Determinación y comparación cualitativa de cannabinoides presentes en productos naturales comerciales del departamento del Cauca, Colombia / Determination and qualitative comparison of cannabinoids present in commercial natural products of the Cauca Department-Colombia

RESUMEN Actualmente, hay un creciente interés por el estudio de Cannabis sativa y sus componentes ya que se le atribuye propiedades terapéuticas en el tratamiento de enfermedades. En Colombia y específicamente en el departamento del Cauca se comercializan productos de cannabis tanto para fines no medicinales como terapéuticos. En consecuencia, es necesario el análisis de estos productos de manera que se pueda conocer la composición de los mismos y el posible efecto que pueda tener sobre la salud. El análisis de los componentes de estos productos se llevó a cabo empleando la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (CLAR) y espectrometría de masas (EM), de tal manera que permitieron la identificación de las principales especies cannabinoides; Δ9-tetra hidrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG). La separación de los analitos se llevó a cabo mediante la implementación de una columna analítica C18 de fase reversa, elución isocrática 1 mL/ min, presión del sistema 800 PSI, una mezcla de acetonitrilo ACN y buffer fosfato (KHPO4) en relación 65/35 como fase móvil, volumen de inyección de 10 µL, un tiempo de análisis de 15 min, y detección a 220 nm.

SUMMARY Cannabis sativa has now experienced an increasing interest in the study of its components since it is attributed therapeutic properties in the treatment of diseases. In Colombia and specifically in the Cauca Department, Cannabis products are marketed both for non-medicinal and therapeutic purposes. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze these products in such a way that the composition of the products and their possible effect on health can be known. The analysis ofthe components of these products was carried out using high performance liquid chromatog-raphy (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), in such a way that they allowed the identification of the main cannabinoid species; Δ9-tetra hydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG). The separation of the analytes was carried out by means of the implementation of a reverse phase C18 analytical column, isocratic elution 1 mL/min, system pressure 800 PSI, a mixture of acetonitrile ACN and phosphate buffer (KHPO4) in relation 65/35 as mobile phase, injection volume of10 µL, analysis time of15 min, and detection at 220 nm.

To study the effect of using ringer’s lactate with or without addition of dextrose on intra-operative blood sugar levels in Pediatric age group undergoing surgeries

Background: General anesthesia without supplemental regional anesthesia might result in elevated blood sugar levels secondary to the stress response of anesthesia and surgery. Increased levels of cortisol and catecholamines augment glucose production because of increased hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis along with reduced peripheral utilization of glucose. Hence, there exists a high possibility that supplementing dextrose intraoperatively without regular blood sugar estimation might result in hyperglycemic episodes which can lead to osmotic diuresis, impairment of neurological outcome, and risk of hypoxic episodes under anesthesia. Aim: To compare the effect of using Ringer's lactate with or without the addition of 1% dextrose on intra-operative blood sugar levels in the pediatric age group undergoing surgeries. Methods and methods: 44 pediatric age group patients, male patients undergoing circumcision for phimosis under I.V sedation with caudal block were chosen and divided into two groups randomly into Group A and Group B. Group A received 1% dextrose RL and Group B received RL without the addition of dextrose as intra-operative maintenance fluid. Along with basic parameters like heart rate and oxygen saturation, capillary blood glucose was also measured preoperatively just before induction and after the end of procedure postoperatively. Results: Preoperative and post-operative blood sugar values were compared. No significant hypoglycemia was developed in patients who had received only RL. And patients who received 1% Dextrose RL as intra-operative fluid had not developed significant hyperglycemia. Arivuselvan K, Nalani, Naheed Azhar. To study the effect of using ringer’s lactate with or without addition of dextrose on intra-operative blood sugar levels in Pediatric age group undergoing surgeries. IAIM, 2019; 6(5): 87-91. Page 88 Conclusion: Even with patients received only RL without dextrose as intraoperative fluid there is no significant hypoglycemia. So, the addition of dextrose is not mandatory in patients undergoing short surgeries provided their preoperative sugar level is not less than 80 mg/dl.

Targeting calcium signaling in cancer therapy

The intracellular calcium ions (Ca) act as second messenger to regulate gene transcription, cell proliferation, migration and death. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that intracellular Cahomeostasis is altered in cancer cells and the alteration is involved in tumor initiation, angiogenesis, progression and metastasis. Targeting derailed Casignaling for cancer therapy has become an emerging research area. This review summarizes some important Cachannels, transporters and Ca-ATPases, which have been reported to be altered in human cancer patients. It discusses the current research effort toward evaluation of the blockers, inhibitors or regulators for Cachannels/transporters or Ca-ATPase pumps as anti-cancer drugs. This review is also aimed to stimulate interest in, and support for research into the understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of Casignaling in different cancer cells, and to search for novel therapies to cure these malignancies by targeting Cachannels or transporters.

Individual variation in response to simulated hypoxic stress of rats.

With an aim to categorize the animals exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxia and to evaluate the hormonal profile responsible for individual variation in response to hypoxic stress, degree of tolerance to hypobaric hypoxia was measured by exposing the animals to a simulated altitude of 10,668 m at 32 °C and animals were categorized as low and high tolerant groups based on their gasping time. The hormonal profiles of these groups were evaluated just after exposure to the test. The results showed a distinct individual difference in response to hypoxic tolerance test. There was a significant increase in plasma norepinephrine concentration in high tolerant group than low tolerant rats. After hypoxic tolerance test, total circulating corticosterone (CORT) level also increased but this was not significant in high tolerant rats as compared to low tolerant rats. Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) concentration differ significantly between high and low tolerant groups of rats resulting in significant changes in circulating free corticosterone that in turn may be responsible for individual differences in hypoxic gasping time. Significant differences were also observed in prolactin and testosterone levels of both the groups. The results established the method of differentiating the animals according their response to hypoxic tolerance test. These data indicate that multiple components rather than only plasma glucocorticoid of the stress response are providing a basis for individual differences in physiological responses to hypoxic stress.

Detección de receptores de estrógeno, progesterona y de proteína ligadora de corticosteroides en el tracto genital de hembras caninas (Cannis familiaris): estudio inmunohistoquímico / Detection of estrogen, progestorone receptors and corticosteroid binding globulin in the canine (Cannis familiaris) reproductive female tract: immunohistochemistry study

Los receptores esteroidales sexuales del tracto genital de la hembra tienen importancia dado que, a través de ellos, actúan las hormonas responsables de su desarrollo y de sus cambios morfofuncionales. En su mecanismo, uno de los factores a considerar son las posibles diferencias entre las distintas especies. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar, en la especie canina (N=8), la presencia de receptores de estrógenos (RE), progesterona (RP) y la presencia de proteína ligadora de corticosteroides (CBG) en ovario, oviducto y útero de 3 hembras prepúberes (N=3) y 5 hembras adultas (N=5). La evaluación morfológica se realizó con tinción de hematoxilina-eosina (H-E) e inmunocitoquímica, según la técnica de Stemberger (1979). Los resultados revelaron en animales ciclando, inmunorreactividad (IR) positiva, RE en útero, oviducto y ovario siendo marcada en oviducto. La IR para RP fue leve y varió según el estadio del ciclo. En hembras prepúberes, los RE y RP no fueron evidenciados. La CBG mostró positividad en el tracto durante el ciclo y fue negativa en prepúberes. Se concluye que la presencia de RE y RP es detectable en útero, oviducto y ovario de la hembra canina adulta habiendo variaciones de concentración según el estadio del ciclo estral, siendo su presencia en las prepúberes no evidenciables, a diferencia de otras especies (oveja), donde son detectables en este estadio del desarrollo. La presencia de CBG constante durante el ciclo estral y variable en los otros estadios indica su posible participación en los procesos reproductivos.

The sexual steroid receptors of the genital tract of the female have significant importance since though them the hormones responsible acting. In their mechanism one of the factors to be kept in mind is the possible differences among the diverse species, the objective of this study was to evaluate in canine (N= 8) the presence of receptors of estrogens (ER), progesterone (PR) and the presence of corticosteroid binding globuline (CBG) in ovaries, oviduct and uterus of prepuberal female (N=.3) and matures: (N=5) It was used H-E and immunohistochemical study according to the technique of Stenberger (1979). The results during the oestrus showed: Immune reactivity (IR) positive, ER in uterus and ovary being much stronger in oviduct. The PR varied according the stage of oestrus cycle. In puberal female dog ER and PR were undetectable. The CBG revealed positive in reproductive tract of cycling females but negative in prepubertal. It was concluded that the presence of ER and PR are detectable in uterus, oviduct and ovary of mature female dogs varying their concentration according to the cycle. In prepuberal, its presences come undetectable differing from other species (ovine), in which they are detected at this stage of development. The constant of CBG presence during oeustrus cycle and such variation in other stages of the cycle, it might suggest its participation in the several reproductive activities.

Presencia de cbg (corticosteroid binding globulin) y receptores de estrógeno (fracción alfa) y progesterona en el sistema reproductor de ovejas en distintos estadios del ciclo reproductivo. Estudio inmunohistoquímico / Presence of CBG (Corticosteroid binding globulin) Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Progesterone Receptors Along the Reproductive Tract in Sheep During Different Stages of the Reproductive Cycle. Inmunohistochemestry Study

Las hormonas esteroidales sexuales actúan a través de sus receptores permitiendo el desarrollo del tracto genital y determinando su estado morfofuncional. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar la presencia de CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin) y de los receptores de estrógenos alfa y progesterona en el útero, oviducto y ovario de ovejas cíclicas (n = 3), gestantes (n = 3), y en anestro (n = 3). La evaluación morfológica se realizó con tinción de hematoxilina - eosina (H-E) e inmunohistoquímica, según técnica de Sternberger. Los resultados revelaron para receptores de estrógenos en oveja cíclicas, inmunorreactividad positiva moderada en el epitelio glandular y estroma endometrial y en epitelio superficial y corión de la mucosa oviductal; siendo la inmunorreactividad leve en ovejas gestantes y anéstricas. Los receptores de progesterona mostraron en los 3 órganos inmunorreactividad positiva moderada en ovejas cíclicas e inmunorreactividad leve o negativa en animales acíclicos. La inmunorreactividad para CBG en endometrio fue marcada en ovejas cíclicas, y leves o negativa en gestantes y anéstricas. En ovario se observó en ovejas durante el ciclo, reacción inmunopositiva a la CBG en células foliculares, en el fluido folicular y en células estromales llenas de material granular inmunopositivo dispuestas en forma grupal o aislada. Se concluye que la presencia de los receptores de estrógenos alfa y de progesterona es siempre detectable en útero, oviducto y ovario variando su concentración según el estadio. La presencia de CBG fue constante en los tres órganos durante el ciclo estral y variable en los otros estadios, siendo su participación dentro del proceso reproductivo tema de próximos estudios.

The steroids hormones operate through their receptors in the development of the genital tract and determine it morphofuncional state. The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence of CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin), estrogens alpha and progesterone receptors in the uterus, oviduct and ovary of sheep during oestrous cycle (n = 3), pregnancy (n = 3), and in anoestrous (n = 3). Cross sections were stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and Inmunohistochemical (ICQ) study was made according to the technique of Sternberger. The results showed for estrogens receptors in sheep on cycle estral, moderate positive immunoreaction in the estroma and on the epithelial cells of endometrial glands and in oviductal superficial epithelium and estroma; the immunoreaction in pregnant and anestrics sheep was low. The progesterone receptors had in the 3 organs moderate immunorreactivity in cycling sheep and immunorreactivity low or negative in acycling animals. The CBG endometrial immunorreaction was high in cycling sheep and low or negative in pregnant and anestrics. The CBG in sheep during the cycle demonstrated a positive reaction at ovarian level in follicular cells, inside follicular liquid, and in stromal cells filled with granulate material disseminated in groups or isolated. In conclusion, the presence of estrogens alpha and progesterone receptors are always detectable in uterus, oviduct and ovary varying their concentration according to the stage The presence of CBG was constant in the three organs during the oestral cycle and variable in the other stages, its participation in the reproductive process is topic for next studies.