Encefalitis asociada a infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection / Encefalite associada à infecção por SARS-CoV-2

El virus SARS-CoV-2 produce una enfermedad conocida como COVID-19 y puede producir complicaciones neurológicas como la encefalitis, la cual consiste en la inflamación a nivel del parénquima cerebral. Su pronto diagnóstico es crucial para poder asegurar la supervivencia de los individuos, ya que puede llevar al paciente al ingreso en unidad de cuidados intensivos. El tratamiento consiste en el soporte vital, la disminución de la inflamación y de la presión intracraneal, aunque estas medidas en ocasiones no son suficientes debido a que posee una alta tasa de mortalidad. OBJETIVO: identificar las principales características clínicas de la encefalitis asociada a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. METODOLOGIA: se realizó una revisión sistemática bajo la metodología PRISMA, utilizando diversos motores de búsqueda como PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science y Scopus de los últimos cinco años en idioma inglés y español. RESULTADOS: se encontraron 63 artículos identificados en las bases de datos: PubMed; 18, Scielo con un total de 3, Sciencedirect con 3 y Google Scholar; 39. De estos artículos encontrados, 15 artículos estaban duplicados, 13 artículos eliminados por título y resumen, esto realizado luego de tomar en cuenta criterios de exclusión y relevancia del artículo mismo, se eliminaron 25 artículos luego de analizar el texto completo, obteniendo finalmente 10 artículos a emplear dentro del presente estudio. CONCLUSION: se concluyó que el SARS-CoV-2 tiene repercusión a nivel del sistema nervioso central, dando como resultado la presencia de patologías como encefalitis, la cual tiene una baja incidencia entre los pacientes, pero una mortalidad para nada despreciable.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus produces a disease known as COVID-19 and can produce neurological complications such as encephalitis, which consists of inflammation at the level of the brain parenchyma. Early diagnosis is crucial to ensure the survival of individuals, as it can lead to admission to the intensive care unit. Treatment consists of life support, reduction of inflammation and intracranial pressure, although these measures are sometimes not sufficient due to a high mortality rate. Objective. To identify the main clinical features of encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methodology. A systematic review was carried out under the PRISMA methodology, using different search engines such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Scopus from the last five years in English and Spanish. Results. We found 63 articles identified in the databases: PubMed; 18, Scielo with a total of 3, Sciencedirect with 3 and Google Scholar; 39. Of these articles found, 15 articles were duplicates, 13 articles eliminated by title and abstract, this done after taking into account exclusion criteria and relevance of the article itself, 25 articles were eliminated after analyzing the full text, finally obtaining 10 articles to be used within the present study. Conclusion. It was concluded that SARS-CoV-2 has repercussions at the level of the central nervous system, resulting in the presence of pathologies such as encephalitis, which has a low incidence among patients, but not negligible mortality.

O vírus SARS-CoV-2 causas uma doença conhecida como COVID-19 e pode levar a complicações neurológicas, como a encefalite, que consiste em uma inflamação no nível do parênquima cerebral. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para garantir a sobrevivência dos indivíduos, pois pode levar à internação na unidade de terapia intensiva. O tratamento consiste em suporte à vida, redução da inflamação e redução da pressão intracraniana, embora essas medidas às vezes não sejam suficientes devido à alta taxa de mortalidade. Objetivo. Identificar as principais características clínicas da encefalite associada à infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de acordo com a metodologia PRISMA, usando vários mecanismos de busca, como PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science e Scopus, dos últimos cinco anos, em inglês e espanhol. Resultados. Sessenta e três artigos foram identificados nos seguintes bancos de dados: PubMed; 18, Scielo com um total de 3, Sciencedirect com 3 e Google Scholar; 39. Desses artigos encontrados, 15 eram duplicatas, 13 artigos foram eliminados pelo título e resumo, o que foi feito após levar em conta os critérios de exclusão e a relevância do artigo em si, 25 artigos foram eliminados após a análise do texto completo, obtendo-se finalmente 10 artigos a serem usados no presente estudo. Conclusões. Concluiu-se que o SARS-CoV-2 tem repercussões em nível do sistema nervoso central, resultando na presença de patologias como a encefalite, que tem baixa incidência entre os pacientes, mas mortalidade não desprezível.

Reliability and validity of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale(ULS-6)for application in adults / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the psychometric properties and applicability of the 6-item University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in adults.@*METHODS@#We conducted 2 surveys to assess the validity of different measurement scales and questionnaires. In Survey 1, a total of 1480 adults were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and the data were used for item analysis and assessment of the reliability, validity and measurement invariance. In Survey 2, UCLA Loneliness Scale was used for measurement in 652 college students, and the data were used for analysis of the criterion validity of ULS-6; 3 weeks later, 300 of the students were retested using ULS-6 to assess the retest reliability of the scale.@*RESULTS@#Item analysis suggested that the items in ULS-6 all had good discrimination power with discrimination indexes all above 0.775 (r=0.775-0.820, P < 0.001). Measuring only one dimension, ULS-6 had an internal consistency reliability of 0.891, a split-half reliability of 0.875, and a retest reliability of 0.726. The correlation coefficients of ULS-6 with ULS, ULS-8, PHQ-9 and PSSS were 0.882, 0.967, 0.528 and -0.532, respectively. The measurement invariances of ULS-6 across genders and age groups were all acceptable. Among the adult participants, the mean total score of ULS-6 was 12.97 ± 3.96; While only 20% of the adults had no loneliness, 80% of them exhibited varying degrees of loneliness, ranging from mild (39.6%) and moderate (25.7%) to intense (14.7%) feelings of loneliness.@*CONCLUSION@#The ULS-6 has good reliability, validity and applicability for measurement of loneliness in Chinese adults.

The role of spine length in crustacean and fish associations with echinoids at Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico / El papel de la longitud de la espina en la asociación de crustáceos y peces con equinoideos en Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, México

Introduction: Echinoids (sea urchins) provide shelter for a variety of facultative or obligatory ectosymbionts. Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that decapods and fishes prefer to associate with echinoid individuals and species that have longer spines. Methods: We visually studied the frequency of decapod crustaceans and fishes associated with echinoids in shallow water (< 4 m) and deeper water (5-20 m) at Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, during 1-6 January 2019. Results: We inspected 1 058 echinoids of six species. Five decapod species associated with three species of echinoids. When compared with other echinoid species, in shallow water, decapods associated 5.1 times more often with the longest-spined echinoid Diadema mexicanum (7.0 times more decapods per individual D. mexicanum); in deeper water, association frequency was similar for all echinoid species. Fourteen fish species associated with four echinoid species. In shallow water, fishes associated 2.6 times more with D. mexicanum (4.5 times more fishes per individual). There was no preferred echinoid species in deeper water. Longer-spined D. mexicanum had more decapods and fishes. Associations were more frequent in shallow water. Multiple individuals and species of decapods and fish often associated together with a single D. mexicanum. The decapod that presumably is Tuleariocaris holthuisi showed a possible obligatory association with one of the equinoids (D. mexicanum); the other decapods and all fish species are facultative associates. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that decapods and fishes associate most frequently with echinoids with the longest spines, presumably to reduce the risk of predation.

Introducción: Los equinoideos (erizos de mar) brindan refugio a una variedad de ectosimbiontes facultativos u obligatorios. Objetivo: Evaluar la hipótesis de que los decápodos y los peces prefieren asociarse con individuos y especies de equinoideos con espinas más largas. Métodos: Estudiamos visualmente la frecuencia de crustáceos decápodos y peces asociados con equinoideos en aguas poco profundas (< 4 m) y aguas más profundas (5-20 m) en Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, México, del 1-6 de enero 2019. Resultados: Examinamos 1 058 equinoideos de seis especies. Cinco especies de decápodos se asociaron con tres especies de equinoideos. Al comparar con otras especies de equinoideos, en aguas poco profundas, los decápodos se asociaron 5.1 veces más frecuentemente con la especie de equinoideo de espinas más largas, Diadema mexicanum (7.0 veces más decápodos por individuo en D. mexicanum); en aguas más profundas, la frecuencia fue similar para todas las especies de equinoideos. Catorce especies de peces se asociaron con 4 especies de equinoideos. En aguas poco profundas, los peces se asociaron 2.6 veces más con D. mexicanum (4.5 veces más peces por individuo). No hubo preferencia por una especie de equinoideo en aguas más profundas. Individuos de D. mexicanum con espinas largas tuvieron más asociación con decápodos y peces. Las asociaciones se dieron con mayor frecuencia en aguas poco profundas. Múltiples individuos y especies de decápodos y peces a menudo se asociaron con un solo D. mexicanum. Un decápodo que presumiblemente es Tuleariocaris holthuisi mostró una posible asociación obligatoria con uno de los equinoideos (D. mexicanum); las otras especies de decápodos y todas las especies de peces presentaron asociaciones facultativas. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que los decápodos y los peces se asociaron con mayor frecuencia con los equinoideos con las espinas más largas, presumiblemente para reducir el riesgo de depredación.

Efectividad del Bionator de California en la disminución del grado de severidad de los trastornos temporomandibulares / Effectiveness of the California Bionator in reducing the degree of severity of temporomandibular disorders

RESUMEN Fundamento: Existen modalidades de tratamiento para los trastornos temporomandibulares, una de ellas es la Ortopedia funcional de los maxilares. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del Bionator de California en la disminución del grado de severidad de los trastornos temporomandibulares. Metodología: Se realizó estudio experimental, abierto, controlado y aleatorizado en el servicio de Prótesis Estomatológica de la Clínica Estomatológica de Fomento en el período de septiembre de 2019 a septiembre de 2021. Se seleccionaron 60 pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares que cumplieron los criterios de selección, mediante asignación aleatoria se establecieron los grupos: Estudio (tratado con Bionator de California) y control (tratado con férula neuromiorrelajante). Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico. La variable de respuesta principal fue: Efectividad del Bionator de California en el grado de severidad del trastorno temporomandibular. Resultados: Al inicio del estudio predominó la severidad moderada de trastornos temporomandibulares en ambos grupos, pero a los 6 meses de tratamiento predominaron los asintomáticos (66.7 %) en el grupo estudio y 36.7 % en el grupo control, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con el Bionator de California fue efectivo porque se logró disminuir el grado de severidad de los trastornos temporomandibulares.

ABSTRACT Background: There are treatment modalities for temporomandibular disorders, one of them is functional orthopedics of the jaws. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the California Bionator in reducing the degree of severity of temporomandibular disorders. Methodology: An experimental, open, controlled and randomized study was carried out in the Dental Prosthesis service at Fomento Dental Clinic from September 2019 to September 2021. 60 patients with temporomandibular disorders who met the selection criteria were selected. The groups were established by random assignment: Study (treated with Bionator from California) and control (treated with a neuromyorelaxant splint). Method theoretical, empirical and statistical levels were used. The main response variable was: Effectiveness of the California Bionator in the degree of severity of the temporomandibular disorder. Results: At the beginning of the study moderate severity of temporomandibular disorders prevailed in both groups, but after 6 months of treatment asymptomatic predominated (66.7%) in the study group and 36.7% in the control group, with a statistically significant difference between both groups. Conclusions: The treatment with the California Bionator was effective because the degree of severity of temporomandibular disorders was reduced.

Developing a collaborative international partnership for cancer control in Mexico / Desarrollo de una alianza internacional colaborativa para el control del cáncer en México

Abstract: In 2014, a partnership was established between the University of California and Mexico, which subsequently catalyzed formation of collaborations between cancer researchers at University of California, San Francisco and in Mexico. Over the past two decades cancer burden has dramatically increased in Mexicans on both sides of the California - Mexico border. Together, we face a growing burden of cancer in the context of globalized economies, diverse migration patterns, and dynamic immigration policies. Our partnership aims to: 1) understand the life course impact of cancer risk factors and interactions with changing environments; 2) address cancer disparities within Mexico, in Mexican migrants to the United States, and in naturalized Mexican-Americans; and 3) identify effective cancer screening strategies and cancer control policies that are tailored to existing healthcare systems and social and cultural factors. Herein, we describe the principles of partnership and early successes and challenges of this collaboration.

Resumen: En 2014, se estableció un convenio de colaboración colaboración entre la Universidad de California y México, que posteriormente catalizó colaboraciones específicas entre investigadores en cáncer en la Universidad de California, San Francisco y en México. En las últimas dos décadas, la carga del cáncer ha aumentado drásticamente en mexicanos de ambos lados de la frontera entre California y México. Juntos, enfrentamos una carga creciente de cáncer en un contexto de economías globalizadas y diversos patrones y políticas de migración dinámicas. Nuestra colaboración tiene como objetivo: 1) entender el impacto a lo largo de la vida de factores de riesgo de cáncer y sus interacciones en un entorno cambiante; 2) abordar disparidades del cáncer dentro de México, en os migrantes mexicanos a los Estados Unidos y en los mexicoamericanos naturalizados; y 3) identificar estrategias efectivas de detección del cáncer y políticas de control del cáncer que se adapten a sistemas de salud existentes y a factores sociales y culturales. Aquí describimos los principios de esta colaboración y los primeros éxitos y retos de la misma.

Prognostic outcomes of salvage liver transplantation under different transplantation criteria / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective:To compare the prognoses of salvage liver transplantation fulfilling the Criteria of Milan, University of California San Francisco(UCSF)and Hangzhou.Methods:Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 256 patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)undergoing donation after citizen death(DCD)liver transplantation(LT)from January 2015 to October 2019.They were divided into two groups of primary(PLT, n=175)and salvage(SLT, n=81). General profiles, tumor pathological characteristics and postoperative complications of two groups were compared by T-test, rank-sum or χ2 test.Kaplan-Meier method and Log rank test were employed for comparing overall survival rate(OS)and recurrence-free survival rate(RFS)between two groups.In SLT group, 31 cases fulfilled Milan criteria, 45 cases UCSF criteria and 69 cases Hangzhou criteria.OS/RFS of three groups were compared.According to there was downstaging or bridging treatment pre-LT, SLT group was divided into downstaging group(n=32)and non-downstaging group(n=49). OS/RFS of two groups were compared.According to the Rescit1.1 criteria, downstaging group were divided into remission group(n=14)and non-remission group(n=18)and OS/RFS of two groups were compared. Results:The operative durations of PLT and SLT groups were(439.5±74.9)and(475.1±83.4)min respectively.There was significant inter-group difference( P<0.05); However, no significant inter-group difference existed in amount of intraoperative bleeding, blood transfusion, postoperative hospital stay or incidence of postoperative complications(all P>0.05). No significant difference existed in OS/RFS between PLT and SLT groups( P>0.05). No significant difference existed in OS at 1/3/5 years post-SLT among Milan, UCSF and Hangzhou criteria groups(all P>0.05); However, RFS in Milan criteria group at 1/3/5 years post-SLT were 93.5%, 81.7% and 81.7% respectively.They were significantly higher than 68.9%, 59.7% and 59.7% in UCSF criteria group and 78.3%, 58.8% and 55.5% in Hangzhou criteria group(all P<0.05). For patients on downstaging therapy, OS in the Remission group at 1, 3 and 5 years post-SLT were 100%, 73% and 73% respectively, which was significantly higher than 83.3%, 49.4% and 0 in non-Remission group( P=0.042). RFS in the Remission group at 1, 3 and 5 years post-SLT were 100%, 62.5% and 46.9% respectively, which was significantly higher than 52.9%, 0 and 0 in no-Remission group( P=0.001). Conclusions:The survival outcome of SLT recipients is similar to that of PLT recipients.The overall survival of SLT recipients shows no significant difference between Milan, UCSF and Hangzhou criteria.However, SLT recipients fulfilling Milan criteria have the longest recurrence-free time.The prognosis of patients with remission after preoperative descending treatment is superior to that of patients without remission.

Prevalence and effect of intramammary infection due to coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CNS) species in somatic cell counts in milk from Holstein dairy cows in Boyaca, Colombia / Prevalencia y efecto de la infección intramamaria debida a especies de estafilococos coagulasa negativo (ECN) en el conteo de células somáticas en leche de vacas Holstein en Boyacá, Colombia

ABSTRACT Mastitis is one of the most important illnesses in specialized dairy herds worldwide due to the effects on production and animal health. The types caused by CNS has a special importance in a production where the main pathogens are controlled. The objective of the present work is to determine the prevalence of CNS in a dairy herd in Boyaca and also quantify the effects of every species of CNS in SCC. 40 cows were selected and sampled during 6 months, CMT was performed, and results from 1 to trace were sampled. The routine bacteriological test was also performed for CNS identification, and the isolating of CNS was performed through rpoB gene identification and through the type of strain using the pulse gel electrophoresis procedure. Out of 960 samples, 619 were positive for CNS growth. The most prevalent species were Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. sciuri, S. simulaans, S. haemolyticus and S. capitis. The results that were found here are similar to the results observed in different parts of the world, which confirms that they are pathogens that must be constantly evaluated because they can go unnoticed in routine controls, especially in those farms where major pathogens are not a serious problem. The results determined in this study demonstrate that CNS generates a slight increase in somatic cells.

RESUMEN La mastitis es una de las enfermedades más importantes en los rebaños lecheros especializados alrededor de todo el mundo debido a los efectos sobre la producción y la salud animal. Los tipos ocasionados por estafilococos coagualasa negativo (ECN) tienen una importancia especial en una producción en la que los principales patógenos están controlados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la prevalência del ECN en un hato lechero en Boyacá y cuantificar los efectos de cada especie de ECN en el conteo de células somáticas (CCS). Se seleccionaron 40 vacas y se tomaron muestras durante 6 meses, se realizó california mastitis test (CMT) y se tomaron muestras de los resultados desde 1 hasta donde hubo trazas. También se realizó la prueba bacteriológica de rutina para la identificación del ECN y el aislamiento del ECN se realizó mediante la identificación del gen rpoB y del tipo de cepa, usando el procedimiento de electroforesis en gel de pulso. De 960 muestras, 619 fueron positivas para el crecimiento del ECN. Las especies más prevalentes fueron Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. sciuri, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus y S. capitis. Los resultados encontrados aquí son similares a resultados en diferentes partes del mundo, lo que confirma que son patógenos que deben ser evaluados constantemente porque pueden pasar desapercibidos en los controles de rutina, especialmente en aquellas fincas donde los patógenos mayores no son un problema grave. Los resultados determinados en este estudio demuestran que el SNC genera un ligero aumento de células somáticas.

Effect of the type of milking on mammary gland examination in Saanen goats / Efeito do tipo de ordenha sobre o exame da glândula mamária de cabras Saanen

This research evaluated the effect of milking on the physical exam of the mammary gland (MG) and milk examination in Saanen goats. Six properties were selected, four farms were used after evaluation of criteria selection and distributed in two groups according to the milking method: manual or mechanical. The physical examination of MG was performed using the techniques of inspection and palpation, in addition to the examination of the milk by strip cup, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count, and bacteriological exam. It was possible to detect an association between the milking method with the most of physical exam of the MG: inspection of the MG (p = 0.001), inspection of the teat (p = 0.002), palpation of the MG (p = 0.054) and palpation of the teat (p = 0.036). The machine milking had an association with the reduction of the volume of MG (OR = 6.00), reduction of the teat size (OR = 16.19), and firm consistency of mammary parenchyma (OR = 2.39). The use of machine milking represented a less risk for an increase of the volume of the MG volume (OR = 0.288) and the presence of cisternitis (OR = 0.490). The association between the SCC and the type of milking was also detected (p = 0.002). Machine milking was associated with changesin the physical exam of MG and milk examination compatible with traumatic lesions. This information indicates inappropriate use of milking equipment in the dairy goat's properties.(AU)

Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito da ordenha sobre o exame físico da glândula mamária (GM) e do leite em cabras Saanen. Seis propriedades foram selecionadas, quatro fazendas foram utilizadas após avaliação da seleção dos critérios e distribuídas em dois grupos de acordo com o método de ordenha: manual ou mecânico. O exame físico da GM foi realizado utilizando as técnicas de inspeção e palpação, além do exame do leite pelo teste da caneca de fundo escuro, California Mastitis Test, contagem de células somáticas e exame bacteriológico. Foi possível detectar uma associação entre o método de ordenha com a maioria dos exames físicos da GM: inspeção da GM (p = 0,001), inspeção do teto (p = 0,002), palpação da GM (p = 0,054) e palpação do teto (p = 0,036). A ordenha mecânica associou-se com a redução do volume de GM (OR = 6,00), redução do tamanho do teto (OR = 16,19) e consistência firme do parênquima mamário (OR = 2,39). O uso da ordenha mecânica representou menor risco para o aumento do volume do volume da GM (OR = 0,288) e presença da cisternite (OR = 0,490). Também foi detectada a associação entre a CCS e o tipo de ordenha (p = 0,002). A ordenha mecânica foi associada com as alterações no exame físico de GM e do leite compatíveis com lesões traumáticas. Essas informações indicam o uso inadequado do equipamento de ordenha na criação de cabras leiteiras.(AU)

Desove y desarrollo intracapsular del caracol marino Hexaplexnigritus (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) en laboratorio / Spawning and intracapsular development of the marine snail Hexaplex nigritus (Neograstropoda: Muricidae) in the laboratory

Introducción: El caracol marino Hexaplex nigritus es un murícido fuertemente explotado en el Golfo de California para consumo y artesanías. Cuando se reproducen, los adultos se agregan en forma de arrecifes artificiales facilitando su identificación y extracción, lo cual, ha mermado su población en dicha zona. Objetivo: Investigar el desove y desarrollo intracapsular y larvario de esta especie como herramientas para su producción en cautiverio con fines de repoblamiento. Métodos: Se recolectaron 18 progenitores que fueron mantenidos en un sistema cerrado con parámetros y alimentación controladas durante abril 2017 hasta septiembre 2018. Se registró: crecimiento de progenitores, desove de masas ovígeras, cantidad de cápsulas y número de embriones y larvas dentro de las cápsulas. La temperatura de incubación fue de 28.2 ± 1.5 °C. Las principales estructuras morfológicas de embriones y larvas fueron documentadas conforme su desarrollo. Resultados: El desarrollo embrionario intracapsular y de la larva velígera hasta su asentamiento tuvieron una duración de 14-15 y 31-32 días, respectivamente. Cada hembra de 80-88 mm de longitud produjo alrededor de 4 masas ovígeras, 627 cápsulas y 663 993 larvas velígeras extracapsulares por año. Conclusiones: La fácil adaptación y el potencial reproductivo mostrado por H. nigritus en laboratorio se presentan como estrategias promisorias para su repoblación y conservación.

Introduction: The marine snail Hexaplex nigritus is a heavily exploited muricid in the Gulf of California for consumption and handcrafts. When they reproduce, adults aggregated in the form of artificial reefs facilitating their identification and extraction, situation that has reduced their population in that area. Objective: In order to investigate the spawning and intracapsular and larval development of this species as tools for its production in captivity for repopulation purposes. Methods: Eighteen brooders were collected and kept in a closed system with controlled parameters and feeding from April 2017 to September 2018. Growth of parents, spawning of ovigerous masses, number of capsules, and number of embryos and larvae within the capsules, were registered. The main morphological structures of embryos and larvae were documented according to their development. Results: Intracapsular embryonic development and veliger larva until its establishment lasted 14-15 and 31-32 days, respectively. Each 80-88 mm length female produced around 4 ovigerous masses, 627 capsules and 663 993 extracapsular veliger larvae per year. Conclusions: Easy adaptation and reproductive potential shown by H. nigritus in the laboratory are presented as promising strategies for its repopulation and conservation.

Bacterial and fungal infectious etiology causing mastitis in dairy cows in the highlands of Boyacá (Colombia) / Etiología bacteriana y micótica infecciosa causante de mastitis en vacas lecheras en el altiplano boyacense (Colombia)

ABSTRACT Mastitis is one of the most important diseases for the dairy industry worldwide due to the great economic losses it causes, and the bacterial agents that cause it vary from one herd to another. The objective of the investigation was to determine the infectious agents involved in the development of mastitis in specialized dairies herds in the Highlands of Boyacá, Colombia. Was performed CMT tests in 4432 teats to determine the positive results for inflammation (CMT + 2), sampling in aseptic material of positives quarters, identification and differentiation through microbiological cultures, Gram staining, and biochemical tests of bacterial and fungal agents present in milk samples. It was determined that the total prevalence varied in the three years of the study as follows: in 2016, 45.19%; in 2017, 51.06% and in 2018, 39.76%. The months of April, May, and September, October presented the highest number of teats affected with mastitis during the three years of study. Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent microorganisms that cause mastitis in the three study years. There was an increase in the prevalence of infected teats corresponding to the months (April, May, September, and October) due to rainfall increases. The contagious pathogens were most prevalent that environmental pathogens.

RESUMEN La mastitis es una de las enfermedades más importantes para la industria lechera a nivel mundial debido a las grandes pérdidas económicas que genera; además, los agentes que la generan varían de un rebaño a otro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los agentes infecciosos involucrados en el desarrollo de mastitis en lecherías especializadas del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia). Se realizaron pruebas de CMT a 4432 cuartos para determinar los positivos a inflamación (CMT+2), toma de muestras en material aséptico de cuartos positivos, identificación y diferenciación a través de cultivos microbiológicos, tinción de Gram y pruebas bioquímicas de los agentes bacterianos y micóticos presentes en las muestras de leche. Se determinó que la prevalencia total varió en los tres años de estudio así: en el año 2016, 45,19%; en el 2017, 51,06%, y en el 2018, 39,76%. Los meses de abril-mayo y septiembre-octubre presentaron la mayor cantidad de cuartos afectados con mastitis a lo largo de los tres años de estudio. Finalmente, se determinó que Streptococcus agalactiae y Staphylococcus aureus, microorganismos que generan mastitis, fueron los de mayor prevalencia durante los tres años de estudio debido a un aumento en las lluvias. Los patógenos contagiosos causantes de mastitis fueron los más prevalentes, por encima de los medioambientales.

Edad y crecimiento del pez Fundulus lima (Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) en el río La Purísima, Baja California Sur, México

Introducción: El estudio de la edad y crecimiento en peces es un prerrequisto básico para generar información sobre la longevidad, tasas de crecimiento y estructura poblacional, entre otros atributos, todos ellos para la aplicación de políticas enfocadas en el manejo y conservación poblacional. Evaluamos estos atributos en la sardinilla peninsular en peligro de extinción (Fundulus lima) que habita los oasis de Baja California Sur, con la perspectiva de generar información base de este pez endémico. Objetivo: Determinar la edad, crecimiento somático y estructura de las poblaciones de F. lima en una de las cuencas hidrológicas más importantes de su ámbito de distribución. Métodos: De octubre 2002 a julio 2004 se muestreó F. lima en 4 sitios del río La Purísima por métodos de captura pasiva y activa. Los individuos fueron medidos y pesados en el campo, donde submuestras fueron seleccionadas para el análisis de la edad en escamas. Todos los individuos fueron liberados vivos a sus sitios originales de captura. Estimamos edad, relaciones longitud-peso y longitud-longitud, y estructura poblacional, basados en 802 individuos examinados por técnicas no invasivas. Resultados: El crecimiento somático de F. lima fue alométrico positivo (b > 3.0) en todas las poblaciones estudiadas, con valores de "b" variando de 3.126 (Ojo de Agua) a 3.420 (El Pilón). Tres clases de edad (0, 1 y 2 años) fueron reconocidas, de las cuales la edad 1 fue la más frecuente (49 %). El método polimodal basado en datos de frecuencia de tallas identificó tres clases de edad. Longitudes totales retrocalculadas en edades previas basadas en incrementos de crecimiento en escamas fue entre 38.61 y 68.81 mm para individuos de 1 y 2 años, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Tres clases de edad (0, 1 y 2 años) fueron determinadas para las poblaciones de F. lima en el río La Purísima, basadas en la interpretación de anillos de crecimiento anual en escamas y en la distribución modal de frecuencia de tallas observadas. Todas las poblaciones examinadas demostraron un crecimiento alométrico positivo (b > 3.0).

Introduction: The study of age and growth in fishes is a basic prerequiste to generate information on longevity, growth rates, population structure, among other attributes, all of them for the application of policies focused on the population management and conservation. We evaluated these attributes in the endangered Baja California killifish (Fundulus lima) that inhabits the oases of Baja California Sur, Mexico, with the perspective of generating base information for the conservation of this endemic fish. Objective: To determine the age, somatic growth and population structure of F. lima in one of the most important hydrological basins of its distribution range. Methods: From October 2002 to July 2004 we sampled for F. lima in 4 sites of La Purisima river by using passive and active collection methods. Individuals were measured and weighed in the field, where subsamples were selected for analysis of age based on scales. All of the individuals were released alive to its original sites of capture. We assessed the age, length-weight and length-length relationships and population structure on the basis of 802 individuals examined by non-invasive techniques. Results: The somatic growth of F. lima was of positive allometric type (b > 3.0) in all the populations studied, with values of "b" ranging from 3.126 (Ojo de Agua) to 3.420 (El Pilón). Three age class (0, 1 and 2 years old) were recognized, of which the age 1 year was the most frequent (49 %). The polimodal method based on length-frequency data also identified three age classes. Back-calculated total lengths at previous ages based in increments of growth in scales were 38.61 and 68.81 mm for individuals of 1 and 2 years, respectively. Conclusions: Three age classes (0, 1 and 2 years old) were determined for the populations of F. lima in La Purisima river, based on the interpretation of annual growth rings in scales and in the modal distribution of observed length frequencies. All the populations examined showed a positive allometric growth (b > 3.0).

First record of Glycera guatemalensis and G. sphyrabrancha (Annelida: Glyceridae) from Western Mexico

Introduction: Glycerides, commonly called "blood worms", are relatively thin polychaetes that reach considerable sizes. They have been reported for all the seas of the world from the intertidal zone to abyssal depths. Objective: Evidence the presence of two species of Glycera for the littorals of the Mexican Pacific. Methods: An analysis of the glycerides of the Pacific coast of Mexico was carried out, finding two species that were collected, one of shrimp trawl at a depth of 18 meters off Puertecitos, Baja California, as well as by manual sampling in the intertidal zone of Concepción Bay, Baja California Sur in the Gulf of California. For their taxonomic determination, morphological characters of greater relevance for their identification were examined, such as jaws, aileron shape, parapodia, chaetae, and the type of pharyngeal papillae. Results: We diagnosed and schematized Glycera guatemalensis Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 and Glycera sphyrabrancha Schmarda, 1861. Conclusions: Glycera guatemalensis described for Guatemala and Glycera sphyrabrancha described for Jamaica, are recorded for the first time for the Gulf of California.

Introducción: Los Glicéridos son llamados comúnmente "gusanos de sangre", son poliquetos relativamente delgados que alcanzan tallas considerables. Han sido reportados para todos los mares del mundo desde la zona de entremareas hasta profundidades abisales. Objetivo: Evidenciar la presencia de dos especies de Glycera para los litorales del Pacífico mexicano. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de los glicéridos de la costa del pacífico de México, encontrando dos especies que fueron recolectadas, una de arrastre camaronero a una profundidad de 18 metros frente a Puertecitos, Baja California, así como mediante muestreo manual en la zona de entremareas de bahía Concepción, Baja California Sur en el golfo de California. Para su determinación taxonómica se examinaron los caracteres morfológicos de mayor relevancia para su determinación, como mandíbulas, forma del aileron, parapodios, setas, branquia, y tipo de papilas faríngeas. Resultados: En este trabajo se diagnostican y esquematizan Glycera guatemalensis Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 y Glycera sphyrabrancha Schmarda, 1861. Conclusión: Glycera guatemalensis descrita para Guatemala y Glycera sphyrabrancha descrita para Jamaica, se registran por primera vez para el golfo de California.

Review of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) abundance, and population dynamics in the Gulf of California

Introduction: The life history of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in the Gulf of California is marked by a series of important events influencing and modifying its population growth, distribution, and evolution. Despite the fact that this population has been studied since the 1950s, research has been rather punctual and fragmentary. Before 2010, there are only a few surveys conducted simultaneously in all rookeries, thus there is no reliable information on key aspects of life cycle, population trend and potential threats. In the present work we conducted a review of California sea lion life history and environmental changes in the Gulf of California thorough a collation survey data encompassing the last 37 years. Objective: Our aim was focused on identifying short- and long-term processes potentially acting on the population, and hopefully improve knowledge about the population trend and status using different points of view. Methods: We collected and analyzed population survey data from different sources since the 1970s to 2018: published papers, master's and doctoral thesis, in addition to technical reports. The survey data are organized in sections corresponding with crucial population life history events. Results: Considering a long-time period the population size appears to be stable with zero growth. Cyclic interannual fluctuation seem to denote a certain dependence with climatic factors, not directly with El Niño, but with sea surface temperature anomalies that determine prey availability. However, many doubts persist about the incidence of different local environmental factors on gender and age, particularly related with juvenile recruitment and female survival rate. Conclusions: In conclusion, more information is required based on seasonal surveys, life cycle, regional environmental variation. Statistical errors need to be assessed and monitoring methods should be standardized and must be considered to ascertain short- and long-term population and colony spatial-temporal patterns.

Introducción: El lobo marino de California (Zalophus californianus) en el Golfo de California se caracteriza por una serie de eventos que influyen en el crecimiento, evolución y distribución de la población. Los estudios poblacionales iniciaron en 1950, aunque las investigaciones fueron puntuales y fragmentadas. Antes de 2010 existen pocos censos simultáneos de las 13 colonias de lobos marinos, con los cuales se obtuvo información sobre el ciclo de vida, la tendencia poblacional y las potenciales amenazas de estos organismos. Objetivo: En esta investigación se presenta un resumen de 37 años de historia de investigaciones del lobo marino de California y del ecosistema del Golfo de California. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de los procesos de corto y largo plazo que actúan sobre la población, revelando aspectos poco conocidos. Se recolectaron y analizaron datos para el periodo de 1970 al 2018: artículos, tesis de posgrado y reportes técnicos, que fueron organizados en secciones relacionadas con eventos ambientales cruciales para la población. Resultados: A largo plazo, la población parece estar estable y presenta fluctuaciones interanuales cíclicas que evidencian dependencia con factores climáticos como anomalías de temperatura superficial del mar regional que determinan un cambio en la disponibilidad de presas para los lobos marinos. No es claro el posible efecto que factores ambientales locales puedan ocasionar en las diferentes clases de edad y por sexos, en particular sobre el reclutamiento de juveniles y la tasa de supervivencia de las hembras. Conclusiones: El presente trabajo identifica las prioridades de información para esta población y ofrece recomendaciones como el monitoreo estandarizado y la consideración de variaciones espacio-temporales locales.

The context of the size and distance of Atlantic Forest fragments in a small city in Southern Brazil

The Atlantic Forest is highly anthropized, this reduce the areas of native vegetation and impacts the biodiversity of the biome. The objective of this study is to analyze forest remnants with native vegetation characteristics using a free GIS. This analysis takes place using landscape metrics and was based on the supervised vectorization of land use in the municipality of California, PR. The area of the vectored polygons was obtained and a classified, and then the calculation was made with the nearest neighbor index, mean distance observed, Patton diversity index and the perimeter/area ratio of forest fragments. The results show that most of the fragments have an area smaller than 1 ha, the fragments with more significant area (<50 ha) represent more than 16% of the native vegetation area. The small fragments are important to maintain the connectivity, since the withdrawal of these increases the mean distance observed and nearest neighbor index. Most of the fragments are elongated and amorphous in accordance with the perimeter/area ratio and the Patton diversity index respectively, this may demonstrate the fragments may be subject to edge effects. Even with these characteristics, these fragments may be part of what is planned in public policy for preservation in the Atlantic Forest in the state of Paraná. Therefore, even small fragments with little core area are important for maintaining biodiversity, especially in a highly anthropogenic landscape.

Sanadores inesperados: medicina china en la era de migración global (Lima y California, 1850-1930) / Unexpected healers: Chinese medicine in the age of global migration (Lima and California, 1850-1930)

Resumen Las masivas olas de migrantes chinos que llegaron a California y Lima en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX jugaron un rol clave en la expansión de la medicina china en ambos contextos. Desde fines de la década de 1860, los herbolarios expandieron su sistema de sanación más allá de su comunidad étnica, transformando la medicina china en una de las prácticas de sanación más adoptada por la población local. Desde una perspectiva comparada, este artículo examina las divergentes trayectorias de los sanadores chinos en Perú y EEUU, así como los factores sociales y políticos que determinaron la adaptación de este conocimiento médico, foráneo, en su nuevo entorno.

Abstract The massive waves of Chinese migrants arriving in California and Lima in the second half of the nineteenth century played a crucial role in expanding Chinese medicine in both settings. From the late 1860s on, herbalists expanded their healing system beyond their ethnic community, transforming Chinese medicine into one of the healing practices most widely adopted by the local population. This article uses a comparative approach to examine the diverging trajectories of Chinese healers in Peru and the USA, as well as the social and political factors that determined how this foreign medical knowledge adapted to its new environments.

Validity and reliability of the Chinese Version of the University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for DSM-Ⅳ (Revision 1, Children version) / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To test the validity and reliability of the University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for DSM-Ⅳ (Revision 1,Children version) (UCLA PTSD-RI) in Chinese Children after flood.Methods:On the principle of convenient sampling,the students were chosen from 6 schools in Liaoning Province where was hit by flood.Totally 1593 students [aged 8-16 years,average (11 ± 2) years of age]completed the UCLA PTSD-RI.They were randomly divided into two groups for exploratory factor analysis (n =796) and confirmatory factor analysis (n =797) respectively.The 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale(DASS-21) were used to evaluate the criterion validity.Results:The result of exploratory factor analysis indicated UCLA PTSD-RI consisted of 3 factors,accounting for 50％ of the total variance.The confirmatory factor analysis identified that a three-factor model fit well (x2/df=3.87,GFI =0.93,RFI =0.96,CFI =097,NNFI =0.97,IFI =0.97,RM-SEA =0.06).The scores of UCLA PTSD-RI subscales were positively correlated with the scores of DASS-21 subscales (r =0.52-0.70,Ps ＜ 0.001).The Cronbach's a coefficient and the split-half reliability coefficient of UCLA PTSD-RI were 0.90 and 0.87,respectively.Conclusion:The Chinese Version of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM-Ⅳ (Revision 1,Children version) could be an effective instrument for assessing and diagnosing PTSD of Chinese children after disasters.

Datos Fisiológicos de Baja California: PhysioBC, Resultados en Electrocardiografía 1 / Physiological Data of Baja California: PhysioBC, Electrocardiographic Results 1

Resumen: En la actualidad, el contar con una base de datos que represente fisiológicamente a una región o estado de la república conlleva un esfuerzo en conjunto entre diversas instituciones. Debido a su inexistencia, los investigadores recurren a bases de datos extranjeras organizadas para el desarrollo de estudios. Un ejemplo es el desarrollo de algoritmos matemáticos de detección de patologías en relación a individuos con una población y una forma de vida diferente a la nuestra. PhysioBC®, tiene como objetivo difundir libremente datos fisiológicos adquiridos en la población de Baja California, a fin de que se desarrollen modelos precisos de detección de patologías acorde a la genética y forma de vida de nuestra comunidad. En este trabajo presentamos los pasos de creación de su primera sección de datos electrocardiográficos, debido a que los datos reportados por el INEGI en 2012, de las 14,756 muertes, el 19% tenían origen cardiovascular. Actualmente se cuenta con 50 registros tomados en la industria maquiladora de Mexicali y 64 tomados en voluntarios. Estos se dividen en estándar de 12 derivaciones y de alta resolución de 3 derivaciones. Todos ellos se encuentran libres para su descarga en diversos formatos en la misma plataforma PhysioBC®.

Abstract: Currently, having a database that represents physiologically a region or state of the republic involves a joint effort among research and clinical institutions. Due to their non-existence, researchers normally use foreign international databases organized for research purposes. One example is the development of mathematical algorithms for detecting pathologies in individuals with a population who have a different way of living than ours. PhysioBC®, aims to freely disseminate physiological data acquired in the population of Baja California, in order to develop precise models of pathology detection according to the genetics and way of living of our community. Because the data reported by INEGI in 2012, out of the 14,756 deaths, 19% had cardiovascular origin problems, in this paper, we present the steps of creating PhysioBC® first section, called electrocardiographic data. Currently we have 50 records taken in the manufacturing industry of Mexicali and 64 taken in volunteers. The records are divided into standard 12-lead and high-resolution 3-lead. All of them are free for download in different formats at PhysioBC® website.

Investigation and reflection on UCLA medical education in the United States / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Taking the medical education of UCLA Medical School as an example, this paper com-pares the differences of medical education between Chinese and the United States medical schools . US medical education features students from undergraduate students, the organ system-oriented curriculum, diversified teaching methods with emphasis on the PBL one and diversified academic assessment, under-graduate-based teachers' allocation and training objectives for excellent clinical physicians. From the expe-rience of American medical education, our country should focus on optimizing the teaching system, updat-ing the teaching ideas, diversifying the teaching methods, promoting students' initiative, strengthening clinical probation, strengthening students' clinical skills, improving the construction of teaching facilities and network, and enhancing the humanistic quality education and the overall quality of teachers.

Eugenics, sterilization, and historical memory in the United States / Eugenia, esterilização e memória histórica nos EUA

Abstract From the 1920s to the 1950s, California sterilized approximately 20,000 people in state homes and hospitals based on a eugenic law that authorized medical superintendents to perform reproductive surgeries on patients deemed unfit and “suffering from a mental affliction likely to be inherited.” Working with a unique resource – a dataset created from 19,000 sterilization recommendations – my team and I have reconstructed patterns and experiences of institutionalization of sterilizations. This article presents several of our important initial findings related to ethnic and gender bias in sterilization policies, and reflects on the relevance of the history for contemporary issues in genomics and social justice.

Resumo Da década de 1920 até a de 1950, o estado da Califórnia esterilizou aproximadamente vinte mil pessoas em abrigos e hospitais públicos com base em uma lei eugênica que autorizava as autoridades médicas a esterilizar pacientes considerados incapazes e portadores de “transtorno mental possivelmente hereditário”. Trabalhando com uma fonte singular – um conjunto de dados contendo 19 mil recomendações para esterilização –, minha equipe e eu reconstruímos padrões e experiências que concorreram para a institucionalização das esterilizações. Este artigo apresenta importantes achados iniciais relacionados ao viés étnico e de gênero nas políticas de esterilização, e reflete sobre a relevância da história para questões contemporâneas como genômica e justiça social.

Influencia de la proporción sexual y del ambiente en la tasa de crecimiento poblacional de Callinectes bellicosus (Decapoda: Portunidae) del Golfo de California / Sex ratio and environmental influence on population growth rate of Callinectes bellicosus (Decapoda: Portunidae) in the Gulf of California

ResumenPara la jaiba café (Callinectes bellicosus) capturada en Sonora, México dentro del Golfo de California desde 1986, durante 20 años se ha observado una tendencia decreciente en la biomasa. Se estimaron las tasas de crecimiento poblacional (r) y proporción de sexos de C. bellicosus además de tres parámetros que describen su hábitat: temperatura del mar, extensión de humedales y tamaño del hábitat en cuatro zonas a lo largo de la costa de Sonora. La proporción de sexos se estimó de 25 556 jaibas muestreadas de las capturas comerciales en los años 19982002 y 2012; la temperatura media en el período de desove (mayo-agosto) se generó a partir de sensores remotos en los mismos años; la cobertura de humedales se obtuvo de reportes publicados; y el tamaño del hábitat se estimó como la superficie de pesca. Para cada zona se estimó r mediante un método desarrollado para situaciones de escasa información utilizando las capturas comerciales (t) de 1986 a 2013. Con los datos de las cuatro zonas se desarrollaron modelos de regresión lineal simple y múltiple para evaluar las sensibilidades teóricas de r a variaciones en la proporción de sexos y en los parámetros ambientales. Los machos dominaron (68.8 %) sobre las hembras en el período de estudio en las cuatro zonas; un análisis de conglomerados identificó dos grupos de acuerdo a la proporción de sexos: un grupo norteño con las zonas 1 y 2, y otro sureño con las zonas 3 y 4. Los valores de r fueron diferentes en las cuatro zonas (P<0.001) igual que la proporción de sexos (P=0.037); no se encontraron diferencias en la temperatura entre los años considerados en el estudio (P>0.995). Tanto los datos estimados como los análisis de sensibilidad sugieren que r dependen directa y positivamente de la proporción de hembras de jaiba y el tamaño de los humedales. Por lo anterior planteamos la hipótesis de que la pesca excesiva de hembras es la causa del descenso de la biomasa de jaiba café en Sonora, y concluimos que es conveniente implementar refugios pesqueros dentro de humedales costeros para proteger las hembras en el período de desove.

Abstract:The brown swimming crab (Callinectesbellicosus) is an economically important species in the Gulf of California, and its fishing activity, held in Sonora from 1986, has been affected by a 20-year declining trend in its biomass. With the aim to understand the possible reasons of this species population changes along time, we estimated population growth rate (r) and sex ratio of C. bellicosus, and combined them with three parameters describing its habitat: sea temperature, wetland extension and habitat size in four areas along the coast of Sonora. For this, monthly mean sex ratio was estimated from crabs samples obtained from commercial catches during 1998-2002 and 2012; mean sea surface temperature for the spawning period (May-August) were derived from remote sensors for the same years; while wetland coverages were obtained from published reports, and habitat size was estimated as the fishing surface. For each area, r was estimated using a method developed for limited data situations using commercial landings (t) from 1986-2013. With data from the four areas, simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to ascertain theoretical sensitivities of r to variations in sex ratio and environmental parameters. A total of 24 556 crabs were sampled; males dominated (68.8 %) over females during the study period and in all areas; a cluster analysis identified two groups according to sex ratio: a Northern group with zones 1 and 2, and a Southern group with zones 3 and 4. r values were different in all zones (P<0.001) as was sex ratio (P=0.037); no differences in temperature were identified within the study years (P>0.995). Both the estimated data and sensitivity analyses suggest the existence of a direct and positive dependence of r on the proportion of female crabs and wetland size. We hypothesize that excess fishing of females caused the declining biomass trend of the brown swimming crab in Sonora, and concluded on the convenience of implementing harvest refugia inside coastal wetlands to protect females during the spawning season. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1259-1271. Epub 2016 September 01.