Calorimetria indireta na monitoração hemodinâmica e metabólica em cães sob diferentes situações hemodinâmicas / Indirect calorimetry in hemodinamic and metabolic monitoring in dogs under different hemodynamic states

A monitoração do estado hemodinâmico visa ao equilíbrio entre a oferta e a demanda de oxigênio tecidual. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização da calorimetria indireta (CI) frente à termodiluição (TD) em cães sob diferentes estados hemodinâmicos. Utilizaram-se nove cães pesando 19,6±1,3kg, os quais foram anestesiados com isofluorano a 1,4V% (Basal), submetidos à ventilação mecânica (VM) e estados hipodinâmico (Hipo), com isofluorano a 3,5V%, e hiperdinâmico (Hiper), com dobutamina a 5µg/kg/min. Utilizou-se um cateter de Swan-Ganz para aferição do índice cardíaco (IC) por TD, cálculo do consumo de oxigênio pelo método de Fick (VO2Fick) e para coleta de sangue venoso central e misto. Com a CI, obtiveram-se os valores de consumo de oxigênio (VO2), produção de CO2(VCO2) e expirado de CO2 (EtCO2). Para a determinação do IC por CI, utilizou-se o princípio de Fick com os valores de VO2 e os sangues arteriais e venosos misto (Fickmix) ou central (Fickvc), e pela relação dos valores de VCO2 e EtCO2(FickCO2). A análise estatística compreendeu os testes de Dunnet, para diferença entre as fases, e Tukey, para diferenças entre os métodos (P≤0,05). Foram realizadas as análises de correlação de Pearson e de concordância de Bland-Altman. A CI forneceu valores de VO230 a 40% maiores que VO2Fick, mas identificou a redução no VO2 após a VM e Hipo, o que não ocorreu com VO2Fick. Os valores de VCO2diminuíram nas fases VM e Hipo. Houve redução do IC na fase Hipo com todos os métodos e aumento na fase Hiper com TD e Fickvc. Os valores de IC pelos métodos de Fickmixe Fickvc foram maiores que TD em todos os momentos, e FickCO2foi menor que TD na fase Hiper. Nenhum dos métodos apresentou concordância e correlação com a TD. Conclui-se que a CI pode ser utilizada na mensuração do VO2 e VCO2 de cães sob diferentes estados hemodinâmicos. Contudo, embora seja possível a identificação dos diferentes estados hemodinâmicos, os valores de IC não podem ser comparados à termodiluição.

Monitoring the hemodynamic state seeks a balance between the supply and demand of oxygen by tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of indirect calorimetry (IC) compared to thermodilution (TD) in dogs under different hemodynamic states. Nine dogs weighing 19.6±1.3kg were anesthetized with isoflurane at 1.4 V% (Baseline) and subjected to mechanical ventilation (MV), a hypodynamic state (Hypo) with isoflurane at 3.5V% and hyperdynamic state (Hyper) with dobutamine infusion at 5μg/kg/min. We used a Swan-Ganz catheter for measurement of cardiac index (CI) by TD, calculation of oxygen consumption by Fick's method (VO2Fick) and to collect central and mixed venous blood. With the IC we obtained oxygen consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2) and end tidal CO2(EtCO2). For the determination of CI by IC we used the Fick's principle with VO2values, and arterial and mixed venous blood (Fickmix)or arterial and central venous blood (Fickvc); and by the ratio of the values of VCO2 and EtCO2(FickCO2). We performed the statistical analysis by Dunnet tests, for the difference between the states, and Tukey for differences between methods (P≤0.05). Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman analysis was performed for correlation and agreement analysis. IC provided VO2values 30 to 40% higher than the VO2Fick but identified the reduction in VO2after VM and Hypo, which did not occur with VO2Fick. The VCO2 values decreased in VM and Hypo. CI values decreased in Hypo with all methods and increase in Hyper with TD and Fickvc. The CI values for Fickmix and Fickvc were greater than TD at all times and FickCO2 was lower than TD in the Hyper. None of the methods presented agreement and correlation with TD. Thus, indirect calorimetry can be used to measure the VO2 and VCO2 in dogs in different hemodynamic states. However, although it is possible to identify the hemodynamic status, cardiac index values cannot be compared to thermodilution.

Thermogenic Response to Fasting and Exercise in Different Aged Rats / 소아과

PURPOSE: Recently, there has been a marked increase in childhood obesity, and that has aroused social concern. Obesity increases several metabolic disease such as hypertension, diabetes, fatty liver, heart disease and the mortality rate. Complications of obesity are more closely related with the accumulation of visceral fat. Therefore, fundamental treatment of obesity Should be the reduction of body fat. Exercise is the best way to reduce body fat, especially to consume the free fatty acid released from adipocytes. However, it is anticipated that children's response to exercise could differ from adult's. This research was done to find the difference adaptations of energy metabolisms in exercises between children and adults. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into a young group(two-three months old), adult group(six months old) and an old group(fifteen months old). At fed ad libitum, O2 consumption and CO2 production were measured before and after the exercise. Before and after fasting for 24 hours, O2 consumption and CO2 production were measured. After fasting for 24 hours, the blood was taken to analyse the plasma glucose and free fatty acid. RESULTS: The fasting oxygen consumption decreased only in young rats compared with that of the fed state. The fasting respiratory quotient was decreased in the young and adult rats compared with those of the fed state. The post exercise oxygen consumption was increased in the young and adult rats but not in the old rats. The post-exercise respiratory quotient was decreased only in the young rats. There was no significant change of plasma glucose and free fatty acid between fed and fasting state in the young rats, while the fasting glucose levels were increased in the adult and old rats. CONCLUSION: These results mean that the responses to fasting and exercise differ among rats of different age groups and young rats can burn fat more easily during exercise and fasting than those of the adult and old rats because of the better metabolic flexibility of young rats.