Research progress on bracket bonding for dental fluorosis / 口腔疾病防治

@#Bonding of brackets to dental fluorosis has always been a difficult problem for clinicians. At present, clinical research has adopted several methods to facilitate bracket bonding, including prolonging etching time, enamel microabrasion, enamel ground, using adhesion promoter and laser etching. Prolonging etching time is suitable for mild-to-moderate dental fluorosis with easy chair-side operation; however, over-etching may cause severe tooth damage. Microabrasion can be applied to mild dental fluorosis while removing pigment deposition simultaneously; however, rubber dam protection is needed. Enamel ground can improve the bond strength to all kinds of dental fluorosis at the price of removing a relatively large amount of superficial enamel. Adhesion promoters might improve the bond strength of moderate to severe dental fluorosis; however, the current results conflict with one another. This needs further verification using larger-sample clinical trials. Laser etching has no effect on improving bond strength; however, it can remove pigment without destroying tooth enamel, which is worth further modification and enhancement.

Evaluation of the anti-cariogenic potential and bond strength to enamel of different fluoridated materials used for bracket bonding / Avaliação do potencial anti-cariogênico e da resistência adesiva ao esmalte de diferentes materiais contendo fluoreto, utilizados para colagem de braquetes

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro and in situ anti-cariogenic potential and bond strength to enamel of materials containing fluoride (F), used for bracket bonding: Transbond XT (GT, negative control), Transbond Plus Color Change (GTF), Transbond-Self-Etching Primer (GSAF) and Vitremer (GV, positive control). Material and method: In the in vitro study, the specimens were premolars with bonded brackets (n=12/group). After pH cycling, the F release, bond strength, fracture mode and presence of white spot lesions were assessed. In the in situ study, the specimens were enamel fragments with bonded brackets (n=12/group). Twelve volunteers wore palatal appliances in 4 phases, with cariogenic challenge. Bond strength, fracture mode and change in surface hardness (%SH) were determined. Result: Relative to the in vitro study, F release (ppm) was: GT=0.257±0.068c; GTF=0.634±0.100b; GSAF=0.630±0.067b; GV=2.796±1.414a. Only GV showed no white spot lesions. Bond strength values (MPa) were GT=7.62±7.18a; GTF=5.15±6.91ab; GSAF=3.42±2.97bc; GV=2.87±2.09c. Adhesive fracture was the most frequent type, except for GTF. In the in situ study, %SH was: GT=-56.0±18.3a; GTF=-57.6±11.9a; GSAF=-57.1±11.3a; GV=-52.4±25.8a. Bond strength values were GT=9.5±4.4a; GTF=11.1±5.9a; GSAF=13.2± 6.6a; GV=6.6±4.0a. Cohesive fracture in material was the most frequent type, except for GTF. Conclusion: Vitremer (GV) showed the highest anti-cariogenic potential in the in vitro study. However, it was not confirmed by the in situ study. Regarding bond strength values from the in situ study, all materials were shown to be adequate for clinical practice.

Objetivo: Avaliar in vitro e in situ o potencial anti-cariogênico e a resistência adesiva ao esmalte de materiais contendo fluoreto utilizados para a colagem de braquetes: Transbond XT (GT, controle negativo), Transbond Plus Color Change (GTF), Transbond Self Etching Primer (GSAF) and Vitremer (GV, controle positivo). Material e método: No estudo in vitro, as unidades experimentais foram premolares com braquetes colados (n = 12/grupo). Após ciclagem de pH, a liberação de F, resistência adesiva, modo de fratura e presença de mancha branca foram avaliados. No estudo in situ, as unidades experimentais foram fragmentos de esmalte com braquetes colados (n = 12/grupo). Os doze voluntários utilizaram dispositivos palatinos em 4 fases, com desafio cariogênico. Resistência adesiva, modo de fratura e variação de dureza superficial (%SH) foram determinados. Resultado: No estudo in vitro, a libertação de F (ppm) foi: GT=0,257±0,068c; GTF=0,634±0,100b; GSAF=0,630±0,067b; GV=2,796±1,414a. Apenas GV não apresentou lesões de mancha branca. Os valores de resistência de união (MPa) foram GT=7,62±7,18a; GTF=5,15±6,91ab; GSAF=3,42±2,97bc; GV=2,87±2,09c. A fratura adesiva foi mais frequente, com exceção de GTF. Para o estudo in situ, % SH foi: GT=-56,0±18,3a; GTF=-57,6±11,9a; GSAF=-57,1±11,3a; GV=-52,4±25,8a. Os valores de resistência de união foram GT=9,5±4,4a; GTF=11,1±5,9a; GSAF=13,2±6,6a; GV=6,6±4,0a. Fratura coesiva no material foi a mais frequente, exceto para GTF. Conclusão: Vitremer (GV) apresentou maior potencial anti-cariogênico no estudo in vitro, mas isso não se confirmou no estudo in situ. Os valores de resistência de união, a partir do estudo in situ, demonstraram que eles são adequados para a prática clínica.

Resin bonding of metal brackets to glazed zirconia with a porcelain primer / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to compare the shear bond strength between orthodontic metal brackets and glazed zirconia using different types of primer before applying resin cement and to determine which primer was more effective. METHODS: Zirconia blocks were milled and embedded in acrylic resin and randomly assigned to one of four groups: nonglazed zirconia with sandblasting and zirconia primer (NZ); glazed zirconia with sandblasting, etching, and zirconia primer (GZ); glazed zirconia with sandblasting, etching, and porcelain primer (GP); and glazed zirconia with sandblasting, etching, zirconia primer, and porcelain primer (GZP). A stainless steel metal bracket was bonded to each target surface with resin cement, and all specimens underwent thermal cycling. The shear bond strength of the specimens was measured by a universal testing machine. A scanning electron microscope, three-dimensional optical surface-profiler, and stereoscopic microscope were used to image the zirconia surfaces. The data were analyzed with one-way analyses of variance and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Group GZ showed significantly lower shear bond strength than did the other groups. No statistically significant differences were found among groups NZ, GP, and GZP. All specimens in group GZ showed adhesive failure between the zirconia and resin cement. In groups NZ and GP, bonding failed at the interface between the resin cement and bracket base or showed complex adhesive and cohesive failure. CONCLUSIONS: Porcelain primer is the more appropriate choice for bonding a metal bracket to the surface of a full-contour glazed zirconia crown with resin cement.

Influência de variáveis metodológicas na resistência de união ao cisalhamento / The influence of the methodological variables on the shear bond strength

OBJETIVO: avaliar a influência de diferentes variáveis metodológicas sobre a resistência de união ao cisalhamento em estudos in vitro. MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 105 incisivos permanentes bovinos, seccionados ao nível do colo dentário. A porção coronária foi inclusa em tubos de PVC, com resina acrílica autopolimerizável, e com face vestibular voltada para cima. Todos os corpos de prova foram preparados para a colagem com profilaxia e condicionamento ácido na região central das coroas, onde foram posicionados braquetes Morelli® de incisivos centrais superiores, com resina Concise® Ortodôntico (3M/Unitek). Foram determinados três grupos de acordo com a variável estudada: (Grupo 1) - meio de armazenamento dos dentes, previamente à inclusão e à colagem, com solução de timol 0,1 por cento (a), água destilada (b) e congelamento (c); (Grupo 2) - velocidade da célula de carga da máquina de ensaio de 0,5 (a), 1,0 (b) e 2,0mm/min (c) e (Grupo 3) - diferentes marcas comerciais de ácidos fosfóricos a 37 por cento, 3M/Unitek (a), AcidGel (b) e Attack Tek (c). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao ensaio mecânico de resistência ao cisalhamento através da máquina Emic DL2000®. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do Teste t Student para amostras independentes. RESULTADOS: os resultados demonstraram que no Grupo 1 o subgrupo de congelamento apresentou maiores valores em relação aos outros dois subgrupos, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significativa (p > 0,05). No Grupo 2, a força no momento da ruptura foi menor à medida que era aumentada a velocidade da célula de carga, porém sem diferença significativa entre os subgrupos. No Grupo 3, o ácido da 3M/Unitek apresentou a maior média em MPa, no entanto, também sem diferença significativa entre os subgrupos. CONCLUSÕES: conclui-se, portanto, que as variáveis analisadas neste trabalho não apresentaram influência suficiente para determinação de diferenças estatisticamente significativas...

AIM: Evaluate the influence of several methodological variables on the shear bond strength of in vitro studies. METHODS: 105 bovine incisors were sectioned at the cervical level. The coronary portion was included in PVC rings, fulfilled with auto polymerized acrylic resin, with its labial faces turned to the top. All the samples were prepared for bonding, cleaned and acid etched on the central area of the crowns. In this area, central incisors' MorelliÕ brackets were bonded with ConciseÕ (3M/Unitek). Three testing groups were established, according to the studied variable: Group 1 - storage previous to bonding (a-Thymol 0,1 percent; b- distilled water; c- freezing); Group 2 - crosshead speed of the universal testing machine (a- 0,5mm/min; b- 1,0mm/min; c- 2,00mm/min) and Group 3 - commercial brand of 37 percent phosphoric acid (a- 3M/Unitek; b- Acid Gel; c- Attack Tek). The shear bond strength test was performed at the Emic DL2000Õ universal testing machine. Data was analyzed through the Student's t test for independent samples. RESULTS: In Group 1, the freezing group showed the higher values of shear bond strength when compared to the others, although no statistical difference was observed (p>0,05). For Group 2, the higher the crosshead speed, the lower the shear bond strength, with no statistical difference. In Group 3, the 3M/Unitek brand showed the highest average of shear bond strength in MPa, but also no statistical difference was shown. CONCLUSIONS: The variable analyzed in this research had not presented enough influence to determine significant differences between the results.

Tooth color changes associated with the bracket bonding and debonding / 대한치과교정학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tooth color changes of resin bonding sites and their adjacent sites on orthodontic bracket bonding. Sixty extracted sound premolars were used and the tooth color was recorded according to the CIE L(*)a(*)b(*) color system using a spectrophotometer. The tooth colors of the twenty premolars were measured and compared before bracket bonding and after removal. On a further twenty premolars, the tooth color was measured before and after only primer application. In the change of L(*) values, according to the bracket bonding and primer application, the lightness was decreased, and in the change of a(*) and b(*) values, the color was changed into a more yellowish color. The color differences (delta E(*)) were calculated from the L(*)a(*)b(*) values and compared with the standard value of clinical detection (delta E(*)=3.7). The color differences between before the bracket bonding and after removal noted exceeded the standard value and those of between before and after the primer application were not larger than the standard value. Toothbrushing was performed after application of the primer to evaluate the color changes according to the primer abrasion. As a control, toothbrushing was performed on the last twenty premolars. The color differences noted were larger than the standard value after toothbrushing. Also, to evaluate the color changes of the tooth which is exposed to sun irradiation after bracket removal, additional photoaging was performed and the color was measured for all teeth. The additional color differences after photoaging were smaller than the standard value. The above results suggest that the tooth color changes after fixed orthodontic treatment.

The effects of crystal growth on shear bond strength of orthodontic bracket adhesives to enamel surface / 대한치과교정학회지

It has been submitted that different ion solutions containing sulfate induce crystal growth and might substitute conventional acid etching for pretreatment of enamel in orthodontic bonding(Artun et al., Am. J. Orthod. 85, 333, 1984). This investigation was designed to evaluate the relevance of crystal growth on the enamel surface as an alternative to conventional acid etching in direct bonding of orthodontic brackets. Annexing Li2SO4, MgSO4, KeSO4 respectively in the solution with 25% polyacrylic and 0.3M sulfuric acids were employed to enhance the crystal growth. Human bicuspids were treated with various parameters as combinations of crystal growth and glass ionomer cement, crystal growth and orthodontic resin, acid etching and orthodontic resin for an inveatigative purpose. Crystal growth solution cintaining MgSO4 showed the highest shear bond strength(15.6MPa) wuthin the groups of bonding brackets with glass ionomer cement(P<0.01). Bonding with glass ionomer cement on the surface treated with crystal growth solution containing MgSO4 or K2SO4 was not different shear bond strength statistically from bonding with orthodontic resin on the acid-etched surface. It suggests that bonding brackets with glass ionomer cement on the surface treated with crystal growth solution containing MgSO4 or K2SO4 is a potential altermative to bonding with resin on the acid etched sufrace.