Desordens hiperostóticas em American Bully / Hiperostotic disorders in american bully

O complexo de desordens hiperostóticas é uma condição rara e autolimitante, que tem as mesmas características histopatológicas, que cursa com proliferação óssea de caráter não neoplásico. Acomete cães jovens de raças distintas, com variabilidade quanto ao tipo de proliferação óssea e quanto aos ossos acometidos. O complexo é composto pela osteopatia craniomandibular, hiperostose da calota craniana e osteodistrofia hipertrófica. Podendo estar presente nos ossos da calota craniana, mandíbulas, coluna cervical e esqueleto apendicular. O presente relato, descreveu o quadro de uma cadela, da raça American Bully, não castrada, três meses de idade, que foi atendida com queixa de aumento de volume doloroso das mandíbulas, hiporexia e sialorreia há 15 dias, apresentando ao exame físico, amplitude de movimento diminuída e sensibilidade dolorosa da articulação temporomandibular, espessamento firme bilateral do crânio em região de fossa temporal, espessamento palpável de consistência firme das mandíbulas e crepitação respiratória. Após avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo, de complexo de desordens hiperostóticas. Foi instituído como conduta terapêutica o suporte analgésico, sendo eficaz para a manutenção das necessidades fisiológicas até a paciente alcançar a fase adulta. O prognóstico para esta paciente foi considerado bom, uma vez que não havia indícios de anquilose da articulação temporomandibular e/ou manifestações neurológicas.

The complex of hyperostotic disorders is a rare and self-limiting condition, which has the same histophatological characteristics, which courses with non-neoplastic bone proliferations. It affects young dogs of different breeds, with variability the bones affected. The complex is composed of craniomandibular osteopathy, calvarial hyperostotic syndrome and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. It may be present in the bones of the skullcap, jaws, cervical spine and appendicular skeleton. The present report describes the condition of a female dog, American Bully breed, entire, three months old, with a complaint of painful swelling of the jaws, hyporexia and drooling for 15 days, presenting on physical examination, reduced amplitude and pain of the temporomandibular joint, bilateral firm thickening of the skull in the temporal fossa region, palpable firm-consistent thickening of the mandibles and respiratory crackle. After clinical evaluation and complementary tests, a presumptive diagnosis of hyperostotic disorders complex was reached. It was instituted pain management as a treatment, being effective for the maintenance of physiological needs until the patient reaches the adulthood. The prognosis for this patient was considered good, since there was no evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and/or neurological manifestations.

Relato de caso: Microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide com metástase para calota craniana / Case Report: Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with metastasis to skull cap

Introdução: O câncer de tireoide é considerado a quarta neoplasia maligna mais frequente nas mulheres brasileiras. Sua incidência vem aumentando, principalmente pelo aumento dos diagnósticos de carcinomas papilíferos, que apresentam baixo índice de, porém podem ocasionar metástases linfonodal, pulmonar e óssea. Relato de caso: O caso relatado é de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 62 anos, que procurou o serviço devido a abaulamento em região parietal direita há cinco meses; com evidência de volumosa lesão expansiva heterogênea em calota craniana, exercendo efeito compressivo sobre o parênquima à Tomografia Computadorizada de Crânio. Após exérese, anatomopatológico mostrou neoplasia papiliforme com invasão óssea, com imunohistoquímica indicando carcinoma metastático de tireoide com padrão morfológico de carcinoma papilífero. À ultrassonografia de tireoide: nódulo sólido (0,9 x 0,9 x 0,8 cm) em lobo direito, Classe V- ATA (alto grau de suspeita de malignidade pela ultrassonografia). Após tireoidectomia, anatomopatológico evidenciou carcinoma papilífero de tireoide, variante folicular. Conclusão: A importância do caso relatado reside na apresentação rara de microcarcinoma papilífero de tireoide, em paciente do sexo masculino de faixa etária acima do esperado, com metástase, por via hematogênica, à distância para a calota craniana sem metástase linfonodal.

Introduction: Thyroid cancer is considered the fourth most frequent malignant neoplasm in Brazilian women, and its incidence has been increased mainly by an increase in the diagnosis of papillary carcinomas, which present a low mortality rate, but sometimes may result in lymph node, lung and bone metastasis. Case report: The case reported is a 62-year-old male patient, who sought the service due to bulging in the right parietal region for 5 months; with evidence of a large heterogeneous expansive lesion in a skull cap exerting a compressive effect on the parenchyma on Cranial Computed Tomography. After excision, anatomopathological examination showed papilliform neoplasm with bone invasion, with immunohistochemistry indicating metastatic thyroid carcinoma with morphological pattern of papillary carcinoma. Thyroid ultrasonography: solid nodule (0.9 x 0.9 x 0.8 cm) in the right lobe, Class V-ATA (high degree of suspicion of malignancy by ultrasonography). After thyroidectomy, anatomopathological evidence showed papillary thyroid carcinoma, variant follicular. Conclusion: The importance of the reported case lies in the rare presentation of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid, in a male patient older than expected, with hematogenous metastasis distal to the skull cap without lymph node metastasis.

Primary osteosarcoma of the cranial vault / Osteossarcoma primário da calota craniana

Only 5-10% of osteosarcomas arise from the craniofacial bones. We report the case of a 14-year-old female patient who presented with headache and a mass that had been growing in the left frontoparietal region for six months. We describe the findings on conventional radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Osteossarcomas que se originam dos ossos craniofaciais correspondem a apenas 5-10% dos casos. Neste artigo relatamos caso de uma paciente de 14 anos de idade com quadro de cefaleia e crescimento de massa tumoral na região frontoparietal esquerda com evolução de seis meses. São descritos os achados na radiografia simples, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética.

Linfoma de Burkitt en amígdala palatina de paciente con VIH asociado a tumoración occipital y lesiones osteolíticas en calota / Burkitt´s lymphoma of the tonsil in HIV patient, associated to occipital tumor and osteolytic lesions in the cranial vault

El linfoma de Burkitt que afecta a las amígdalas representa el 5% de los linfomas no Hodgkin primarios extranodales y ocurre usualmente en pacientes con VIH que presentan valores altos de CD4 y viremia crónica. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 37 años con diagnóstico de VIH menor de 1 año, irregular en la terapia antiretroviral combinada, que presentó una lesión ulcerada, necrótica en amígdala izquierda, y lesiones osteolíticas en calota craneana con compromiso de partes blandas a predominio occipital. En los exámenes auxiliares se halló un recuento de linfocitos CD4 de 50 cel/mm3 y carga viral de 1 250 000 copias/mL. La biopsia de amígdala fue compatible con Linfoma de Burkitt. El compromiso de calota craneana concomitante a este tumor es raro. Se inició quimioterapia con CODOX-M/IVAC (ciclofosfamida, vincristina, doxorrubicina, metotrexate + citarabina intratecal); sin embargo, a respuesta clínica fue desfavorable, a pesar de la supresión virológica posterior

Burkitt's lymphoma affecting the tonsils represents 5% of primary extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas and it usually occurs in HIV-infected patients with high CD4+ counts and chronic viremia. We report a case of a 37 year-old male diagnosed with HIV infection less than one year ago, who had irregular adherence to HAART. This patient presented with an ulcerated and necrotic lesion in the left tonsil, and he also had osteolytic lesions in the cranial vault, with involvement of the soft tissues, predominantly in the occipital area. His CD4+ count was 50 cells/mm3 and the viral load (HIV-RNA) was 1'250,000 copies/mL. The biopsy of tonsil was reported as compatible with Burkitt's lymphoma. The patient was started with chemotherapy using CODOX-M/IVAC (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and methotrexate + intrathecal cytarabine); however, the overall clinical response was poor despite the good virological suppression

Lesión osteolítica de calota por sífilis secundaria / Injury by skull osteolytic secundary syphilis

Bone involvement of syphilis can be observed in tertiary and congenital syphilis. It is infrequent during the secondary stage. The skull is the most affected bone in secondary syphilis, and its most frequent form of presentation is proliferative osteitis. If the skull is affected, headache is usual and can be as intense as in meningitis. Osteolyitic lesions may be seen in complimentary imaging studies, with a moth eaten aspect. These lesions raise concern over a number of differential diagnoses, among which are infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. The definitive diagnosis is made by bone biopsy of the compromised bone. Molecular techniques in the affected tissues increases diagnostic performance. There is no standardized treatment protocol for syphilis since there are no guidelines available. We report a case of a 19 year old female, presenting with a unique osteolytic lesion in the skull due to secondary syphilis.

El compromiso óseo de la sífilis se observa predominantemente en la sífilis terciaria y en la sífilis congénita, siendo infrecuente durante el estadio secundario. El hueso más afectado durante la sífilis secundaria es el cráneo, siendo la osteítis proliferativa la forma más frecuente de presentación. Cuando afecta la calota, la cefalea es habitual y puede ser tan intensa que se confunde con un proceso meníngeo. En las imágenes se observan lesiones líticas de aspecto apolillado, planteando el diagnóstico diferencial con otras patologías infecciosas, inflamatorias y neoplásicas. El diagnóstico definitivo se realiza por estudio histológico del hueso comprometido. Las técnicas de biología molecular en los tejidos afectados aumentan el rendimiento diagnóstico. No existen protocolos estandarizados para el tratamiento de la sífilis con compromiso óseo. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 19 años de edad, con una lesión osteolítica única de calota debida a una sífilis secundaria.

Tumor del estroma extragastrointestinal (EGIST) mesentérico: entidad rara con evolución atípica / Mesenteric extragastrointestinal stromal tumor (EGIST): a rare variant with unusual behaviour

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) constituyen el tipo más frecuente de neoplasia mesenquimal del estroma gastrointestinal. Los casos que presentan características similares clínico-patológicas y moleculares que los GIST se ubican en los tejidos blandos del abdomen, y han sido denominados tumores del estroma extragastrointestinal (EGIST). Son infrecuentes y conocemos poco acerca de su pronóstico y manejo más adecuado. Presentamos el caso de una paciente diagnosticada de EGIST de localización en mesocolon con una evolución atípica. Este tipo de situaciones plantea un reto al diagnóstico diferencial a lo largo de todo el proceso y enfatiza la importancia de un manejo multidisciplinar.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Those GIST arising outside the gastrointestinal tract are called extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumours (EGIST) and share clinical, pathological and molecular features. They are very rare and very little is known about the correct management and prognosis of these neoplasms. The case is presented of a patient with a mesenteric EGIST and an unusual outcome. Its differential diagnosis is difficult, and the need for a multidisciplinary team approach is emphasised.

Investigation of various events occurring in the brain tissue after calvarial defects in rats / Investigación de las alteraciones ocurridas en el tejido cerebral posterior a la creación de defectos en la calvaria de ratas

Bone damage and accidents, traumas can alter people's normal life, and damage the soft tissues. In this study, we aimed to investigate in calvarial defects in rats depending on the severity of cerebral contusion injury occurring in the temporal region. The rats were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 (control group), critical size cranial model with no treatment (n= 10); group 2 (14-day synthetic graft group given 7th day DEXA), critical size cranial model treated with Dexamethasone (0.05 mg/kg intramuscular injection) +Synthetic graft (n= 10) One calvarium defect of 7 mm was made in the parietal bone of each animal under general anesthesia. Calvarial defect results in dilatation of blood vessels, hemorrhage and deterioration was observed in glial fibrillary structures. Additionally, the increase in vascular endothelial growth factor expression showed a positive reaction with glial fibrillary acid protein astrocytes extensions. Apoptotic glial cells stained positive with Bcl-2. Calvarial defects caused by mild brain injury, to be induced by inflammatory cytokines, interrupting glial fibrillary degeneration by affecting the blood brain barrier is thought to promote apoptotic changes.

Daños óseos, accidentes y traumas pueden alterar la vida normal de las personas y dañar los tejidos blandos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los defectos de calota en ratas en función de la gravedad de la lesión cerebral que ocurre en una contusión de la región temporal. Las ratas fueron divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos: al grupo 1 (control), se le realizó un modelo de defecto craneal de tamaño crítico sin tratamiento (n= 10) y al grupo 2, se le realizó un modelo de defecto craneal de tamaño crítico que fue tratado con dexametasona (0,05 mg/kg vía i.m.) + injerto sintético (n= 10) (14 d con injerto sintético y el día 7 se le administró dexametasona). El modelo generó un defecto de 7 mm en el hueso parietal en cada animal, bajo anestesia general. Los defectos craneales produjeron dilatación de los vasos sanguíneos, hemorragias y deterioro en las estructuras gliales fibrilares. Además, el aumento de la expresión del factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial mostró una reacción con las positiva con la proteína ácida fibrilar de la glía el las extensiones de los astrocitos. Las células gliales apoptóticas se tiñeron positivas con Bcl-2. Los defectos de calota causan una lesión cerebral leve, inducidas por citoquinas inflamatorias, las que interrumpen la degeneración glial fibrilar al afectar la barrera hematoencefálica, induciendo cambios apoptóticos.

Use of human fascia lata in rat calvarial bone defects

Tooth loss leads to a decrease in alveolar bone volume, and consequently to the need for guided bone regeneration (GBR) techniques to restore bone anatomy, and the adequate choice of therapy. Fascia lata membrane (FLM) has been used in surgical procedures in neurology, orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, cardiology, vascular surgery, gynecology, and dentistry for guided tissue regeneration. The aim of the present preliminary study was to evaluate bone tissue response in rat calvarial bone defects covered with human fascia lata membrane (FLM). Eight Wistar rats, 230g body weight, were subjected to bone surgery to create a 5x5mm long/ 1mm deep calvarial bone defect on either side of the median suture, using a piezoelectric scalpel and irrigation. The animals were treated according to the following protocol: Group I (GI): placement of a single layer of FLM (Biotar, Rosario, Prov. de Santa Fe, Argentina) to cover the defects; Group II (GII): double layer of FLM to cover the defects; Group III: no membrane; Group IV: control. All the animals were euthanized 60 days post-surgery; the heads were resected, radiographed, decalcified, and processed for embedding in paraffin and Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. All bone defects covered with a single or double layer of FLM showed adequate osteogenesis, and none exhibited an inflammatory response. Groups III and IV Control showed scant osteogenesis and no alterations in soft tissues. The results obtained with this experimental model show biocompatibility of FML with the surrounding tissues at the studied time points. No alterations were observed in osteocytic lacunae or osteocytes in the bone after osteotomy using a piezoelectric scalpel. Further studies need to be conducted to assess bone tissue response to FLM in combination with bone substitutes.

La perdida de piezas dentarias conlleva la disminucion volumetrica del hueso alveolar y la necesidad de recurrir a tecnicas de regeneracion osea guiada (ROG) para restablecer las condiciones anatomicas y aplicar las terapeuticas adecuadas. La membrana de fascia lata (MFL) ha sido utilizada en intervenciones quirurgicas del area neurologica, ortopedica, otorrinolaringologica, cardiologica, vascular, ginecologica y odontologica para regeneracion tisular guiada. El objetivo de este trabajo preliminar fue evaluar la respuesta tisular de defectos oseos en calota de rata recubiertos con MFL. Se utilizaron 8 ratas Wistar de 230 gr de peso, a las que se les realizo en la calota 2 defectos oseos de 5 x 5 mm de lado por 1 mm de profundidad, con bisturi piezoelectrico e irrigacion, a ambos lados de la linea media, segun tecnica estandarizada. Se realizo el siguiente protocolo: Grupo I (G I): colocacion de una sola capa de MFL (Biotar, Rosario, Prov. de Santa Fe, Argentina) para cubrir el defecto; Grupo II (G II): colocacion de MFL en doble capa para cubrir el defecto; Grupo III (G III): sin membrana; Grupo IV (G IV): control. Se les provoco la eutanasia a los 60 dias. Las calotas fueron resecadas, radiografiadas y procesadas, previa descalcifica - cion, para su inclusion en parafina y coloracion con Hematoxilina-Eosina y Tricromico de Masson. En todos los defectos oseos recubiertos con MFL simple o doble se evidencio una adecuada osteogenesis y ausencia de respuesta inflamatoria y macrofagos. El G III y el G Sham evidenciaron escasa osteogenesis y no mostraron alteraciones en el tejido blando. La MFL en el modelo experimental utilizado evidencio una respuesta compatible con el tejido circundante en los periodos estudiados. El tejido oseo remanente a la osteotomia con bisturi piezoelectrico presento las lagunas osteociticas ocupadas con osteocitos y sin alteraciones. En estudios futuros se evaluara la respuesta tisular con MFL y utilizando un sustituto oseo.

Reconstrução de maxila severamente atrófica via enxerto ósseo autógeno de calota craniana: descrição de técnica / Reconstruction of severely atrophic maxillary using calvarial autogenous bone graft: technical description

As reconstruções ósseas são tradicionalmente realizadas por meio de enxertos autógenos coletados de áreas doadoras intra e extrabucais, visando o restabelecimento do arcabouço perdido para posterior reabilitação implantoprotética. A calota craniana tem sido estudada como excelente opção em grandes atrofias, com baixa incidência de reabsorções, bem como de complicações e morbidade mínima. O tempo de hospitalização é curto, com baixo nível de dor, pequena limitação funcional e cicatriz imperceptível. A microarquitetura da calota craniana é predominantemente cortical com a presença de fatores de crescimento que evidenciam sua capacidade osteogênica, osteoindutora e osteocondutora acarretando baixa porcentagem de reabsorção e alta previsibilidade quando comparada a crista do ilíaco. Lacerações durais, hemorragias extra e subdurais, fístulas liquóricas e lesões cerebrais tem sido minimizadas em virtude do desenvolvimento da técnica cirúrgica. A delimitação da camada diploica, preservando a cortical interna do crânio, antes da realização das osteotomias no leito doador, possibilitou a diminuição de acidentes e complicações. O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar nota técnica e discutir aspectos relativos à aplicação do osso de calota craniana na reconstrução de maxilas severamente atróficas, visando à reabilitação oral com implantes osseointegráveis.

Bone reconstructions are traditionally conducted with autogenous grafts harvested from intra- or extra-oral donor sites to reestablish the lost bone volume for further implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. The calvarial bone has been studied as an excellent donor site in large atrophic situations, presenting low resorption rates, as well as complications and minimal morbidity. The hospitalization time is short, with low pain levels, short functional limitations, and invisible scars. The skull microarchitecture is predominantly cortical in the presence of growth factors that demonstrate their osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive abilities resulting in low resorption rate and high predictability when compared to the iliac crest. Dural lacerations, extra and subdural bleeding, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and brain damage have been minimized due to the development of surgical technique. The delimitation of diploe, preserving the internal skull cortex before osteotomy at the donor made it possible to reduce accidents and complications. The aim of this paper is to show a technical and to discuss aspects of the use of calvarial bone in the reconstruction of severely atrophic maxilla for oral rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants.