P), total calcium (Ca) and total magnesium (Mg) in the urine of two hours, by atomic emission spectroscopy with induction-coupled plasma (ICPA-ES). Total calcium and total magnesium in serum were determined by atomic flame absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and inorganic phosphorus in serum, and creatinine in serum and urine, by molecular absorption spectrometry. The preliminary results suggest the existence of a significant difference (p <0.05) in boron and phosphorus concentrations in the urine of two hours between the groups. The model of linear regression analysis used showed a relationship between urinary concentrations of boron/creatinine index and calcium/ creatinine, magnesium/creatinine and phosphorus/creatinine indexes in the urine of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Boro e nitrogênio na incidência de hastes ocas e no rendimento de brócolis / Boron and nitrogen on hollow stem and yield of broccoli

A incidência de hastes ocas em brócolis (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) depende de vários fatores que afetam a absorção e o transporte de B, elemento responsável pelo aparecimento dessa desordem fisiológica. O trabalho avaliou os efeitos de quatro níveis de nitrogênio e dois níveis de boro e da interação entre eles na incidência de hastes ocas e na produção de brócolis. As doses de N (100, 150, 200 e 250 kg ha-1) foram divididas em quatro aplicações iguais aos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após o transplante. O boro (0, 4 e 8 kg ha-1) foi aplicado metade no plantio e a outra metade em cobertura aos 45 dias após o transplante. A massa média das inflorescências e a produção total foram diminuídas com a aplicação de B em função do crescimento mais lento das plantas provocado pela toxicidade desse elemento. Contudo, nas áreas não adubadas com B, a porcentagem de plantas com hastes ocas foi, em média, de 44,14 por cento, sendo que a incidência dessa anomalia sofreu drástica redução com a aplicação de B, onde a maior dose (8 kg ha-1) resultou em apenas 4,52 por cento de inflorescências afetadas. Doses de N superiores a 215,4 kg ha-1 aumentaram o número de plantas com hastes ocas somente nas áreas que não receberam B.

The incidence of hollow stem in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) depends on several factors that affect the absorption and transport of boron, which is the element responsible for the appearance of this physiological disorder. This study evaluated the effects of four levels of nitrogen and two levels of boron and the interaction between them in the incidence of hollow stem and yield of broccoli. The levels of N (100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1) were divided into four applications equal to 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after transplant. Half of the boron (0, 4 and 8 kg ha-1) was applied at planting and half in coverage at 45 days after transplanting. Average mass and total yield were reduced with B application, as a result of the slower growth of plants, having been caused by the onset of symptoms of toxicity of this element. However, in areas not fertilized with B, the percentage of plants with hollow stems was on average 44.14 percent, while the incidence of this anomaly suffered drastic reduction in B application, where the highest level (8 kg ha-1) resulted in only 4.52 percent of affected inflorescences. Levels of more than 215.4 kg ha-1 of N have increased the number of plants with hollow stems only in areas that did not receive B.

Alteration of the reproductive patterns in drosophila melanogaster by effects of high concentrations of boron on in vitro cultured medium / Alteración de los patrones reproductivos en drosophila melanogaster por efectos de altas concentraciones de boro en un medio de cultivo in vitro

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of boron (B) using as a biological model Drosophila malanogaster. Analizing specifically the responses over descendency to doses of 6,0 and 12 mg/L, comparing a control group which culture medium was prepared with water with boron concentrations of 0,6 mg/L, according to World Health Organization. The results show a significative alteration in the number of descendency from F1 to F3 and then a tendency to normalization in F4 and F5. Also a significant change in proportions between the males and females, with an acute effect on F1 and then a possible chronic effect from F2 to F5, increasing the proportion of females over males. This differences between genders are significant only until F4, on F5 these proportions are not significant. In F3 in doses of 12.0 mg/L of boron, it is observed a larger range of changes, altering the phenotypic expression, where the numbers of males which increase their size are significantly higher of those females who increase their size, 10 percent and 5,2 percent respectively. There is a tendency to normality in every pattern of study from the descendants of F4 and F5, above all the percentage of survival, possibly due action of steroid hormones of resistance to stress such as "ecdysone hormone".

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del boro (B), usando como modelo biológico a Drosophila melanogaster. Específicamente analizar las respuestas sobre la descendencia a dosis de 6,0 y 12 mg/L y comparar con el grupo control cuya concentración de boro en el agua del medio de cultivo no supera los 0,6 mg/L, según los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los resultados muestran una alteración significativa en el número de la descendencia desde F1 a F3 y luego una tendencia a la normalización a partir de la F4 y F5. También hay un cambio significativo en las proporciones entre machos y hembras, con un efecto agudo en F1 y luego un posible efecto crónico desde F2 a F5, aumentando la proporción de hembras con respecto a los machos. Sin embargo estas diferencias entre sexos ya no son significativas solamente hasta F4. En F5 estas proporciones no son significativas. En F3 en dosis de 12 mg/L de boro, se observan los mayores cambios, alterando la expresión fenotípica, donde el número de machos que incrementan su tamaño, son significativamente más altos con respecto a las hembras que aumentan de tamaño. La tendencia a la normalidad en todos los patrones de estudio a partir de la descendencia F4 a F5, sobre todo en el porcentaje de sobreviva, posiblemente se deba a la acción de hormonas esteroidales de resistencia al estrés, tal como la hormona "Ecdysona".

Tolerancia experimental de las especies vegetales Nicotiana glauca, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Tecoma stans, Medicago sativa y Spinacea oleracea al boro, en Argentina

Experimental tolerance to boron of the plant species Nicotiana glauca, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Tecoma stans, Medicago sativa y Spinacea oleracea in Argentina. The activity of boron industries is a punctual and diffuse source of air, soil and water pollution. Therefore, it is a priority to study possible ways of reducing this impact. A relatively new technology for reducing soil pollution is phytoremediation, which uses plants and associate microorganisms. The first step in phytoremediation is to detect tolerant plant species, which is the objective of this work. A laboratory experiment to assess the germination, survival and growth of different species at different boron concentrations was carried out following a factorial design with two factors: plant species and boron concentration. Boron concentrations were determined at the beginning and the end of the experiment, taking into account substrates with and without vegetation. We found significant differences for treatment, species and the interaction species*treatment. N. glauca, M. sativa and J. mimosifolia were the most tolerant species. The other species had a decrease in the response variables, with the concentration of the pollutant. All the species had a low survival at the highest boron concentration. The reduction in boron concentration at the end of the experiment was higher in the 30 ppm treatment with M. sativa and the lower was registered in the 20 ppm treatment with J. mimosifolia and in 30 ppm with T. stans and S. oleraceae. We conclude that N. glauca, M. sativa and J. mimosifolia can be considered in remediation plans. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1053-1061. Epub 2008 September 30.

La actividad de las industrias borateras constituye una fuente puntual y difusa de contaminación del aire, suelo y aguas superficiales y profundas. Por lo tanto, el estudio y experimentación acerca de las posibles formas de contrarrestar este impacto constituye una prioridad. Una técnica relativamente nueva para descontaminar suelos es la fitorremediación, que emplea plantas y microorganismos asociados. El primer paso es detectar las especies vegetales tolerantes, lo que constituye el objetivo de este trabajo. Se realizó un experimento en laboratorio para evaluar la germinación, la supervivencia y el crecimiento de distintas especies en diferentes concentraciones de boro. Al comienzo y al final del experimento se determinó la concentración de boro en el sustrato para cada tratamiento y para sustratos con y sin vegetación. Se encontraron diferencias significativas debidas al tratamiento, la especie y la interacción especie *tratamiento. M. sativa, N. glauca y J. mimosifolia fueron las especies de mayor tolerancia al boro. Las otras especies presentaron una disminución en todas las variables-respuesta en función de la concentración del contaminante. Todas presentaron una baja supervivencia en la máxima concentración. La disminución de boro fue máxima en el tratamiento de 30 ppm de boro con M. sativa y la menor se registró en los tratamiento de 20 ppm de boro con J. mimosifolia y de 30 ppm de boro con T. stans y S. oleraceae. Se concluye que N. glauca, M. sativa y J. mimosifolia podrían considerarse como prometedoras en remediación.

Histopathological effects of boron on mouse liver / Efectos histopatológicos del boro en hígado de ratón

Boron is a non-metal element, commonly found in Nature as borates in sedimentary rocks, charcoal, oceans and soils. In Chile, it is found in high concentrations in the drinkable water of the XV region, in Arica city, in concentrations that exceed the WHO normative. The present work evaluates the effect of boron at a dose of 12 mg/L of water (equivalent to 0.0686 g of boric acid) given orally for 8,42 and 49 days to 3 experimental groups of 10 mice each. Liver sections were stained with PAS-hematoxyline (to evaluate glycogen), Mallory (to identify collagen fibers) and Picrosirius red with polarizing light to classify collagen fibers. Results indicate that boron evokes diverse effects in liver. Binucleated cells were evaluated and counted and results were analyzed with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Control group (8-day-old mice) had 22.9 binucleated cells per 200 hepatocytes and the boron exposed group (8-day-old mice) showed 28.5 (p>0.05). Therefore, there are not significant differences among these groups. In the 126-day-old mice, the control group had 43.9 binucleated cells per 200 hepatocytes and the boron exposed group showed 76.0, a statistically significant difference (p<0.01). Regarding PAS staining, intensity was classified as low, moderate or intense and analysis was done with the Chi-Square test. All control and experimental groups differed with slight statistical significance (p=0.05). With regard to Mallory staining, intensity was examined in two specific areas: portal triads (PTr) and central veins (CV). There were significant augments in both PTr and CV results after experimental and control groups comparison. Picrosirius red staining examined in polarized microscopy revealed that collagen III was predominant in boron treated mice, denoting collagenolysis of collagen I as toxical effect of boron. In conclusion, boron alters glycogen distribution and collagen quality and deposition in the two examined areas, whereas...

El boro es un elemento metaloide que se encuentra presente en la naturaleza en forma de boratos en rocas sedimentarias, carbón, océanos y algunos suelos. En nuestro país se encuentra en altas concentraciones en el agua potable de la XV región, en la ciudad de Arica, superando el límite máximo recomendado por la OMS. Se evaluó el efecto del boro, en una dosis de 12 mg/L de agua (equivalente 0,0686 G de ac. bórico) administrado por vía oral durante 8, 42 y 49 días a 3 grupos experimentales (10 animales cada uno). Cortes de hígado se tiñieron con Hematoxilina-eosina (células binucleadas), PAS hematoxilina (glicógeno hepático), Mallory y Rojo Picrosirius (fibras de colágeno). El boro produce diversos efectos en el hígado. Para el estudio de células binucleadas se utilizó el test no paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. El grupo C1 tuvo 22,9 células binucleadas cada 200 hepatocitos, en cambio E1 mostró 28,5 (p> 0,05) el análisis no arrojó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos. Grupo C2-3 mostró 43,9 células binucleadas cada 200 hepatocitos, por su parte E2-3 76 (p menor a 0,01) en este caso sí existe diferencia significa entre ambos grupos. La tinción de PAS fue clasificada como leve, moderada e intensa y su análisis realizado mediante Chi- Cuadrado. Todos los grupos controles y experimentales arrojaron diferencias significativas (p<0,01). La tinción de Mallory fue examinada en: triadas portales (TrP) y venas centrales (VC). En ambas hubo incremento significativo. La tinción con Rojo Picrosirius analizada por microscopía de polarización, demostró que el colágeno III predomina en los animales tratados con boro, indicando colagenolisis de colágeno I como efecto tóxico del boro. En conclusión, el boro altera la distribución del glicógeno, la calidad del colágeno y el depósito de ambos en las dos áreas examinadas, en tanto que la cantidad de células binucleadas se comportan de forma distinta en los animales jóvenes respecto a los adultos.

Histopathological and Histometrical Assessment of Boron Exposure Effects on Mouse Spermatogenesis / Evaluación Histopatológica e Histométrica del Efecto en la Espermatogénesis por Exposición a Boro

Boron is a chemical element widely used in many industrial activities. Exposure to it affects many organs in mammals, mainly reproductive male organs. This work evaluates boron effect in testis. For this purpose, 12mg Boron/L of drinking water, equivalent to Arica tap water, was given for 42 days to 85 days old CFl male mice (experimental group). Another group (control group) drunk tap water of Santiago (0.6mg Boron/L) was used. Testicular histopathology and morphometric analysis was done. These studies showed that Borum induces alterations such as epithelial vacuolization, blockage of the tubular lumen and atrophy. Morphometrical data showed that Borom induces also enlargement of tubular diameter, epithelial height and tubular lumen. Therefore, it is concluded that Boron acts as testicular toxicant and that further studies are needed to establish its mechanism of action upon spermatogenesis.

El Boro es un elemento químico ampliamente usado en variadas actividades industriales. La exposición a éste afecta a varios órganos en mamíferos, principalmente órganos reproductivos. Este trabajo evaluó los efectos del Boro en testículo. Para este propósito, 12mg Boro/Ide agua potable, equivalente al agua bebestible de Arica, se administró por 42 días a ratones machos CF1 de 85 días de edad (grupo experimental). Otro grupo (grupo control) bebió agua de Santiago (0.6mg Boro/L). Se realizaron estudios histopatológicos y morfométricos del testículo. Estos estudios mostraron que el Boro induce alteraciones como vacuolización epitelial, taponamiento y atrofia del lumen testicular. Los estudios morfométricos mostraron que el Boro también induce aumento del diámetro tubular, altura del epitelio y del lumen tubular. En consecuencia, se concluye que el Boro actúa como un tóxico testicular y que futuros estudios son necesarios para establecer su mecanismo de acción sobre la espermatogénesis.

Boron neutron capture therapy in cancer: past, present and future

Undifferentiated thyroid cancer (UTC) is a very aggressive tumor with no effective treatment, since it lacks iodine uptake and does not respond to radio or chemotherapy. The prognosis of these patients is bad, due to the rapid growth of the tumor and the early development of metastasis. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on the selective uptake of certain boron non-radioactive compounds by a tumor, and the subsequent irradiation of the area with an appropriate neutron beam. 10B is then activated to 11B, which will immediately decay releasing alpha particles and 7Li, of high linear energy transfer (LET) and limited reach. Clinical trials are being performed in patients with glioblastoma multiforme and melanoma. We have explored its possible application to UTC. Our results demonstrated that a cell line of human UTC has a selective uptake of borophenylalanine (BPA) both in vitro and after transplantation to nude mice. Treatment of mice by BNCT led to a complete control of growth and cure of 100 percent of the animals. Moreover dogs with spontaneous UTC also have a selective uptake of BPA. At the present we are studying the biodistribution of BPA in patients with UTC before its application in humans.

O câncer indiferenciado de tiróide (CIT) é um tumor muito agressivo sem tratamento efetivo, uma vez que não capta iodo e não responde à radio ou quimioterapia. O prognóstico desses pacientes é ruim, devido ao rápido crescimento do tumor e surgimento precoce de metástases. A terapia por captura de nêutrons de boro (TCNB) é baseada na captação seletiva de certos compostos de boro não-radioativos pelo tumor, e à subsequente irradiação da área com um feixe de nêutrons apropriado. O 10B é então ativado para 11B, cujo decaimento imediato libera partículas alfa e 7Li, de alta transferência linear de energia (TLE) e alcance limitado. Ensaios clínicos estão sendo conduzidos em pacientes com glioblastoma multiforme e melanoma, e nós estamos explorando sua possível aplicação no CIT. Nossos resultados demonstram que uma linhagem celular do CIT humano mostra captação seletiva de borofenilalanina (BPA) tanto in vitro como após transplante em camundongos "nude". O tratamento de camundongos com TCNB leva a um controle completo do crescimento tumoral e à cura em 100 por cento dos animais. Além disso, cães com CIT espontâneo também apresentam captação seletiva de BPA. No momento, estamos estudando a biodistribuição de BPA em pacientes com CIT, antes de sua aplicação em humanos.

O mineral boro na alimentação, prevenção e tratamento da osteoporose / Intake of mineral borum, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by reduced bone density, which is more prevalent in post-menopausal women. Hormone replacement, use of calcium and Vitamin D has been used as the treatment of choice. Currently, studies have been conducted to search for alternative preventive treatments, based on changes in life style and feeding. Borum is a micromineral, which has shown satisfactory results in the maintenance of bone density. This review aims at presenting the action of borum on bone mineralization and in the treatment of bone loss in post-menopausal patients

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por la disminución de la masa óssea y se presenta principalmente en mujeres después de la menopausia. L reposición hormonal y la ingestión de calcio y vitamina D han sido los tratamientos de elección. Investigaciones recientes han procurado tratamentos preventivos alternativos a través de modificaciones en el estilo de vida y en la alimentación. El boro es un micro mineral que ha sido estudiado en ese sentido con resultados satisfactorios en la manutención de la densidade mineral ósea. Esta revisión tiene por objetivo relacionar la actividad del boro en la mineralización ósea y en el tratamiento de la pérdida ósea en pacientes después de la menopausia

A osteoporose é um distúrbio caracterizado pela diminuição da densidade mineral óssea que acomete principalmente mulheres pós-menopausa. A reposição hormonal, o uso de cálcio e vitamina D, têm sido o tratamento escolhido. Atualmente, pesquisas têm sido realizadas buscando alternativas de tratamentos preventivos baseados na alteração no estilo de vida e na alimentação. O boro é um micromineral que vem sendo estudado com resultados satisfatórios na manutenção da densidade mineral óssea. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de relacionar a atividade do boro na mineralização óssea e no tratamento da perda óssea em pacientes pós-menopausa

Propagação in vivo e invitro de Cissus sicyoides, uma planta medicinal

The study of the propagation of species used in common medicine has intensified in the last few years due to the increasing investment in research for the discovery of new pharmaceuticals and utilization of phytotherapy as an alternative. The objective of this study was in vivo and in vitro propagation (establishment and multiplication) of Cissus sicyoides. Greenhouse plants furnished 10 and 20 cm long cuttings which were placed for two hours in 0, 80 or 160 mg/l of IBA, with or without sucrose and boric acid. For the in vitro establishment, the nodal segments were sterilized, 10 mm sections were inoculated in a solid culture (MS), and supplemented with kinetin, ANA and BAP. For the multiplication in vitro, 10 mm nodal segments were inoculated in a solid culture (MS), supplemented with the following interactions: BAP x ANA and ANA x kinetin. The 10 cm long cuttings presented good rooting when treated with 160 mg/l of AIB. In vitro the explants were established and multiplied better in a culture supplemented with 4.64 of kinetin and 2.7 of ANA, which promoted greater induction of buds, greater height and absence of callus formation at the base of plantlets.

O estudo da propagação de espécies utilizadas na medicina popular tem sido intensificado nos últimos anos devido ao crescente investimento em pesquisas para a descoberta de novos fármacos e da utilização da fitoterapia como um meio alternativo. O objetivo do trabalho foi a propagação in vivo e in vitro (estabelecimento e multiplicação) de Cissus sicyoides. Plantas mantidas em casa de vegetação forneceram estacas com 10 e 20 cm de comprimento, as quais foram tratadas com 0, 80 ou 160 mg/l de AIB, com ou sem sacarose + ácido bórico, por duas horas. Para o estabelecimento in vitro, após desinfestação, segmentos nodais com 10 mm de comprimento foram inoculados em meio de cultura sólido (MS), com diferentes concentrações de cinetina, BAP e ANA. Para a multiplicação in vitro, segmentos nodais com 10 mm foram inoculados em meio MS, suplementado com diferentes concentrações de BAP e ANA, e ANA e cinetina. Na propagação in vivo as estacas com 10 cm de comprimento apresentaram maior eficiência no enraizamento quando tratadas com 160 mg/l de AIB. In vitro os explantes foram melhor estabelecidos e multiplicados em meio de cultura suplementado com cinetina e ANA, que proporcionaram maior indução de gemas, crescimento em altura e ausência de calos na base das plântulas.

Tratamento de sementes de soja com micronutrientes / Soybean seeds treated with micronutrients

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na Estação Experimental de Júlio de Castilhos, RS, nos anos agrícolas 1990/91 e 1991/92, a fim de verificar a resposta da soja à aplicação de zinco, boro, molibdênio e cobalto nas sementes, em duas doses de calcário no solo Passo Fundo (LE). Utilizou-se o delineamento blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições, estabelecendo-se nas parcelas duas doses de calcário (sem e com 17,7t/ha) e nas subparcelas formulações de zinco, boro, molibdênio e cobalto (0,875; 0,062; 0,150 e 0,012g/kg de sementes) aplicadas nas sementes junto com o inoculante. Os tratamentos constaram de testemunha, molibdênio e zinco isolados, combinados entre si e associados a boro e cobalto, nas formulações em forma de pó (Biocrop Soja) e fluída (fonte experimental MIQL 44-90A). Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que, na condição sem calcário, os tratamentos de sementes com molibdênio aumentam o rendimento de grãos. Na condição com calcário, não há resposta a aplicação dos micronutrientes.

The expenment was conducted in the Julio de Castilhos Experimental Station, RS, in 1990/91 and 1991/92 seasons. The effect of soybean seeds treated with zinc, boron, molybdenum and cobait, in two lime doses in Passo Fundo soil was evaluated. A completely randomized design with split plot with three replications was used. The lime doses formed the mam plots (zero and 17.71/ha) and zinc, boron, molybdenum and cobait formulation (0.875; 0.062; 0.150 and 0.012gkg of seeds) were the sub-plots. The treatments were contlol, molybdenum and zinc isolated and combinated with boron and cobait, with powder (Soybean Biocrop) and solution (MIQL 44-90A) formulation. The results indicate that withouth lime application, seeds treated with molybdenum had an increment in grain yield. However witht liming no difference in grain yield was observed.