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Resumen Las propiedades fisicoquímicas como terneza, color, jugosidad, sabor, marmoleo, pH y capacidad de retención de agua, son consideradas como los atributos que tienen mayor importancia en la calidad de la carne. El manejo post mortem influye en el funcionamiento del sistema proteolítico de las enzimas µ-calpaínas y calpastatinas, que están codificadas por los genes CAPN1 y CAST, respectivamente. Esta revisión muestra las asociaciones de los polimorfismos CAPN1 y CAST con el fin de explicar las propiedades fisicoquímicas antes mencionadas, que determinan las características relacionadas con la calidad de la carne. Existen polimorfismos de CAPN1 y CAST asociados a propiedades fisicoquímicas particulares de la carne, pero no todos los polimorfismos se asocian con las propiedades mencionadas. La actividad del sistema proteolítico de las enzimas varía según el manejo peri y post mortem. La presencia o ausencia de un polimorfismo varía entre razas. Por consiguiente, las asociaciones de polimorfismos de nucleótido simple con las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la carne mencionadas en esta revisión podrían ayudar a mejorar los indicadores de calidad de la carne bovina.
Abstract Physicochemical properties such as tenderness, color, juiciness, flavor, marbling, pH and water retention capacity, are considered the most important attributes in the meat quality. Posmortem management influences the functioning of the proteolytic system of the enzymes calpains and calpastatins, which are encoded by CAPN1 and CAST genes, respectively. This review displays the associations of CAPN1 and CAST polymorphisms in order to explain the aforementioned physicochemical properties, which determine the characteristics relate to the beef quality. There are CAPN1 and CAST polymorphisms associated with particular physicochemical properties of meat, but not all polymorphisms are associated with the mentioned properties. The activity of enzymes proteolytic system varies according to peri and posmortem management. The presence or absence of a polymorphism varies between races. Therefore, the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms with the physicochemical properties of meat mentioned in this review could help to improve the quality indicators of beef.
Resumo Propriedades físico-químicas como maciez, cor, suculência, sabor, marmorização, pH e capacidade de retenção da água, são consideradas os atributos mais importantes na qualidade da carne. O manejo pós-morte influencia o funcionamento do sistema proteolítico das enzimas calpaína e calpastatina, que são codificadas pelos genes CAPN1 e CAST, respectivamente. Esta revisão mostra as associações dos polimorfismos CAPN1 e CAST para explicar as propriedades físico-químicas citadas, que determinam as características relacionadas à qualidade da carne. Existem polimorfismos CAPN1 e CAST associados a propriedades físico-químicas específicas da carne, mas nem todos os polimorfismos estão associados às propriedades mencionadas. A atividade das enzimas do sistema proteolítico varia de acordo com o manejo peri e pos-mortem. A presença ou ausência de um polimorfismo varia entre as raças. Portanto, as associações de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único com as propriedades físico-químicas da carne mencionadas nesta revisão poderiam ajudar a melhorar os indicadores de qualidade da carne bovina.
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Avaliou-se durante 90 dias o pH, a cor, a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), a textura e a oxidação lipídica, de uma formulação de mortadela otimizada por meio de um delineamento experimental de mistura para dois componentes. Desenvolveram-se duas amostras da formulação de mortadela otimizada, com antioxidante (OA) e sem antioxidante (OS). Os valores de pH e CRA não apresentaram diferenças significativas ao final dos 90 dias entre as amostras, OA (6,02 e 94,05 g/100g) e OS (6,07 e 93,25 g/100g). Na cor houve diferenças significativas. Na textura, apenas a dureza, mastigabilidade e coesividade apresentaram diferenças significativas. E aos 90 dias as amostras com (2,10 mg de MDA/Kg) e sem antioxidante (2,59 mg de MDA/Kg) não apresentaram diferenças significativas para oxidação lipídica e podem ser considerados aceitáveis para produtos cárneos.
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Animais , Alimento Funcional/análise , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Lepidium/efeitos adversos , Peróxidos Lipídicos/análise , Produtos da Carne/análise , Fenômenos Químicos , SuínosRESUMO
Taking CRA as the research object,and using the method of questionnaire investigation to collect the evaluation results of CRA to the operation status of the hospital ethics committee,this paper found that the review efficiency of ethics committee and the professional level of ethics staffs existed insufficiency.Aiming at this,this paper put forward to strengthen the connotation construction from the perspectives of information disclosure,system construction,committee training,improvement of staff internal quality and professional level and so on,in order to improve the efficiency and quality of ethical review.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of physical inactivity among the elderly in Jing'an District during 2002-2011;to quantify the burden of stroke and coronary heart disease attributable to physical inactivity; and to estimate the benefits in disability free life expectancy ( DFLE) from reasonable physical activity. Methods To understand the epidemiological characteristics of physical inactivity among the elderly in Jing'an District, through analyzing DFLE data.To obtain relative risk ( RR) of stoke and coronary heart disease attributable to physical inactivity, via World Health Organi-zation ( WHO) Comparative Risk Assessment ( CRA) project.To calculate population attributable frac-tions ( PAFs) using CRA methodology.To estimate the increase of DFLE attributable to physical activity, based on the results of Jing'an District DFLE research. Results From 2002 to 2011 , the prevalence of physical inactivity and the incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease associated with physical inactivity among the elderly in Jing'an District presented a downward trend, i.e.incidence of stroke at 13.80%(range 9.16%-21.43%) and that of coronary heart disease at 16.83% (11.19%-26.76%).With the elimination of physical inactivity, DFLE is expected to increase by 0.94 (0.11-2.70) years from stroke and 0.65 (0.11-1.91) years from coronary heart disease. Conclusion Increase of physical activity could reduce the incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease among the elderly, increase DFLE , and gain health benefits.
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El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la relación entre la sobrecarga y las necesidades de los cuidadores primarios informales de pacientes que sufrieron traumatismo craneoencefálico. En una muestra no probabilística se aplicaron dos instrumentos a 64 cuidadores primarios que miden las necesidades (cuestionario de necesidades familiares) y sobrecarga (entrevista de sobrecarga del cuidador de Zarit), bajo un diseño transversal correlacional. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas entre las categorías de las variables sociodemográficas, perosí presentaron relevancia práctica en las variables de sobrecarga, importancia de necesidades y satisfacción de necesidades. Estos resultados parecen sugerir la posibilidad de guiar estrategias de intervención hacia la satisfacción de necesidades de soporte emocional e instrumental con el objetivo de disminuir la sobrecarga en el cuidador primario informal y favorecer la calidad de vida; no obstante, es importante validar estos resultados en muestras de mayor tamaño que permitan generalizar los hallazgos.
The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between the overload and the needs of primary informal caregivers of patients suffering from a traumatic brain injury. In a non-probability sample, two instruments were applied to 64 primary caregivers measuring needs (family needs questionnaire) and overload (interview Zarit caregiver's burden), under a correlational cross-sectional design.The results showed no significant differences between categories of socio demographic variables, but had considerable practical relevance in relation to the variables of overload, importance of needs and satisfaction needs. These results seem to suggest the possibility of guiding intervention strategies towards meeting needs of emotional and instrumental support in order to reduce the burden on informal primary caregiver and promote the quality of life, however, it is important to validate these findings in larger samples that discard the possible influence of chance.
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Indian financial industry is witnessing a revolution. It is not just the metro cities and urban areas that are fueling the online scene in India but the tier 2-3 cities where there is internet penetration but non availability of electronic financial facility is also adding to growth.The growth of internet and other related technologies has enabled a new format called E-stamping to emerge. The e- stamping definition includes using the internet way to pay non judicial Stamp to the government. Estamping is short for electronic stamping and has been active on the internet as early as 2008. G2C (government to consumer) is another way e- stamping is described. The Government of India has mandated the Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL) as central record keeping agency for e-Stamping. The CRA will also appoint authorised collection centres (ACC) & travelling vendor who issue certificate to their clients at their counters. The authorised collection centre would be Bank & Financial institutions, law firms, chartered accountant firms, professionals. E stamping has established itself as a viable option for old traditional stamping. This paper attempts to throw some lights on the growth, opportunities and challenges for e stamping in Indian context.
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More than 95% of the thyroid carcinomas are well differentiated types showing favorable prognosis. However, only a few therapeutic options are available to treat the patients with undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas, especially with refractory thyroid carcinomas that are not amenable to surgery or radioiodine ablation. We investigated the anticancer effects of 20 chemotherapy and hormonal therapy drugs on 8 thyroid carcinoma cell lines. In vitro chemosensitivity was tested using the adenosine-triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA). The tumor inhibition rate (TIR; or cell death rate) or half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was analyzed to interpret the results. Of the 12 chemotherapy drugs, etoposide (178.9 index value in follicular carcinoma cell line) and vincristine (211.7 in Hurthle cell carcinoma cell line) were the most active drugs showing the highest chemosensitivity, and of the 8 additional drugs, trichostatin A (0.03 microg/mL IC50 in follicular carcinoma cell line) showed favorable outcome having the anticancer effect. In our study, the result of etoposide and vincristine show evidence as active anticancer drugs in thyroid carcinoma cell lines and trichostatin A seems be the next promising drug. These drugs may become an innovative therapy for refractory thyroid carcinomas in near future.
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Humanos , Trifosfato de Adenosina/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Etoposídeo/química , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/química , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Vincristina/químicaRESUMO
The performance of CRA directly affects the quality of clinical trials. In the appraisal of the CRA performance, satisfaction of clinical institutions plays a vital role. This article presents the outcome of a satisfaction survey on 16 clinical research centers in Shandong province, and the analysis of 503 survey samples regarding their exploratory factor and confirmatory factor respectively. The purpose is to identify the main factors for the satisfaction and to build a model to evaluate the satisfaction of hospitals for CRA.
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@#Objective To explore the feasible of diagnosing ischemic cerebrovascular diseases by detecting central retina artery sclerosis(CRA) with color Doppler ultrasonography.Methods210 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease(420 eyes) and 80 healthy volunteers(160 eyes) were examined by color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) to detect double sides blood frequency spectrum of CRA and hemodynamic parameters of CRA including peak systolic velocity(PSV),end of diastolic velocity(EDV)and resistant index(RI).ResultsThe blood frequency spectrum of CRA showed three apices and two vales or slanting triangle in healthy volunteers.But in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease,the blood frequency spectrum changed,and PSV and EDV were slower and RI increased compared with those in the healthy volunteers(PP<0.05～0.001).ConclusionIn patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease,the blood flow of CRA is slower and RI increases compared with health individuals.The color Doppler ultrasonography can used for diagnosis of CRA sclerosis.
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@#Objective To explore the feasible of diagnosing ischemic cerebrovascular diseases by detecting central retina artery sclerosis(CRA) with color Doppler ultrasonography.Methods210 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease(420 eyes) and 80 healthy volunteers(160 eyes) were examined by color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) to detect double sides blood frequency spectrum of CRA and hemodynamic parameters of CRA including peak systolic velocity(PSV),end of diastolic velocity(EDV)and resistant index(RI).ResultsThe blood frequency spectrum of CRA showed three apices and two vales or slanting triangle in healthy volunteers.But in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease,the blood frequency spectrum changed,and PSV and EDV were slower and RI increased compared with those in the healthy volunteers(PP<0.05～0.001).ConclusionIn patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease,the blood flow of CRA is slower and RI increases compared with health individuals.The color Doppler ultrasonography can used for diagnosis of CRA sclerosis.
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PURPOSE: Colorectal cancers have been known to be refractory to chemotherapy in the past decades. Recently, novel agents have been developed and various data have shown an improved response rate and a survival benefit. However, considerable heterogeneity exists between cancers of the same tissue type, including colorectal cancer. Thus, Individualized chemotherapy that is tailored specifically to the characteristics of the tumor is necessary for an improved clinical outcome. RESULTS: We evaluate the chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer to standard drugs (5-FU, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan) and to drugs used for other cancers (mitomycin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine) by using Adenosine-triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA). RESULTS: The degree of in-vitro response to a single anticancer medication was highest for 5-FU. According to stages, 5-FU is the most sensitive chemotherapeutic agent in Duke's B, irinotecan in Duke's C, and 5-FU in Duke's D patients. With tumor location, irinotecan is most sensitive in colon cancers and 5-FU in rectal cancers. The effect of treatment is superior in the test-guided therapy group in Duke's D colorectal cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Chemosensitivity tests may be useful in selecting optimum drugs for patient who require chemotherapy. However, the results of this study do not strongly support the usefulness of this assay; further studies with a sufficient number of cases and an extended observation period are ongoing.
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Humanos , Neoplasias do Colo , Neoplasias Colorretais , Tratamento Farmacológico , Fluoruracila , Paclitaxel , Características da População , Neoplasias RetaisRESUMO
Purpose: The adenosine-triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA) is a well-documented and validated technology for individualizing chemotherapy in cancer patients. We evaluate the feasibility of ATP-CRA in colorectal cancer patients. This study will illustrate the assay's success rate, the mean coefficient of variation, and the turnaround time as a validation tool for a chemosensitivity test. Methods: A total of 118 patients, treated by surgery between June 2004 and September 2005 were evaluated for chemosensitivity to seven anticancer agents (5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin, irinotecan, epirubicin, etoposide, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel) by using an ATP-CRA. To allow a comparison between samples, we calculated the chemosensitivity index (CI) based on the percentage cell death rate (CDR, %) at each test drug concentration. Results: The assay success rate was 85.5% (118/138), and the mean coefficient of variation, indicating intra-assay error level, was 9.2%. CDR measured at a therapeutic peak plasma concentration ranged from 0% to 93.6% with a median of 31.0% for 5-FU, 28.5% for oxaliplatin, 34.0% for irinotecan, 25.0% for epirubicin, 21.0% for etoposide, 22.0% for gemcitabine, and 25.2% for paclitaxel. According to the CI, the most sensitive drug varied from patient to patients 10.9% for 5-FU, 10.9% for oxaliplatin, 24.7% for irinotecan, 11.8% for epirubicin, 22.4% for etoposide, 1.1% for gemcitabine, and 23.3% for paclitaxel. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the ATP- CRA is a feasible in-vitro chemosensitivity test in colorectal cancer and that patients show heterogeneous chemosensitivity. A study evaluating the predictive value of ATP-CRA directed therapy is needed to determine the clinical usefulness of the test.
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Mortalidade , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
PURPOSE: A chemosensitivity test can reflect the differences in responses of individual cancer patients to chemotherapeutic agents. The adenosine triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA)is an accurate method, which does not require a large amount of tissue specimen. So far, no studies have evaluated the utility of the ATP-CRA in Korea. Therefore, we investigated the clinical usefulness of the ATP-CRA in 53 patients with lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor tissues were obtained from bronchoscopic biopsies or surgical resections. The validity of ATP-CRA was assessed focusing on the success rate, experimental error level (intraassay mean coefficient of variation [CV]) and reproducibility. RESULTS: The overall success rate of ATP-CRA was 90.6% (48/53). Normal cells were effectively eliminated from the tumor tissues with the use of ficoll gradient centrifugation and immunomagnetic separation, which was confirmed using loss of heterozygosity analysis of the 3p deletion. The mean CV of ATP assays was 10.5+/-4.6%. The reproducibility of ATP assays was 94+/-3.8%. The results of the ATP assays were reported to physicians within 7 days of specimen collection. More than 6 anticancer drugs were tested on the tumor specimens obtained from bronchoscopic biopsies. CONCLUSION: The ATP-CRA is a stable, accurate and potentially practical chemosensitivity test in patients with lung cancer.
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Humanos , Trifosfato de Adenosina , Adenosina , Biópsia , Centrifugação , Tratamento Farmacológico , Estudos de Viabilidade , Ficoll , Separação Imunomagnética , Coreia (Geográfico) , Perda de Heterozigosidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Pulmão , Manejo de EspécimesRESUMO
The present paper introduced that in the serum of EHF patients at middle or late stage,cir-culating immune complex(CIC)level was elevated,complement mediated release activity(CRA)was greatly decreased(p