RESUMO
A hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB) é uma doença crônica que tem causado grandes perdas econômicas aos proprietários da microrregião do Caparaó, na região Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo (ES). O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter a prevalência e os achados hematológicos de bovinos com hematúria enzoótica decorrente de intoxicação natural por Pteridium aquilinum (samambaia) no período de março de 2007 a abril de 2008, na microrregião do Caparaó, ES. Foram visitadas 50 propriedades onde foi constatada a presença da planta em todos os 10 municípios avaliados. Cento e oitenta e um bovinos foram examinados e 39 estavam doentes. Dentre os afetados, 22 (56,4 por cento) apresentavam HEB, todos provenientes dos Municípios de Guaçuí, Divino de São Lourenço, Iúna, Ibatiba e Ibitirama. Os bovinos tinham macrohematúria, e os valores do hematócrito mostraram-se baixos, variando de 8 por cento a 31 por cento. A leucometria total teve valor médio de 132 x 10³ mm-3, revelando leucocitose. A temperatura e o tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC) estavam dentro da normalidade. Quatro bovinos (18,2 por cento) tinham mucosas anêmicas. Nota-se que a prevalência de HEB, na microrregião do Caparaó, ES, é alta e que há a necessidade de novos estudos para diminuir as perdas econômicas causadas por essa doença.
Bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH) is a chronic disease that has been causing great economic losses to farmers of the Caparaó microregion, southern Espírito Santo State. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cattle naturally affected by poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) with clinical hematuria between 2007 and 2008 and establish the hematologic findings of these animals. Fifty facilities were visited and the plant was observed in all of the ten evaluated municipal districts. One hundred and eighty one bovines were examined and 39 animals were sick. Among the affected cattle, 22 (56.4 percent) presented BEH. Affected animals were from Guaçuí, Divino de São Lourenço, Iúna, Ibatiba and Ibitirama districts. The animals had macrohematuria and the values of the hematocrit were low, ranging between 8 and 31 percent. The total leukometry had the mean value of 132 x 10³mm-3, showing leukocytosis. The temperature and capillary refill time were normal. Four animals (18.2 percent) had pale mucosal surfaces. It was noted that the BEH prevalence in the Caparaó microregion, ES, is high and there is a great necessity of new studies to reduce the economic losses caused by this disease.
RESUMO
Foram estudados casos espontâneos de intoxicação crônica por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) em bovinos nas formas clinicopatológicas de carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) no trato alimentar superior (TAS) e de hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB), provenientes da Mesorregião Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense e encaminhados ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Para o estudo clínico foram avaliados os sinais clínicos de bovinos com CCEs no TAS e com HEB e realizados hemogramas na fase terminal da doença. Os principais sinais clínicos nos bovinos com CCEs no TAS foram emagrecimento progressivo, atonia ruminal, tosse, disfagia, timpanismo e regurgitação. Nos bovinos com HEB, hematúria foi o principal sinal, observado em todos os casos, seguido de emagrecimento progressivo. No exame hematológico, 33,33 por cento dos bovinos com CCEs no TAS e 66,67 por cento dos bovinos com HEB apresentaram anemia arregenerativa. Alterações no leucograma ocorreram em alguns casos, mas linfopenia foi um achado infreqüente em ambas as formas de intoxicação. Para o estudo morfológico, foram avaliadas as bexigas de 46 bovinos com CCEs no TAS e de 11 bovinos com HEB. Macroscopicamente, 16/46 bexigas dos casos de CCEs no TAS apresentaram alterações macroscópicas, que consistiam nódulos vermelhos ou pálidos, hemorragia e papilomas; urina vermelha foi observada na necropsia de apenas três casos). Nos casos de HEB, os achados macroscópicos vesicais foram nódulos vermelhos, massas neoplásicas focalmente extensas, urina vermelha, papilomas, hemorragias e ruptura de bexiga; pielonefrite e hidronefrose foram observados em poucos casos. Histologicamente, 44/46 (95,65 por cento) bexigas de bovinos com CCEs no TAS apresentaram 22 tipos diferentes de alterações morfológicas, que foram classificadas em alterações neoplásicas (5/22) e alterações não-neoplásicas (17/22); essas últimas foram divididas em alterações epiteliais não-neoplásicas ...
Spontaneous cases of chronic poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum in cattle were studied. The clinical forms of the disease were squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) of the upper digestive tract (UDT) and bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH). The cases were from the midland Region of the Midwest of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and were submitted to the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Clinical signs and blood work were evaluated at terminal phase of disease. Cattle with UDT SCCs had progressive weigth loss, ruminal atony, cough, dysphagia, bloating, and regurgitation. In cattle with BEH, hematuria was observed in all cases, followed by progressive weight loss. Non-regenerative anemia was detected in 33.33 percent of the cattle with UDT SCCs form and in 66.66 percent of the cattle with BEH form. Changes in white blood count occurred in some cases but drop in lymphocyte numbers was uncommon in both forms of disease. For the morphological study, urinary bladders from 46 cattle with UDT SCCs and 11 cattle with BEH were analyzed. Grossly, 16/46 bladders from the UDT SCCs form had gross lesions (red or pale vesical nodules, hemorrhages, and papilomas; red urine was detected at necropsy of only three cases). In BEH form, the bladder had nodules, large neoplastic masses, red urine, papilomas, and hemorrhages. Pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis were seen in a few cases. Microscopically, in the UDT SCCs form, 44/46 (95.65 percent) bladders had 22 different types of morphological changes, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/22) and non-neoplastic lesions (17/22); the latter were subdivided in non-neoplastic epithelial changes (6/17), general changes of the lamina propria (6/17), and inflammatory changes (5/17). The bladder changes in BEH form were of 19 different types, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/19) and non-neoplastic lesions (14/19), which were subdivided in non-neoplastic epitelial changes (9/14), ...
RESUMO
Fueron evaluados los resultados de paneo de 575 bovinos provenientes de once fincas del municipio Campo Elías, Mérida, Venezuela, a objeto de conocer la validez, seguridad y coeficiente de verosimilitud de las pruebas tiras reactivas para orina (TR) y examen microscópico del sedimento urinario (EMSU), opciones utilizadas como apoyo en el diagnóstico de Hematuria Enzoótica Bovina (HEB), para así delinear estrategias que permitan enfrentar la problemática en los rebaños. Los datos fueron comparados individual y en conjunto (paralelo y en serie) con los resultados de la evaluación anatomopatológica posmortem de 94 animales enfermos, lo que se consideró prueba estándar de oro. El análisis de las evidencias demuestra: {i} alto grado de validez, derivado de la alta sensibilidad (Sn) y especificidad (Es); {ii} excelente nivel de seguridad, medido mediante valores de predicción (VP+, VP-), para una prevalencia aparente del 16,34% y; {iii} extraordinario coeficiente de verosimilitud positivo (RV+) y negativo (RV-). Además, se discute la dificultad de comparar o extrapolar investigaciones precedentes ante la ausencia de datos, como: punto de corte en la conceptualización del término hematuria microscópica, valores de predicción y prevalencia de HEB, entre otros. Se concluye que bajo las condiciones existentes en la zona de estudio, el método TR resulta suficiente para la confirmación de los casos clínicos presuntivos de HEB. Caso contrario, al requerir descartar la enfermedad debe recurrirse directamente al EMSU; además, se define que la utilización en paralelo de ambos test posee características equivalentes a prueba estándar de oro. En virtud de tales evidencias se propone un algoritmo de trabajo a seguir para el diagnóstico temprano de los rebaños amenazados por el consumo del Pteridium, dicho patrón requiere de evaluaciones futuras.
Screning results of 575 bovines from eleven farms of the Campo Elías Municipality, Mérida State, Venezuela, were evaluated with the intention of knowing the validity, security and coefficient of probability of the tests urine reactive dip strips (URS) and microscopic examination of the urinary sediment (USME) as used options to support the diagnosis of Bovine Enzootic Hematuria (BEH), also in order to delineate strategies to face the problematic in the herds. The data were compared individual and altogether (parallel and in series) with the results of posmortem histophatological evaluation of 94 ill animals, it was considered a standard gold test. The analysis of the evidences demonstrates: (i) high validity degree, derivative of the high sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp); (II) excellent level of security, measured trough values of prediction (PV+, PV-), for an apparent prevalence of 16.34% and; (III) extraordinary coefficient of positive probability (VR+) and negative (VR-). In addition, it is discussed the difficulty to compare or to extrapolate preceding investigations when there is not data, such as: cut off point in the definition of the microscopic hematuria term, values of prediction and prevalence of BEH, among others. One concludes that under the existing conditions in the zone of study, the URS method is sufficient for the confirmation of the clinical cases of BEH. On the other hand, when requiring discarding the disease is necessary to go directly to the USME; moreover, it is defined that the use in parallel of both of the test are equivalent to a standard gold test. As a result of such evidences a work algorithm is proposed to be followed in the early diagnosis of the herds threatened by the consumption of the Pteridium; this pattern requires futures evaluations.