Efeito da germinação e da desidratação no valor nutritivo, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de farinhas de leguminosas / Germination and dehydration effects on nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of legume flours / Efectos de la germinación y la deshidratación sobre el valor nutritivo, los compuestos bioactivos y la actividad antioxidante de harinas de leguminosas

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da germinação no teor de macronutrientes e da desidratação em compostos bioativos, nutrientes e atividade antioxidante de farinhas das leguminosas Phaseolus lunatus L. e Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) germinadas. As condições de germinação foram controladas em laboratório e as amostras foram submetidas à desidratação térmica (55°C) e liofilização. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, fenólicos totais flavonoides, atividade antioxidante (DPPH, FRAP), perfil de ácidos graxos (CG-FID) e de vitâmeros de tocoferol (HPLC- DAD). A germinação das leguminosas promoveu aumento de proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos. O processamento térmico para desidratação contribuiu para perdas de proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, e maior atividade antioxidantes em ambas as espécies. O perfil de ácidos graxos e vitâmeros de tocoferol mostraram-se com variações que dependem do tipo de leguminosa e condições de processamento, podendo ser positivas ou negativas. Farinhas de leguminosas germinadas pode ser uma alternativa para a inserção na dieta ou em formulações alimentícias e as condições de processamento devem ser monitoradas com intuito de otimiza propriedades nutritivas e funcionais.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of germination on macronutrient content and dehydration on bioactive compounds, nutrients and antioxidant activity of flours from germinated Phaseolus lunatus L. and Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) legumes. The germination conditions were controlled in the laboratory and the samples were submitted to thermal dehydration (55°C) and lyophilization. Analyses were carried out for centesimal composition, total phenolic flavonoids, antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), fatty acid profile (GC-FID) and tocopherol vitamers (HPLC-DAD). Germination of the legumes promoted an increase in proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Thermal processing for dehydration contributed to losses of proteins, lipids, ash, and higher antioxidant activity in both species. The profile of fatty acids and tocopherol vitamers showed variations that depend on the type of legume and processing conditions, and can be positive or negative. Sprouted legume flours can be an alternative for insertion in the diet or in food formulations and the processing conditions must be monitored in order to optimize nutritional and functional properties.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar el efecto de la germinación sobre el contenido en macronutrientes y de la deshidratación sobre los compuestos bioactivos, los nutrientes y la actividad antioxidante de harinas de leguminosas germinadas de Phaseolus lunatus L. y Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.). Las condiciones de germinación se controlaron en el laboratorio y las muestras se sometieron a deshidratación térmica (55°C) y liofilización. Se realizaron análisis de composición centesimal, flavonoides fenólicos totales, actividad antioxidante (DPPH, FRAP), perfil de ácidos grasos (GC-FID) y vitaminas tocoferol (HPLC-DAD). La germinación de las leguminosas promovió un aumento de proteínas, lípidos y carbohidratos. El procesado térmico para la deshidratación contribuyó a pérdidas de proteínas, lípidos, cenizas y a una mayor actividad antioxidante en ambas especies. El perfil de ácidos grasos y vitaminas tocoferol mostró variaciones que dependen del tipo de legumbre y de las condiciones de procesado, pudiendo ser positivas o negativas. Las harinas de leguminosas germinadas pueden ser una alternativa para su inserción en la dieta o en formulaciones alimentarias y las condiciones de procesado deben ser monitorizadas para optimizar las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales.

Evaluation Of Anticonvulsant Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Of Leaves Of Cajanus Cajan (L) Millsp. In Rodents

Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. is the perennial plant belongs to family Fabaceae, commonly called as Pigeon pea plant. The presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, the flavanone (substituted) from Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. have in vitro neuroactive property. This flavanone named as pinostrobin helps to inhibit voltage – gated sodium channels. Because of its bioactive phytoconstituents it may act as antiepileptic drug. To avoid problems like ADR herbal plant might be alternative to treat epilepsy. The current study was therefore carried out to evaluate antiepileptic activity of Ethanolic extract of leaves of Cajanus cajan in rodents. The effect of ELECC in MES-induced convulsions in rat and PTZ-induced convulsion in mice was evaluated using doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 7 days. Phenytoin (25 mg/kg), Diazepam (4 mg/kg) was used as standard drug for respective model. Depending on the model, outcome measures were abolishment of Hind Limb Tonic Extensor phase in MES-induced convulsion in rat and onset of latency, recovery or death in PTZ-induced convulsion in mice as well as biochemical estimation of amino acid neurotransmitter (GABA, Glutamate) were evaluated. The ELECC at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly delayed the HLTE phase in MES-induced convulsions in rat whereas, significantly increased onset of latency in PTZ-induced convulsion in mice. It also showed significant (p>0.0001) effect on the level of GABA and Glutamate in dose dependent manner in both models. The phytochemical study of C. cajan showed the presence of Glycosides, Flavonoids, Flavonones, Steroids, Tannins, Fixed oil, Fatty acids and Proteins. As the flavonoids present in C. cajan may contribute to the anticonvulsant activity of the plant. Therefore, the presence of such compounds in the extract may be responsible for the anticonvulsant effect. Therefore, present study validates its anticonvulsant activity. Further, research is required to elucidate its specific mechanism of action and isolation of responsible active principles.

Establishment of HPLC fingerprints of Cajanus cajan leaves and determination of two constituents / 中成药

AIM To establish the HPLC fingerprints of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.leaves and to determine the contents of orientoside and luteolin.METHODS The analysis of 65％ methanol extract from C.cajan leaves was performed on a 25 ℃ thermostatic Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of methanol-1％ acetic acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 260 nm.RESULTS There were twenty-one common peaks in ten batches of samples (S1-S10),whose similarities were more than 0.950,except for that of S3 (0.516).Orientoside and luteolin showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 0.089 5-3.960 μg and 0.015 5-0.408 μg,whose average recoveries were 99.43％ (RSD =1.32％) and 98.50％ (RSD =0.82％),respectively.The contents of two constituents in the samples from three growing areas (Guangdong,Yunnan and Hainan) showed obvious differences.CONCLUSION This simple,accurate and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of C.cajan leaves.

Tamanho de parcela e número de repetições em feijão guandu / Plot size and number of repetitions in pigeonpea

RESUMO:Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela e o número de repetições para avaliar a massa verde de feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), em épocas e anos de avaliação. Foram realizados 80 ensaios de uniformidade de 6m×6m (36m2). Cada ensaio foi dividido em 36 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1m×1m, totalizando 2.880UEB. Foi pesada a massa verde das plantas de cada UEB. No ano agrícola 2011/2012, foram avaliados 16 ensaios aos 127 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e 24 aos 139DAS. Em 2012/2013, foram avaliados quatro ensaios em cada uma das épocas (163, 167, 170, 174, 177, 181, 184, 188, 191 e 195DAS). O tamanho ótimo de parcela foi determinado por meio do método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação e as comparações de médias, entre épocas e os anos de avaliação, foram feitas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. O número de repetições, em cenários formados pelas combinações de i tratamentos (i=3, 4, ..., 50) e d diferenças mínimas entre médias de tratamentos a serem detectadas como significativas a 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, expressas em percentagem da média do experimento (d=10%, 15%, ..., 50%), foi determinado por processo iterativo até a convergência. O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa verde de feijão guandu é 8,39m2. Quatro repetições, para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, são suficientes para identificar, como significativas a 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 54,1% da média do experimento.

ABSTRACT:The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum plot size and number of repetitions, to evaluate the fresh weight of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), in times and years. Eighty uniformity trials of 6m×6m (36m2) were conducted. Each trial was divided in 36 basic experimental units (BEU) of 1m×1m, totaling 2,880BEU. The fresh weight of plants, in each BEU was weighed. The agricultural year 2011/2012, were evaluated 16 trials at 127 days after sowing (DAS) and 24 to 139DAS. In 2012/2013, four trials at each of times (163, 167, 170, 174, 177, 181, 184, 188, 191 and 195DAS) were evaluated. The optimum plot size was determined by the method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation model and the means compared, among evaluation times and years, by Scott-Knott test. The number of repetitions, in scenarios of combinations of i treatments (i=3, 4, ..., 50) and d minimal differences between treatments means, to be detected as significant, 5% probability by Tukey's test, expressed in percentage of experiment avarage (d=10%, 15%, ..., 50%), was determined by iterative process until convergence. The optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh weight of pigeonpea is was 8.39m2. Four replications, to evaluate up to 50 treatments, are sufficient to identify, as significant at 5% probability by Tukey's test, differences between treatment means of 54.1% of the average experiment.

Estimação da área foliar de feijão guandu por dimensões foliares / Leaf area estimation of pigeonpea by leaf dimensions

O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar e identificar os melhores modelos para a estimação da área foliar de feijão guandu, determinada por fotos digitais em função do comprimento, ou da largura e/ou do produto comprimento vezes largura do limbo do folíolo central da folha. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com a cultura de feijão guandu. No primeiro experimento, foram realizadas coletas de 200 folhas aos 45, 52, 59, 65, 72, 79, 86, 94, 100, 106 e 114 dias após a emergência (DAE), totalizando 2.200 folhas. No segundo experimento, foi realizada uma coleta de 220 folhas aos 69 DAE. Nessas 2.420 folhas, foram mensurados o comprimento (CFC) e a largura (LFC) e calculado o produto do comprimento vezes a largura (CFC×LFC) do limbo do folíolo central. A seguir, determinou-se a área foliar de cada folha (soma da área foliar dos folíolos esquerdo, central e direito), por meio do método de fotos digitais (Y). Posteriormente, foram separadas, aleatoriamente, 90% das folhas do primeiro experimento (1.980 folhas), para a geração de modelos do tipo quadrático, potência e linear, de Y em função do CFC, da LFC, e/ou do CFC×LFC. Os 10% das folhas restantes do primeiro experimento (220 folhas) e as 220 folhas coletadas no segundo experimento foram usadas, separadamente, para a validação dos modelos. Em feijão guandu, os modelos do tipo quadrático (Ŷ=0,4295+1,5895x+0,0011x2, R2=0,9710), potência (Ŷ=1,6591x0,9983, R2=0,9769) e linear (Ŷ=-1,3555+1,6858x, R2=0,9708), de Y em função do CFC×LFC, são adequados para a estimação da área foliar e o linear, pode, preferencialmente, ser utilizado.

The objective of this research was to model and identify the best models to estimate the leaf area of pigeonpea determined by digital photos with the length or width and/or the product length width of the central leaflet limb of the leaf. Two trials were carried with the culture of pigeonpea. In the first experiment, samples from 200 leaves were taken at 45, 52, 59, 65, 72, 79, 86, 94, 100, 106 and 114 days after emergence (DAE), totaling 2,200 leaves. In the second experiment, a sample from 220 leaves was collected at 69 DAE. In these 2,420 leaves, were measured the length (CFC) and width (LFC) and calculated the product length width (CFC×LFC) of the central leaflet. Then, was determined the leaf area of each leaf (sum the leaf area of the leaflets left, center and right) by the method of digital photos (Y). After, were separated, randomly, 90% of the leaves from the first experiment (1,980 leaves), to build models of quadratic type, potency and linear for Y function of the CFC, LFC and/or CFC×LFC. The remaining 10% of the leaves from the first experiment (220 leaves) and the 220 leaves collected in the second experiment, separately, were used to validate the models. In pigeonpea, the quadratic model (Ŷ=0.4295+1.5895x+0.0011x2, R2=0.9710), the potency model (Ŷ=1.6591x0.9983, R2=0.9769) and the linear model (Ŷ=-1.3555+1.6858x, R2=0.9708), of Y as a function of CFC×LFC are adequate for estimation of the leaf area and linear, may preferably be used.

Chemical constituents from leaves of Cajanus cajan / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical compounds from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. Methods: Normal phase silica gel, medium-pressure ODS, MCI, and Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatographies were used to isolate and purify the constituents. And their structures were identified by their physical properties, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, mass spectrometry, etc. Results: Twenty-three compounds were separated from the alcohol extract in the leaves of C. cajan. They were cajanine (1), longistyline A (2), longistyline C (3), cajanolactone A (4), pinostrobin (5), orientin (6), isovitexin (7), vitexin (8), cajanol (9), cajanin (10), prunetin (11), pratensein (12), (2R, 3R)-2, 3-dihydro-5-7, 4'-dimethoxyflavone (13), ethyl 10', 16'-dihydroxy hexadecanoate (14), vanillic acid (15), ethyl heptadecanoate (16), 2-O-quebrachitol (17), 2, 3, 4-trihydroxy-isovaleric acid (18), stigmasterol (19), betulinic acid (20), heptadecanoic acid (21), β-sitosterol (22), and β-daucosterol (23). Conclusion: Compounds 10-19 are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cajanus cajan leaves / 中草药

Objective: To select the proper method for extracting flavonoids from Cajanus cajan leaves and optimize the extraction parameters. Methods: Taking the extracting rate of orientoside, luteolin, and total flavonoids from C. cajan leaves and anti-oxidative activity as indexes, microwave-assisted method was compared with heat reflux extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and maceration extraction. Central composite design was used for optimization of parameters affecting the extraction of orientoside and luteolin using microwave-assisted method. Results: The results showed that microwave-assisted extraction was the best method and the optimal conditions were: 50 mesh particle size, 80% ethanol aqueous, 1 : 20 material/ethanol aqueous, temperature 60°C, 4 times cycle, 10 min extraction time, 500 W extraction power. The extraction yields of orientoside and luteolin were (4.42 ± 0.01) and (0.10 ± 0.01) mg/g from dry C. cajan leaves, respectively. Conclusion: The microwave-assisted method is feasible with less time, higher extraction yield, and better anti-oxidative activity.

Determination of Vitexin in Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp. by HPLC / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To develop a quantitative method to determine vitexin in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Methods The chromatographic conditions were as follows: column C18(250 mm? 4.6 mm, 5 ? m) , mobile phase being MeOH ∶ 1 % HAC (25 ∶ 75) for 20 mins and then being MeOH ∶ 1 % HAC (30 ∶ 70) after 20 mins, flow rate at 1.0 mL/min, and wavelength at 339 nm. Results The good linearity of this method was in the range of 0.104 4～ 0.522 ? g (r=0.999 4), and the average recovery of vitexin was 100.11 % ( RSD =0.63 % ).Conclusion The method is simple and sensitive with good stability, it can be suitable for the quality control of vitexin in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp..