Examining Inequality in the Public Health Workforce Distribution in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) System in China, 2008-2017 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Allocation of human resources to address inequalities in the public health system has increasingly attracted societal and political attention. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) system of China as an example, we evaluated inequality in the public health workforce distribution across different regions in China between 2008 and 2017, with the aim of providing information for policymakers to support resource allocation and address growing health inequities.@*Methods@#We used three standard public health workforce inequality indices - Gini coefficient, Theil L, and Theil T - and spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore spatial clusters of the workforce in different provinces, visualized with geographical tools.@*Results@#The aggregate workforce-to-population ratio decreased from 1.47 to 1.42 per 10,000 population from 2008 to 2017, and was consistently lower than the National Health Commission's (NHC) recommended critical shortage threshold of 1.75. The workforce distribution inequality indices varied by regional socioeconomic and health system development. Geographic clustering of CDCs workforce distribution was evident, with H-H and L-L clusters in western China and the Guangdong-Fujian region, respectively.@*Conclusions@#Our study addressed key issues for government and policymakers in allocation of public health human resources. There is an urgent need for careful identification of analytic questions that will help carry out public health functions in the new era, alongside policy implications for an equitable distribution of the public health workforce focusing on the western region and low-low cluster areas.

An analysis on the present situation of post setting in CDCs of Zhejiang Province / 预防医学

Objective To analyze the present post setting situation of CDCs in Zhejiang Province, and to provide evidence for further improvement and standardization of post setting. Methods The data of post setting were collected by questionnaires from all levels of CDCs in Zhejiang Province. The compliance and rationality of post setting structure were evaluated by national and provincial normative policy documents. Results Ninety seven CDCs had implemented the post setting. Professional technical posts had the highest proportion (above 80%) among three kinds of posts. As the approved proportions of posts classification and professional titles were approved by the local government, there were differences between different levels of CDCs. The approved proportion of ground skilled posts and management posts between municipal and county CDCs had a relatively higher degree of dispersion, and the CVs of ground skilled posts and management posts of municipal CDCs were 72.3% and 65.6%, and the CVs of county CDCs were 101.6% and 82.1%. In terms of the approved professional titles structural proportion, the degree of dispersion appeared to be higher in senior titles and primary titles approved proportion of municipal CDCs (CV=29.1%, 28.5%), while the degree of dispersion was higher in senior titles and vice-senior titles of county CDCs (CV=58.9%, 21.8%) . Meanwhile, the approved proportions of senior titles in municipal and county CDCs were lower with the averages of 32.2% and 17.0%. The posts of infectious disease prevention and control and laboratory detection were accounting for the majority posts in municipal and county CDCs with average percentages of 47.8% and 45.1% . Conclusion The present situation of post structural proportion meets the relevant requirements generally. However, there are some phenomena of non-standard approved proportion of ground skilled posts and management posts and low senior titles approved proportion. Meanwhile, the percentage of infectious disease prevention and control and laboratory detection posts appears to be lower in county CDCs.

Isolamento, cultivo e caracterização de células derivadas de cardioesferas de camundongos CD1 / Isolation, culture and characterization of cardiospheres-derived cells from CD1 mice

No Brasil, como em todo o mundo, as doenças cardiovasculares têm sido uma das principais causas de morte. A alta mortalidade e as poucas alternativas terapêuticas para esta doença têm estimulado a investigação no campo das células estaminais. Recentemente, alguns grupos têm mostrado a presença de células-tronco/progenitoras residentes no coração. Estas poderiam ser cultivadas diretamente a partir de tecidos cardíacos produzindo aglomerados esféricos denominados Cardioesferas estas, contém células proliferativas que dão origem, após o plaqueamento, a uma população heterogênea denominada: células derivadas de cardioesferas (CDCs). O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar, cultivar e caracterizar as CDCs de camundongos da linhagem CD1. Para isto, as células primárias foram isoladas a partir de corações de camundongos adultos da linhagem CD1 após a digestão de pequenos fragmentos do órgão em 420U/ml utilizando colagenase tipo II por 20 minutos 37°C. Nas análises por Citometria de Fluxo (FACS) foram observadas baixa expressão das moléculas de CD19 (0,4%), CD45 (0,5%) e CD90 (4,77%), e alta expressão das moléculas CD73 (71,47%), CD105 (25,1%), CD14 (25,17%). Nos ensaios de imunofluorescência foi possível observar a expressão das proteínas no citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos: vimentina, desmina e alfa actina de músculo liso, além da expressão do filamento intermediário nestina. Ao analisar a expansão celular por population doubling time foi observado que as CDCs duplicaram sua população original em cerca de 1,8 dias. Estes resultados sugerem que as CDCs isoladas a partir de camundongos da linhagem CD1, são células que apresentam características de células mesenquimais, constituindo uma população celular a ser testada nos estudos em terapias celulares. Estes resultados, motiva a estabelecer protocolos mais efetivos a fim de investigar possíveis efeitos parácrinos benéficos, bem como o potencial angiogênico e cardiogênico destas células.

In Brazil, as elsewhere in the world, cardiovascular diseases have been a major cause of death. The high mortality and few therapeutic alternatives for this disease have stimulated research in the field of stem cells. Recently, some groups have shown the presence of stem cells residents at heart. These could be grown directly from tissue cardiac producing spherical agglomerates called cardiospheres these contains proliferating cells that give rise after plating, a heterogeneous population named: cells derived from cardiospheres (CDC). Our goal in this study was to isolate and characterize the cultivar CDC CD1 strain of mice. For this purpose, primary cells were isolated from hearts of adult mice of the CD1 strain after digestion of the organ into small fragments using 420U/ml collagenase type II for 20 minutes 37 ° C. In analysis by Flow Cytometry (FACS) were observed low expression of CD19 molecules (0.4%), CD45 (0.5%) and CD90 (4.77%), and high expression of the molecules CD73 (71.47%), CD105 (25.1%), CD14 (25.17%). In the immunofluorescence assays was possible to observe the expression of the proteins in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes: vimentin, desmin and smooth muscle alpha actin, and expression of the intermediate filament nestin. By analyzing the cellular expansion team for Population doubling was observed that the original CDC doubled its population in about 1.8 days. These results suggest that CDCs isolated from CD1 mouse strain to be have characteristics of mesenchymal cells, constituting a potential population studied in cellular therapies, motivating us to establish more effective protocols to investigate possible beneficial paracrine effects and their angiogenic and cardiogenic potential.