Identificación y susceptibilidad de Candida spp. en el área ginecológica

Resumen La candidiasis es una infección causada por la acción patógena de Candida spp., catalogada como la segunda causa a nivel mundial de infección vaginal en mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 45 años. Siendo Candida albicans la más prevalente con distribución global. Uno de los problemas de importancia clínica es la resistencia a los antifúngicos debido al uso irracional de los mismos como terapia empírica y profilaxis. Objetivo . Caracterizar la infección por Candida spp., según: perfiles de susceptibilidad y frecuencias de candidiasis vulvo - vaginal relacionada con el balance de contenido vaginal. Así como, la presencia de coinfecciones en mujeres de edad fértil en las ciudades Cuenca - Azogues, que asisten a consulta en el Hospital Monte Sinaí, periodo enero - noviembre de 2020. Materiales y métodos . Estudio de tipo descriptivo, documental de corte transversal, la muestra estuvo conformada por 136 aislados clínicos, se utilizó un muestreo por cobertura total. Resultados . El grupo etario que prevaleció fue de 19 - 39 años. Candida albicans fue la más prevalente en muestras de secreción vaginal con 92.6 %, seguido de Candida glabrata 6.6 % y Candida parapsilosis con 0.7 %. Las tasas de resistencia se diferenciaron en Miconazol con 19.9 %, Itraconazol 16.9 %, y Fluconazol 14%. Conclusiones . El agente etiológico causal de candidiasis vulvo - vaginal fue Candida albicans. La interpretación del balance de contenido vaginal y perfiles de susceptibilidad, son herramientas clave para el óptimo tratamiento de la paciente con infecciones vaginales, evitando la automedicación y la farmacorresistencia.

Abstract Candidiasis is an infection caused by the pathogenic action of Candida spp., Classified as the second worldwide cause of vaginal infection in women aged between 15 and 45 years. Being Candida albicans the most prevalent with global distribution. One of the clinically important problems is resistance to antifungals due to their irrational use as empirical therapy and prophylaxis. Objective : To characterize the infection by Candida spp., according to: susceptibility profiles and frequencies of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis related to the balance of vaginal content. As well as, the presence of co-infections in women of childbearing age in Cuenca - Azogues cities, who attend a consultation at the Monte Sinaí Hospital, January - November 2020 period. Materials and methods . A descriptive, observational cross-sectional study, the sample consisted of 136 clinical isolates, a full coverage sampling was used. Results. The age group that prevailed was 19 - 39 years. Candida albicans was the most prevalent in vaginal discharge samples with 92.6%, followed by Candida glabrata 6.6% and Candida parapsilosis with 0.7%. Resistance rates differed in Miconazole with 19.9%, Itraconazole 16.9%, and Fluconazole 14%. Conclusions . The causative etiological agent of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis was Candida albicans. The interpretation of the balance of vaginal content and susceptibility profiles are a key tool for the optimal treatment of the patient with vaginal infections, avoiding self-medication and drug resistance.

Resumo Candidíase é uma infecção causada pela ação patogênica de Candida spp., Classificada como a segunda causa mundial de infecção vaginal em mulheres com idade entre 15 e 45 anos. Sendo Candida albicans a mais prevalente com distribuição global. Um dos problemas clinicamente importantes é a resistência aos antifúngicos devido ao seu uso irracional como terapia empírica e profilaxia. Objetivo . Caracterizar a infecção por Candida spp., De acordo com: perfis de suscetibilidade e frequências de candidíase vulvovaginal relacionadas ao equilíbrio do conteúdo vaginal. Assim como, a presença de coinfecções em mulheres em idade fértil nos municípios de Cuenca - Azogues, atendidas em consulta no Hospital Monte Sinaí, período janeiro - novembro de 2020. Materiais e métodos . Estudo descritivo, observacional, transversal, a amostra foi composta por 136 isolados clínicos, foi utilizada uma amostra de cobertura total. Resultados . A faixa etária prevalente foi de 19 a 39 anos. Candida albicans foi a mais prevalente nas amostras de corrimento vaginal com 92,6%, seguida por Candida glabrata 6,6% e Candida parapsilosis com 0,7%. As taxas de resistência diferiram no Miconazol com 19,9%, Itraconazol 16,9% e Fluconazol 14%. Conclusões . O agente etiológico causador da candidíase vulvovaginal foi Candida albicans. A interpretação do equilíbrio do conteúdo vaginal e dos perfis de suscetibilidade é uma ferramenta fundamental para o tratamento ideal da paciente com infecções vaginais, evitando a automedicação e a resistência aos medicamentos

Gene polymorphism and drug sensitivity of Candida glabrata associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis in women of childbearing age / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate genotypes and drug susceptibility of the 100 strains of Candida glabrata isolated from 100 women (including 50 pregnant women) in order to study the drug-resistance and gene polymorphism, and to investigate the correlation of drug-resistance, gestation and gene polymorphism.@*Methods@#Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technique was introduced to identify sequences of 6 housekeeping genes from 100 isolates of Candida glabrata. The results were compared with sequence information in MLST databases by Clustalx software to determine a strain allelic profile and sequence type (ST). Drawing the phylogenetic tree by weighted paired group average method and the minimal spanning tree method of MEGA6.0 software, the microevolution and relationship between different strains were analyzed. ATB FUNGUS semi-automatic system was used to test the drug susceptibility. Fisher analysis method was used to analyze the correlation between the genotypes and pregnancy.Ridit analysis method was used to analyze the correlation between the genotypes and drug susceptibility.@*Results@#The 100 isolates belonged to 34 clone sequences. There were 53 isolates belonged to ST-7 ( 26 isolates of pregnancy), 7 isolates belonged to ST-3 (3 isolates of pregnancy), 6 isolates belonged to ST-19 (5 isolates of pregnancy ), 3 isolates belonged to ST-15 (1 isolate of pregnancy), 2 isolates belonged to ST-10 (2 isolates of pregnancy), 1 isolate belonged to the other types of ST. Total of 100 isolates of Candida glabrata were 100% sensitive to fluorocytosine and amphotericin. The effect of itraconazole was poor with the sensitive rate of 20%. The resistance rates of fluconazole and voriconazole were 4% and 1% respectively. All genotypes were sensitive to voriconazole except ST-X1. In the correlation between genotype and itraconazole resistance, ST-7 as the standard group, the Ridit values in the group of ST-15, ST-19 and other types of ST were not included the mean Ridit value of the standard group in itraconazole (0.5). The system evolution tree was built using the neighbor-joining method (NJ) . All genotypes could be divided into 3 groups, as Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ. Group Ⅰ had 44 cases, group Ⅱ had 53 cases , group Ⅲ had 3 cases . All the collected clinical strains had small genetic distances during molecular evolution.@*Conclusions@#ST-7 was the dominant genotype in Guiyang. No correlation between different STs and patients′ pregnancy was found. The different drug susceptibility in itraconazole between ST-7, ST-15, ST-19 and other STs were found. The Candida glabrata associated with VVC showed highly discrimative diversity. However, the phylogenic analysis exhibited genetic similarity among the strains studied.(Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 596-600)

Candidosis vaginal: Revisión de la literatura y situación de México y otros países latinoamericanos / Vaginal Candidiasis: current situation of Mexico and other Latin American countries

Las levaduras del género Candida causan enfermedades en los humanos que abarcan desde infecciones superficiales no graves, hasta sistémicas y potencialmente mortales. La candidiasis o candidosis, es el origen común de enfermedad vaginal y aunque es una infección no considerada como incapacitante, suele causar síntomas molestos que alteran la conducta del paciente. En México se considera la única micosis de reporte obligatorio ante las autoridades sanitarias. Por lo anterior, en este trabajo se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica para conocer el estado del arte de la vulvovaginitis causada por Candida spp. (VVC), y ofrecer una breve descripción acerca de la frecuencia presentada por esta infección en diversos países de Latinoamérica, con especial énfasis en México. Se muestra que las frecuencias de VVC en Latinoamérica, son muy parecidas a las reportadas en países como Estados Unidos de América; asimismo, Candida albicans sigue prevaleciendo como el principal agente etiológico. Las diferencias encontradas entre países desarrollados con respecto a los latinoamericanos, consisten básicamente en los métodos diagnósticos y el tipo de tratamiento. Desafortunadamente, en México, a pesar de que la VVC ocupa el noveno lugar entre las 20 principales causas de enfermedad del país, en muy pocos casos se efectúa la identificación de la especie causante, lo que constituye un dato de importancia epidemiológica, considerado como la base para investigar los factores que aumentan el riesgo de contagio, en especial por especies Candida no-albicans y para determinar si la enfermedad es prevenible o controlable

Yeasts of the genus Candida cause diseases in humans ranging from superficial, non-serious, to systemic and potentially life-threatening infections. Candidiasis or thrush, is the common origin of vaginal disease and although it is not considered disabling, infection usually cause troublesome symptoms that alter the behavior of the patient. In Mexico it is considered the unique mycosis of mandatory reporting to health authorities. Therefore, in this work a literature review was conducted to know the state of the art of the vulvovaginitis caused by Candida spp. (VVC), as well as provide a brief description about the frequency presented by this infection in different countries of Latin America, with special emphasis on Mexico. It shows that the frequencies of VVC in Latin America, are very similar to those reported in countries such as the United States of America; in addition, Candida albicans still prevails as the main etiologic agent. The differences found between developed countries with respect to Latin American countries basically consist of the diagnostic methods and the type of treatment. Unfortunately, in Mexico, while the VVC ranks ninth among the 20 principal causes of disease in the country, in very few cases is carried out the identification of the causative species, which constitutes a fact of epidemiological importance, considered as the basis for investigating the factors that increase the risk of infection, especially by Candida nonalbicans species and to determine if the disease is preventable or controllable

Linfoma no-Hodgkin en un paciente con sida / Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a patient with AIDS

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 44 años de edad, con diagnóstico de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida desde el año 2003, que fue ingresado en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba por presentar aumento progresivo del volumen de la región anterior y lateral izquierda del cuello que se extendía hasta la zona anterior de la axila de ese lado, con cianosis y edema en esclavina, disfagia, tos seca irritativa, ronquera, así como astenia marcada, anorexia y pérdida de peso. El cuadro clínico y los resultados de los estudios analíticos e histológicos confirmaron la presencia de un linfoma no Hodgkin de alto grado, unido a candidiasis bucal y esofágica, y síndrome de consunción por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana.

The case report of a 44 years patient with diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus /aids since 2003 that was admitted to "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba is presented due to a volume progressive increase of the preceding and left lateral region of the neck that extended to the preceding area in the armpit of that side, with cyanosis and shoulder girdle edema, dysphagia, dry irritating cough, hoarseness, as well as marked asthenia, anorexia and weight loss. The clinical pattern and the results of the analytic and histological studies confirmed the presence of a high-grade non Hodgkin lymphoma, along with oral and esophageal candidiosis, and consumption syndrome due to the human immunodeficiency virus.

Endocarditis micótica en un recién nacido de extremadamente bajo peso al nacer: A propósito de un caso / Fungal endocarditis in an extremely low birth weight infant: Case report

Las tasas de supervivencia de los recién nacidos prematuros se han incrementado gracias a los avances tecnológicos y los conocimientos en constante evolución, aunque la sepsis de aparición tardía es más frecuente debido a los períodos prolongados de hospitalización de estos niños. Presentamos el caso de un recién nacido prematuro de extremadamente bajo peso al nacer hospitalizado con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, enterocolitis necrosante y sepsis fúngica con endocarditis por Candida albicans. Se le administró tratamiento antimicótico hasta que se resolvió la vegetación fúngica. La sepsis y la endocarditis de origen micótico podrían ser una causa de morbilidad significativa en los recién nacidos prematuros. En este artículo revisamos las publicaciones científicas recientes acerca de los factores de riesgo, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la prevención de la sepsis fúngica en estos neonatos de alto riesgo.

Survival rates of premature infants have increased with developing technology and evolving knowledge but late-onset sepsis is more frequent due to prolonged hospitalization periods of these infants. We report the case of an extremely low birth weight premature infant who was admitted with respiratory distress syndrome, developed necrotizing enterocolitis and fungal sepsis with endocarditis by Candida albicans. He was treated with antifungal therapy until fungal vegetation resolved. Fungal sepsis and endocarditis may be an important morbidity in preterm infants; we review the recent literature about the risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fungal sepsis in these high risk infants.

Candidosis vaginal. primera parte: revisión de la clínica, epidemiología y situación de México / Vaginal candidiasis. first part: epidemiology and current state of Mexico

En esta sección se presentan los datos de diversos autores en cuanto a etiología, epidemiología, fisiopatogenia y el perfil clínico de la candidosis o candidiasis vulvo vaginal, con especial atención al escenario actual en México, país en donde es la única micosis de reporte obligatorio ante las autoridades sanitarias, situación que nos motivó a efectuar la presente revisión bibliográfica. La literatura evaluada contempló el período 2007-2013. La vulvovaginitis por Candida spp (VVC), es una infección que habitualmente no se considera incapacitante, aunque sus manifestaciones clínicas pueden dar lugar a gran estrés en las pacientes. En México, los estudios epidemiológicos, han estado enfocados, principalmente, a describir la frecuencia con la que Candida se asocia a casos de vulvo vaginitis y la respuesta clínica a diferentes terapias; sin embargo, es evidente la falta de estudios que relacionen la presencia de Candida con diversos factores de riesgo, la frecuencia de mujeres que recurren a la automedicación y estudios enfocados a la fisiopatología de la vulvo vaginitis causada por este patógeno. Según la literatura consultada, todas estas circunstancias son conocidas y siguen siendo motivo de estudio en países desarrollados.

This section presents data from different authors in terms of etiology, epidemiology, physiopathogeny and the clinical profile of vulvovaginal candidiasis or vulvovaginal candidosis, with special attention to the current scenario in Mexico, a country where it is the only mycosis of mandatory reporting to health authorities, situation that motivated us to carry out the present literature review. The assessed literature took into account the 2007- 2013 period. The vulvovaginitis by Candida spp. (VVC), is an infection that usually is not considered disabling, but its clinical manifestations can give rise to great stress in patients. In Mexico, the epidemiological studies have been focused, primarily, in describing the frequency with which Candida is associated with cases of vulvovaginitis and the clinical response to different therapies; However, it is evident the lack of studies that relate the presence of Candida with different risk factors, the frequency of women who resort to selfmedication and studies focused on the pathophysiology of the vulvovaginitis caused by this pathogen. According to the literature consulted, these circumstances are known and are still cause for study in developed countries.

ERG11 mutations associated with azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from vulvovaginal candidosis patients

Objective:To investigate the azole susceptibility of Candida albicans (C. albicans) from vulvovaginal candidosis patients and to analyze the relationship between ERG11 gene mutations in these isolates and azole resistance. Methods:Three hundred and two clinical isolates of Candida species were collected. Azole susceptibility was tested in vitro in microdilution studies. The ERG11 genes of 17 isolates of C. albicans (2 susceptibles, 5 dose-dependent resistants and 10 resistants) were amplified and sequenced. Results:Of the 302 isolates collected, 70.2%were C. albicans, of which 8.5%, 3.8%and 4.2%were resistant to fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively. In total, 27 missense mutations were detected in ERG11 genes from resistant/susceptible dose-dependent isolates. Among them, Y132H, A114S, and Y257H substitutions were most prevalent and were known to cause fluconazole resistance. G464S and F72S also has been proved to cause fluconazole resistance. Two novel substitutions (T285A, S457P) in hotspot regions were identified. Conclusions:Twenty seven mutations in the ERG11 gene were identified in azole-resistant C. albicans isolates, which indicated a possible relation with the increase in resistance to azole drugs and the recurrence of vulvovaginal candidosis. The relationship of two novel substitutions (T285A, S457P) with fluconazole resistance needs to be further verified by site-directed mutagenesis.

ERG11 mutations associated with azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from vulvovaginal candidosis patients

Objective: To investigate the azole susceptibility of Candida albicans ( C. albicans) from vulvovaginal candidosis patients and to analyze the relationship between ERG11 gene mutations in these isolates and azole resistance. Methods: Three hundred and two clinical isolates of Candida species were collected. Azole susceptibility was tested in vitro in microdilution studies. The ERG11 genes of 17 isolates of C. albicans (2 susceptibles, 5 dose-dependent resistants and 10 resistants) were amplified and sequenced. Results: Of the 302 isolates collected, 70.2% were C. albicans, of which 8.5%, 3.8% and 4.2% were resistant to fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively. In total, 27 missense mutations were detected in ERG11 genes from resistant/susceptible dose-dependent isolates. Among them, Y132H, A114S, and Y257H substitutions were most prevalent and were known to cause fluconazole resistance. G464S and F72S also have been proved to cause fluconazole resistance. Two novel substitutions (T285A, S457P) in hotspot regions were identified. Conclusions: Twenty seven mutations in the ERG11 gene were identified in azole-resistant C. albicans isolates, which indicated a possible relation with the increase in resistance to azole drugs and the recurrence of vulvovaginal candidosis. The relationship of two novel substitutions (T285A, S457P) with fluconazole resistance needs to be further verified by site-directed mutagenesis.

Identificación molecular de Candida lusitaniae en infección de tracto respiratorio inferior / Molecular identification of Candida lusitaniae in lower respiratory tract infection

Candida lusitaniae es una levadura que ha sido descrita como un patógeno nosocomial emergente de baja frecuencia en infecciones profundas. La identificación oportuna de C. lusitaniae es importante porque puede desarrollar resistencia in vivo a la amfotericina B durante la terapia. Reportamos el aislamiento de C. lusitaniae como agente etiológico de infección de tracto respiratorio inferior en un paciente masculino. Los cultivos de orina y esputo fueron negativos para bacterias y positivos para esta levadura. Los aislamientos fueron identificados por métodos fenotípicos de rutina y confirmados por secuenciación y polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción y PCR de la región espaciadora interna del DNA ribosómico.

The yeast Candida lusitaniae has been described as an emerging low frequency nosocomial pathogen in deep infections. Early identification of C. lusitaniae is important because it can readily develop in vivo resistance to amphotericin B during treatment. We report the isolation of C. lusitaniae as etiologic agent of a lower respiratory tract infection in a male patient. Urine and sputum cultures were negative for bacteria and positive for yeast. Isolates were identified by routine phenotypic methods and confirmed by ribosomal DNA internal spacer region restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR and sequencing.

Infecções por Candida spp na Cavidade Oral / Oral infections by Candida spp

As Candida spp são a causa mais frequente de infecções fúngicas humanas. A espécie mais prevalente, a C. albicans, sendo um importante microrganismo comensal da cavidade oral, em determinadas condições, torna-se patogênica, aparecendo associada a várias situações patológicas. Neste artigo, pretende-se fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre infecções orais por Candida spp (Candidoses), apresentando a sua classificação, diferentes formas clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Referem-se, ainda, outras patologias que frequentemente surgem associadas a essas infecções.

Human yeast infections are mainly caused by Candida spp. C. albicans is the most common specie and an important commensal microorganism of the oral cavity but in certain conditions becomes pathogenic, appearing associated to several pathological situations. With this article the authors intend to do a revision of oral infections by Candida spp (Candidosis), presenting its classification, different clinical forms, diagnosis and treatment. Other pathologies that frequently appear associated to these infections are also referred.

Comparison of the effects of nystatin suspension and fluconazole in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis / 中国基层医药

Objective To compare the efficacy of nystatin suspension and fluconazole in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis.Methods 40 patients were randomly assigned to nystatin suspension group or fluconazole group.Patients treated with nystatin suspension (n =20) were instructed to use 30ml of nystatin suspension for rinsing for 5 min,3 times daily.Patients treated with fluconazole(n =20) received capsules(150mg) each day.The clinical effect was assessed after treatment for 3 days.The recurrence was assessed 1 week after drug withdrawal.Results The effective rate in the nystatin suspension group and fluconazole group was 80.0％,85.0％,the recurrence rate in two groups was 18.8％,11.8％,respectively.There were no significant differences (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Nystatin suspension is a good therapeutic alternative in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis.

Valoración del tratamiento local de la candidosis oral: correlación etiológica / Assessment of the local therapy in candidosis: ethiological relation

La candidosis oral es una infección oportunista causada por hongos del género Candida. En los últimos años se ha observado un significativo incremento de la incidencia de las infecciones micóticas. Objetivos. Reconocer las formas clínicas que se observan en los pacientes que concurren a la Clínica de Estomatología de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de la República. Evaluar la eficacia de la terapia local. Establecer la relación entre el tiempo promedio de curación y los factores predisponentes observados.Metodología. Se diagnosticó candidosis oral en 51 pacientes. Se implementó el tratamiento antimicótico tópico, corrección de los factores predisponentes y el régimen de controles clínicos.Resultados. Edad promedio: 50 años, localización prevalente paladar, forma clínica: 54% crónica erimatosa, el 73% de los pacientes curaron entre 14 y 21 días, sólo un 26% necesitó mas de 21 días.Conclusiones. Se realiza un primer estudio nacional sobre candidosis oral basado en el diagnóstico clínico, apoyado por el laboratorio microbiológico y histopatológico.Se mostró el índice de respuesta a la terapia local y se confirmó la necesidad de tratamiento más prolongado en el subgrupo de pacientes fumadores.

Antifungal activity of the extract of Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Zingiberaceae, against yeasts of the genus Candida isolated from the oral cavity of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common fungal infection among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and is treated empirically with topical or systemic antifungals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible antifungal action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Zingiberaceae, on yeasts in this population. Samples were collected from HIV-positive patients who attended the Laboratory for Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis at the Universidade Estadual de Maringá for routine exams. The isolated yeasts were identified at the genus and species levels through classical methodology. Next, tests of microdilution in broth were carried out to determine the profile of susceptibility of these yeasts towards the hydroalcoholic extract of C. zedoaria, following methodology standardised by the CLSI (2002). A total of 53 yeasts were identified, 49 of them C. albicans, two C. tropicalis and two C. glabrata. These yeasts were inhibited by low concentrations of the extract of C. zedoaria (between 1.95 and 15.63 μg/mL). In addition, 7.82 μg/mL inhibited 90 percent of the yeasts. Our results indicate a potent antifungal action for C. zedoaria and suggest more detailed studies with a view towards the practical application of this phytomedicine in topical pharmaceutical forms for the treatment of oral candidosis or candidiasis.

Candidosis en pacientes HIV o con otras inmunodeficiencias secundarias en hospitales de la ciudad de Tucumán (Argentina) / Candidosis in HIV patients or with other secondary immunodeficiencies detected in hospitals of the city of Tucumán (Argentina)

Con el objeto de conocer las especies causantes de candidosis humanas en pacientes HIV positivos o con otras inmunodeficiencias secundarias y la incidencia de especies con capacidad de resistencia a antifúngicos, se estudiaron 76 aislamientos de Candida procedentes de 61 casos de candidosis superficiales y profundas de niños y adultos. Obtenidas desde piel, anexos, mucosas, abscesos, catéteres y secreciones diversas, entre otras. La identificación de las especies fue realizada por estudios de características morfológicas, cromogénicas y bioquímicas (CHROMagar , Candifast, API 20 y API 32). Los resultados revelan predominio de especies noalbicans (52.7 por ciento), obteniéndose las siguientes frecuencias de aislamientos: C.albicans (47,3 por ciento), C. parapsilosis: 15,8 por ciento, C. glabrata: 13,2 por ciento, C. krusei: 11,8 por ciento, C. tropicalis: 10,6 por ciento y C. dubliniensis: 1,3 por ciento. Algunas de ellas pueden presentar resistencia primaria o secundaria a algunos antifúngicos de uso habitual, por lo cual es necesario incluir estudios de sensibilidad a estos, para una mejor conducta terapéutica.

In order to find out species causing human candidosis in positive HIV patients or in individuals suffering from other secondary immunodeficiencies and the incidence of species bearing a resistance ability to antifungal agents, 76 Candida isolations obtained from 61 cases of superficial and deep candidosis in children and adults were studied. Samples were collected from skin, annexa, mucosities, abscesses, catheters and diverse secretions, among others. The identification of species was carried out through studies on morphological, chromogenic and biochemical characteristics (CHROMagar, Candifast, API 20 and API 32). Results reveal a predominance of non-albican species (52,7 percent), and the following frequencies of isolation: C.albicans (47.3 percent), C. parapsilosis: 15.8 percent, C.glabrata: 13.2 percent, C. krusei: 11.8 percent, C. tropicalis: 10.6 percent and C. dubliniensis: 1.3 percent. Some of them may exhibit some primary or secondary resistance to certain antifungal agents of common use, this is why it is necessary to include studies on sensitivity of them so as to attain a better therapeutical behaviour.

Recovery of Oral Candidosis by Oral Ointment Containing Antifungal Naphthoquinone Derivatives Isolated from Shikon / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In this report, we describe the cases recovering from oral candidosis by treatment with oral ointment containing antifungal naphthoquinone derivatives. The patients bearing persistent colonization with Candida genera were treated with our domestic oral ointment, three times a day for two weeks or for one month. During the observation period, the oral candidosis was gradually vanished at 3 days after the treatment and disappeared completely at the end of the period. This ointment contains naphthoquinone derivatives, which are constituents of Shikon (root of <i>Lithospermum erythrorhizon</i>), having been investigated against several fungal pathogens. When the biological activity of these compounds was tested against fungi, a wide range of sensitivity was recorded. With the determination of these naphthoquinones by HPLC, this ointment contains about 10 to 100-folds of each effective concentration.<br>This observation demonstrates that the oral ointment containing some antifungal naphthoquinone derivatives would useful for the patients bearing serious oral candidosis.

Vulvovaginal candidosis caused by Candida Non-Albicans, proportion and clinical characteristics in the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta.

The prevalence of vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) caused by C. non-albicans tends to increase, recently. The aim of this study was to obtain data about proportion and clinical characteristic of C. non-albicans VVC at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. This is a cross-sectional study on all female patients with symptoms of VVC visiting Obstetri-gynaecology and Dermatovenereology outpatient clinics at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. All subjects had positive Gram stain, showed Candida spp. on culture with CHROMagar Candida, and had no other specific genital infections. Sixty nine subjects aged 26–44 years old (averaged 29 years old) were included in this study. Candida non-albicans was found in 30.4% subject, and consisted of: C. glabrata (61.9%), C. tropicalis (28.6%) and C. parapsilosis (9.5%). We found that C. non-albicans VVC infections are more common in women above 45 years old, using non-hormonal contraceptives, whose sexual partner has erythema and pruritus in glands penis, and having the disease for more than 1 year. No differences in clinical symptoms were noted between C. albicans and C. non-albicans infection. We concluded from this study that the proportion of C. non-albicans infections at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, with C. glabrata represents the most prevalent species. No characteristic clinical symptoms were found from the subjects with C. non-albicans VVC when compared with those infected by C. albicans.

A Case of Cerebral Candidal Granuloma

Candidosis, the most common fungal infection involving the central nervous system, is rarely diagnosed during life. The authors present a case of candidal granuloma of the caudate area in a 31-year-old, otherwise healthy man with episode of intermittent antibiotic therapy. There was no extracranial fungal lesions, Ventriculoperitoneal shunt and biopsy followed by treatment with Amphotericin-B resulted in a favorable outcome.