Synergy in penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside against MDR S. aureus isolated from Camel milk

Abstract This study investigated the synergy testing of penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside in the camel milk (n=768 samples), subsequently used for isolation of MDR S. aureus targeting mecA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus showed >90% isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim and resistant against oxacillin, ampicillin, and cefoxitin. Further, 50-85% of the S. aureus were sensitive to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol and resistant against cefotaxime, vancomycin, and cefixime. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime, (C) and ampicillin (A) in combination with gentamicin (G) was reduced by 99.34% and 70.46%, respectively, while with chloramphenicol (Ch), reduction was 57.49% and 60%, respectively. In addition, the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of G+A, Ch+C and Ch+G combinations showed synergy against 80%, 60%, and 30% of MDR S. aureus, respectively. Similarly, C+A and Ch+G displayed indifferent interaction against 70 % and 30% of isolates, respectively, while the later showed additive interaction against 10% of MDR S. aureus. Altogether, our results described effective combination of gentamicin and chloramphenicol with ampicillin and cefotaxime to combat MDR S. aureus

Effects of camel milk on intestinal mucosal immune function in mice / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of camel milk on immune cells in lamina propria (LP) of intestinal mucosa in mice. Methods Six male C57BL/6 mice(6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into two groups as follows: camel milk treatment group and double distilled water (DDW) control group. Samples of cells in LP of intestinal mucosa were collected. Cell counts and percentages of immune cells in LP were analyzed by flow cytometry. Levels of IL-4,IL-10,IL-17 and IFN-γ in the supernatants of cell cul-ture were measured by ELISA. Results Compared with the DDW control group, the camel milk treatment group showed increased percentage and absolute number of CD4+T cells as well as IFN-γ-secreting CD4+T cells in LP of intestinal mucosa(P<0.05). Moreover,significantly enhanced expression of IFN-γ and sup-pressed secretion of IL-4 were found in the camel milk treatment group (P<0.05). Conclusion Camel milk can promote the proliferation of CD4+T cells and enhance the secretion of IFN-γ,indicating that camel milk regulates the proliferation and cytokine secretion of immune cells in LP of intestinal mucosa in healthy mice.

Therapeutic Effects of Camel Milk to Sickle Cell Anaemia Patient

The therapeutic benefits of camel milk consumption are a supplement to routine sickle cell disease management. In maintaining hemolytic crises in sickle cell anaemia, patients were assessed during a six weeks study. Throughout the study, 20 patients were recruited for the study and divided into 4 groups, 5 patients per group. Group 2, 3 and 4 were treated with daily consumption of raw camel milk (100 ml, 50 ml + Folic acid + Paludrin and 100 ml + Folic acid + Paludrin respectively). In all groups, the foetal haemoglobin (Hb F), packed cell volume (PCV), platelet, red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count were measured before initiation of the study and monitored at 2 weeks intervals for 6 weeks. In the group that took camel milk (50 ml in addition to Folic acid and Paludrin), there was a significant increase in WBC (8.16 ± 4.12 to 16.68 ± 3.53), a significant increase in PCV (21.28 ± 1.23 to 25.24 ± 1.11) with decrease in platelet (311.80 ± 61.93 to 260.40 ± 29.22) and significant increase in Hb F (7.06 ± 2.42 to 10.02 ± 2.41) compared to group 1 (control). However, there was no significant difference in the haematological parameters of group 2 and 4. The results implied that the consumption of camel milk in sickle cell patients resulted in an increase in foetal hemoglobin concentration which prevented crises in almost all the patients. Increase in foetal haemoglobin has been postulated to reduce hemolytic crises in sickle cell anaemia patients. Based on these findings, camel milk consumption may, therefore, be considered useful in the management of sickle cell diseases.

Functional Characteristics of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Camel's Milk.

This study aimed at isolation, identification and evaluation of probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolates from camel's milk. Thirty four Lactobacillus isolates coded M 1 to M 34 were Gram positive, rods, catalase and oxidase negative and nonspore-forming bacteria. These isolates were identified by biochemical tests and API 50 CH kits. From these, 14 different Lactobacillus isolates (M 1, M 2, M 4, M 5, M 9, M 10, M 12, M 14, M 15, M 18, M 20, M 27, M 29 and M 31) which were tolerant to gastric and intestinal juices in a previous study were now tested for antipathogenic activity which varied according to the Lactobacillus species and the challenged pathogen. All 14 isolates demonstrated significant inhibitory effect against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus cereus and moderate to low activity against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. When tested for bile tolerance at the concentration of 0.3 to 2.0%, the growth rate of 8 isolates M 2, M 5, M 9, M 10, M 12, M 14, M 18 and M 20 exceeded 60% in 0.3 and 0.5% bile. M 2 (L. fermentum) and M 12 (L. plantarum) and M 20 (L. paracasei ssp. paracasei) exhibited the highest growth rates of 82, 79.4 and 78.8% respectively. At higher levels of 1 and 2% bile, significant reduction (p < 0.05) was observed for all tested isolates except M 9 (L. plantarum) with growth rate of 66.5% at 2% bile. As for cholesterol reduction, M 10 (L. plantarum) and M 15 (L. paracasei ssp. paracasei) had the highest reduction rate of 58.0 and 53.2% respectively, which is comparable to the reference strain L. reuteri DSMZ 20056. Testing adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells and ileal tissues of BALB/c mouse; M 20 (L. paracasei ssp. paracasei) and M 2 (L. fermentum) exhibited highest attachment rate of more than 15 bacterial cells/epithelial cell. SEM images showed variable degrees of bacterial attachment to ileal tissues. These results suggest that camel milk is a rich source for potential probiotic lactobacilli which may be suitable for food and nutraceuticals industries; however, further in vivo investigations are needed.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus From Raw and Spontaneously Fermented Camel Milk.

Aims: To pheno- and genotypically characterise Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw and fermented camel milk from Kenya and Somali for their antibiotic resistance. Methodology: Microdilution assays to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were done using to 20 different antibiotics. Further tests with selected antibiotics were done using disk diffusion test. Genotypic antibiotic resistance was tested using by microarray hybridization with selected isolates and consequent screening of antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. Results: Prevalence of antibiotic resistance among the 47 S. aureus tested were ampicillin 26% (12), gentamicin 26% (12), streptomycin 11% (5), tetracycline 13% (6), trimethoprim 6% (3) and fusidic acid 2% (1). Multi-resistance was detected with three isolates resistant to two antibiotics, six to three antibiotics and six to four or more antibiotics. Three multi-resistant S. aureus isolates were positive for the β-lactamase resistant genes (blaZ), the tetracycline resistance gene tet38 and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene pvl according to microarray hybridization assays. Two of the three isolates harbored additionally streptomycin resistance gene ant(6)-Ia. The tetracycline resistance gene tet(K) was also detected by microarray in four isolates. PCR detected tet(K) and blaZ in 2 and 7 additional isolates respectively. Conclusion: Controlled antibiotic therapy in camels should be introduced to prevent the increase of AB resistant bacteria for this and similar milk and hygienic situations in similar production environment. Detection of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene pvl by microarray hybridization calls for further research on possibility of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) in the milk as CA-MRSA with high virulence potential has been associated with the gene lukF-PV (pvl).

Biodiversity and Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococci Isolated from Raw and Spontaneously Fermented Camel Milk.

Aims: To characterise the diversity, genotypic and phenotypic properties of coagulase negative and coagulase positive staphylococci from camel milk. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, between July 2009 and June 2011. Methodology: Staphylococci isolated from 59 raw and spontaneously fermented camel milk (suusac) samples from Kenya and Somalia were identified, pheno- and genotypically characterized. Preliminary screening of colonies was done by catalase test, Gram staining reactions, clumping factor/protein A and microscopy. Further identification was done by 23S rDNA species PCR, thermostable nuclease gene (nuc) PCR and rep-PCR followed by staphylococcal genus ID32 Staph system and coagulase negative species specific PCR. PCR amplification of the genes encoding capsular polysaccharides cap5 and cap8, and staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA to SEE and SEG to SEJ was also carried out. Results: From a total of 235 BP medium isolates, staphylococci were 146 (62 %) of which, 66 (45 %) were Staphylococcus aureus. S. epidermidis accounted for 43 % of the coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). The rest of the CNS were 25 % S. simulans, 16.3 % S. saprophyticus, 2.5 % S. haemolyticus, 2.5% S. hyicus, 2.5 % S. xylosus, 2.5 % S. lentus, 1.3 % S. carnosus and 1.3 % S. microti. Capsular polysaccharide gene cap5 was present in 15 % and cap8 in 23 % of the S. aureus isolates. Enterotoxin genes were detected in 47 % of the staphylococci with sej in 33 %, seb in 6 %, sed in 5 % and seg in 3 % of the isolates. Within the species enterotoxin genes were detected in 100 %, 64.7 %, 38.5 % and 22.7 % of the S. simulans, S. epidermidis, S. sapropyticus and S. aureus respectively. Conclusion: The diversity of CNS is remarkable and the prevalence of enterotoxin genes amongst CNS and CPS further informs generalizations for other milk and hygienic situations in similar production environment.

Leche de camello: características y perspectivas para uso en clínica / Camel milk: characteristics and perspectives for use in clinical practice

Camels are good milk producers and the selected animals are as good as the top cows for milk production. The camel milk has features that make it not only good as a supplement in the diet of humans, but in certain conditions such as allergies (does not contain beta-lactoglobulin, the cow's milk most important allergenic protein), lactose intolerance, general infections, diabetes, and even could be considered useful in the diet of patients with autism. Its use is, unfortunately, restricted to some populations where this animal is native. By its chemical composition does not clot in an acidic environment; it is rich in insulin, contains small dimeric immunoglobulins which suggest its use in molecular engineering. In conclusion, for its usefulness, camel farming should be encouraged, since these animals may become endangered animals.

Los camellos son buenos productores de leche y los animales seleccionados para esta finalidad, la producen en cantidad y calidad excelentes. La leche tiene características que hace bien no sólo como complemento alimenticio en la dieta de los seres humanos, sino también en ciertas condiciones, tales como alergias (no contiene beta-lactoglobulina, la proteína más alergénica de la leche de vaca), intolerancia a la lactosa, infecciones en general, diabetes y incluso podría considerarse útil en la alimentación de personas con autismo. Su uso está restringido a algunas poblaciones donde este animal es nativo. Por su composición química no se coagula en un medio ácido. Contiene gran cantidad de insulina y sus proteínas especiales sugieren el uso en la ingeniería molecular. En conclusión, la crianza de camellos debería estimularse, dado que estos animales están en peligro de extinción.

Leite de camela como uma ajuda no tratamento de pacientes com diabetes do tipo 1 / Camel milk as an aid in the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes

Objetivo. Demonstrar a importância do uso do leite de camela na proteção de pacientes portadores de diabetes do tipo 1.Método. As bases de dados utilizadas neste estudo foram MEDLINE e LILACS, período de 1983 a 2009. Resultados. Tem sido demonstrado que o leite de vaca facilita o desenvolvimento do diabetes tipo 1 ou talvezaté provoque o surgimento da doença em indivíduos geneticamente predispostos. Contrariamente o uso do leite de camela parece proteger seus consumidores desta doença. Tem sido considerada a possibilidade de que a não coagulação do leite de camela em meio ácido, o estômago por exemplo, e a existência de insulina neste leite seriam os fatores mais importantes nesta proteção. Conclusão. Os autores consideram serem necessários mais estudos a este respeito tendo em vista que osresultados até agora obtidos não permitem conclusões definitivas.

Objective. To demonstrate the importance of camel milk in the patient?s protection against the development of the type 1 diabetes.Method. Literature review on the databases MEDLINE and LILACS, covering the period from 1983 to 2009. Results. Cow?s milk has being shown to facilitate the development of type 1 diabetes or maybe to cause the disease in genetically predisposed people. On the other hand camel?s milk has been shown to protect consumers against this disease. Probably camel?s milk insulin content and the non coagulation of this milk in acid media are the most important findings related to protection against type 1 diabetes. Conclusion. It is important to develop more studies about camel?s milk medical properties, specially with respect to diabetes. Research done until now is not conclusive. Camel?s milk probably represents valuable aid in the control of type 1 diabetes