Capacity building in schistosomiasis control institutions in China: a cross-sectional study / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the current status of capacity building in schistosomiasis control institutes in schistosomiasis-endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China. Methods The responsibilities and construction requirements of various schistosomiasis control institutions were surveyed by expert discussions, and field interviews and visits during the period between May and June, 2023, and the questionnaire for capacity maintenance and consolidation in schistosomiasis control institutions was designed. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in county-, municipal-, and provincial-level institutions that undertook schistosomiasis control and surveillance activities through the Wenjuanxing program. The distribution of schistosomiasis control institutions, the status of institutions, departments and staff undertaking schistosomiasis control activities and the translation of scientific researches on schistosomiasis control in China were analyzed. The laboratories accredited by China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) were considered to be capable for testing associated with schistosomiasis control, and the testing capability of schistosomiasis control institutions was analyzed. Results A total of 486 valid questionnaires were recovered from 486 schistosomiasis control institutions in 12 endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China, including 12 provincial-level institutions (2.5%), 77 municipal-level institutions (15.8%) and 397 county-level institutions (81.7%). Of all schistosomiasis control institutions, 376 (77.4%) were centers for disease control and prevention or public health centers, 102 (21.0%) were institutions for schistosomiasis, endemic disease and parasitic disease control, and 8 (1.6%) were hospitals, healthcare centers or others. There were 37 713 active employees in the 486 schistosomiasis control institutions, including 5 675 employees related to schistosomiasis control, and the proportions of employees associated with schistosomiasis control among all active employees were 5.9% (231/3 897), 5.5% (566/10 134), and 20.6% (4 878/23 682) in provincial-, municipal-, and county-level institutions, respectively. There were 3 826 full-time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities, with 30.5% (1 166/3 826), 34.6% (1 324) and 34.9% (1 336/3 826) at ages of 40 years and below, 41 to 50 years and over 50 years, and there were 1 571 (41.0%) full-time schistosomiasis control employees with duration of schistosomiasis control activities for over 25 years, and 1 358 (35.5%) employees with junior professional titles and 1 290 with intermediate professional titles (35.5%), while 712 (18.6%) full-time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities had no professional titles. The three core schistosomiasis control activities included snail control (26.3%, 374/1 420), epidemics surveillance and management (25.4%, 361/1 420) and health education (18.8%, 267/1 420) in schistosomiasis control institutions. The Kato-Katz method, miracidium hatching test with nylon gauzes, and indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) were the most commonly used techniques for detection of schistosomiasis, and there were less than 50% laboratories that had capabilities or experimental conditions for performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA), dot immunogold filtration assay (DIG-FA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. During the period from 2018 to 2022, schistosomiasis control institutions had undertaken a total of 211 research projects for schistosomiasis control, with a total funding of 18.596 million RMB, published 619 articles, participated in formulation of 13 schistosomiasis control-related criteria, and applied for 113 schistosomiasis control-related patents, including 101 that were granted, and commercialized 4 scientific research outcomes. Conclusions The proportion of independent specialized schistosomiasis control institutions is low in schistosomiasis control institutions in China, which suffers from problems of unsatisfactory laboratory testing capabilities, aging of staff and a high proportion of low-level professional titles. More investment into and intensified schistosomiasis control activities and improved capability building and talent cultivation in schistosomiasis control institutions are recommended to provide a powerful support for high-quality elimination of schistosomiasis in China.

A commentary on the Pan American Network of Nursing and Midwifery Collaborating Centres / Comentario sobre la Red Panamericana de Centros Colaboradores de Enfermería y Partería / Comentário sobre a Rede Pan-Americana de Centros Colaboradores de Enfermagem e Obstetrícia

ABSTRACT This article provides a commentary on the Pan American Network of Nursing and Midwifery Collaborating Centres (PANMCC). The objectives are to present an overview of the formation and evolution of the network, its impact on education, research, policy and communication and the benefits of membership. The advantages of international networks as a mechanism to strengthen nursing and midwifery workforces and improve health systems are also highlighted. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the World Health Organization (WHO) Office in the Americas, oversees collaborating centres in the Region. Established in 1999, PANMCC consists of 17 centres situated in universities and schools of nursing. These centres provide crucial nursing and midwifery input to PAHO/WHO. The network supports global engagement and capacity building via collaboration, resource sharing and research colloquia. The linkages within the network enhance professional development, increase capacity building and heighten visibility of PANMCC and the work of its members.

RESUMEN En este artículo se presenta un comentario sobre la Red Panamericana de Centros Colaboradores de Enfermería y Partería (PANMCC, por su sigla en inglés). Los objetivos son presentar una visión general de la formación y evolución de la red, sus repercusiones en los ámbitos de la educación, la investigación, la política y las comunicaciones, así como los beneficios de pertenecer a la red. También se destacan las ventajas de las redes internacionales como mecanismo para fortalecer al personal de enfermería y partería y mejorar los sistemas de salud. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), Oficina Regional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para las Américas, supervisa los centros colaboradores en la Región. Fundada en 1999, la PANMCC consta de 17 centros ubicados en universidades y facultades de enfermería, los cuales proporcionan información crucial sobre enfermería y partería a la OPS/OMS. Esta red respalda el compromiso general y el desarrollo de capacidades mediante la colaboración, el intercambio de recursos y los coloquios de investigación. Los vínculos en la red mejoran el desarrollo profesional, aumentan el desarrollo de capacidades y aumentan la visibilidad de la PANMCC y el trabajo de sus miembros.

RESUMO Este artigo traz um comentário sobre a Rede Pan-Americana de Centros Colaboradores de Enfermagem e Obstetrícia (PANMCC). Os objetivos são apresentar uma visão geral da formação e evolução da Rede, seu impacto em educação, pesquisa, políticas e comunicação e os benefícios da filiação. Também são destacadas as vantagens das redes internacionais como mecanismo para valorizar as forças de trabalho em enfermagem e obstetrícia e melhorar os sistemas de saúde. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) - o Escritório da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) nas Américas - supervisiona os Centros Colaboradores na região. Criada em 1999, a PANMCC é composta por 17 centros situados em universidades e escolas de enfermagem. Esses centros fornecem informações essenciais sobre enfermagem e obstetrícia para a OPAS/OMS. A rede apoia o envolvimento global e o fortalecimento institucional por meio de colaboração, compartilhamento de recursos e colóquios de pesquisa. Os elos dentro da rede aprimoram o desenvolvimento profissional, estimulam o fortalecimento institucional e aumentam a visibilidade da PANMCC e do trabalho dos seus membros.

PET-Saúde interprofissionalidade: contribuições, barreiras e sustentabilidade da Educação Interprofissional / PET-Saúde interprofissionalidade and interprofessional education: contributions, barriers and sustainability / PET-Salud interprofesionalidad: contribuciones, barreras y sostenibilidad de la educación interprofesional

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar as contribuições e barreiras enfrentadas pelo Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde) Interprofissionalidade, bem como debater elementos necessários à sustentabilidade da Educação Interprofissional (EIP). Pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida em três unidades acadêmicas de uma instituição pública de ensino superior. Os dados foram coletados pelo Google Meet e analisados pela técnica da análise de conteúdo. Emergiram três categorias temáticas: contribuições do PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade para a indução de mudanças na formação em Saúde, barreiras que afetaram seu desempenho e sustentabilidade da EIP. A análise indica que O PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade foi uma experiência importante para pautar o debate da EIP nos cursos de graduação e nos serviços de Saúde. As experiências acumuladas nesse programa constituem um arcabouço que não pode ser desprezado e deverá ser lapidado para fundamentar estratégias sustentáveis que considerem a interprofissionalidade como abordagem na reorientação da formação e qualificação da atenção à saúde.(AU)

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the contributions of and barriers faced by the Education through Work for Health Program-Interprofessional Collaboration Program (PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade) and debate key elements for the sustainability of interprofessional education (IPE). We conducted a qualitative study in three academic units of a public higher education institution. The data were collected via Google Meet and analyzed using content analysis. Three categories emerged during the analysis: contributions of the PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade to the induction of changes in health training, barriers affecting performance, and sustainability of IPE. The findings indicate that the PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade made important contributions to pushing forward the debate about IPE in undergraduate degrees and health services. The experiences accumulated during the program provide a framework whose potential should not be underestimated and should be refined to lay the foundation for sustainable strategies that incorporate interprofessional collaboration as an approach to reorienting health training.(AU)

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar las contribuciones y barreras enfrentadas por PET-Salud Interprofesionalidad, así como discutir elementos necesarios para la sostenibilidad de la Educación Interprofesional (EIP). Investigación cualitativa desarrollada en tres unidades académicas de una institución pública de enseñanza superior. Los datos fueron colectados por Google meet y analizados por la técnica de análisis de contenido. Surgieron tres categorías temáticas: contribuciones de PET-Salud Interprofesionalidad para la inducción de cambios en la formación en salud, barreras que afectaron su desarrollo y sostenibilidad de EIP. El análisis indica que PET-Salud Interprofesionalidad fue una experiencia importante para regir el debate de EIP en los cursos de graduación y en los servicios de salud. Las experiencias acumuladas en ese programa constituyen una estructura que no puede despreciarse y que deberá perfeccionarse para servir de base a estrategias sostenibles que consideren la interprofesionalidad como un abordaje en la reorientación de la formación y calificación de la atención de la salud.(AU)

Current Situation and Challenges Surrounding People`s Organizations on Hansen`s Disease : Prospects for the 2nd Global Forum

Discrimination against persons affected by leprosy or Hansen’s disease has deep roots, marginalizing individuals and communities. In September 2019, “Global Forum of People’s Organization on Hansen’s Disease (POs)” was organized in Manila, the Philippines, as a pre-event of the 20th International Leprosy Congress, which was the largest-ever international gathering of persons affected by the disease and led to “the Manila Declaration” to present the collective voice of all the participants. However, how to realize them was not thoroughly discussed during the forum and thus remains an issue for the future. In light of the fact that the second Global Forum is scheduled to be held in conjunction with the 21st International Leprosy Congress in November 2022, this article aims at clarifying what the forum should strive for in order to put the Manila Declaration into action by 1) examining the significance and impact of the first Global Forum, 2) identifying challenges currently faced by the POs from four domains (performance, staff capacity, internal organization, and external relationships), and 3) providing recommendations in three areas (strengthening and networking of POs, promoting their participation in leprosy related activities through effective advocacy, and sustained support by governments and donor agencies for POs).

Developing public health capacities of Frontline Public Health Workforce in Uttarakhand

Recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of increase in the ability of public health workforce to detect and respond to the public health threats. For timely implementation of an adequate response and mitigation measure, the standardized and sustainable capacity building programme for frontline public health workforce is the need of hour. National Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in partnership with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), developed a three-month in-service Basic Epidemiology Training programme. This is a tailor-made programme for frontline public health workforce to strengthen epidemiological skills. This training was a practical interactive approach to field epidemiology for three months on the job training for frontline public health workforce that addressed the critical skills needed to conduct surveillance effectively at the local level while focusing on improving disease detection, reporting and feedback. The training also demonstrated the role of learning model in form of interaction between the mentor and the mentees. The importance of handhold support given by the mentors to the mentees in quality outbreak investigations and documentation.

Effect of a Quality Improvement Package on Reducing Newborn Mortality from 26 to 14 in a Himalayan North Indian State

Background: In India, newborn mortality remains high due to a number of factors, including poor quality of care at health facilities. The experience of executing complete neonatal care quality improvement (QI) package at selected hospitals in Himachal Pradesh and reduction in newborn mortality rate (NMR) is described in this study. Objective: The short-term objective was the participants’ retention of knowledge and skills, and the achievement of uniform QI objectives following training and after a minimum of 6 months. Overall reduction in NMR was long-term objective. Methods: Newborn care QI package was implemented according to India Newborn Action Plan over a period of 48 months from 2013 to 2016, through infrastructure, trainings, and supportive supervision. Results: Total 13 health facilities were upgraded; 350 staff nurses and medical officers were trained. The mean posttraining knowledge score was 75% compared to 29% in the pretraining test, and 63% 1 year later. The competencies of health workers in the care of high?risk babies and 12 QI targets had improved, resulting in a 46% reduction in neonatal mortality in the state across all gestations and weights based on sample registration survey. Conclusion: Implementation of a bundle of evidence-based practices in low-resource setting for health system strengthening for intrapartum and neonatal care was linked to changed care behaviors among health-care providers, and reduction in NMR.

Disaster and Mental Health Preparedness in India: A Scoping Review

Background: Disaster and mental health preparedness are inseparable domains highlighted during all the major disasters in India. To build Disaster-Mental health Preparedness (Disaster MHP), one has to understand the existing strategies, systemic efforts, and ground-level implementation. In this scoping review, we have analyzed the mental health preparedness efforts during major disasters in India. Methodology: We followed the Peters MDJ et al framework for scoping review named ‘Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. This included the searching relevant articles on PubMed and google Scholar, and concept-context of the review. Results: The review identified major efforts taken during ten disasters in past 40 years and mapping of the potential areas for development of sustainable efforts towards Disaster MHP. Conclusion: This is the first systematic scoping review from India that provides insight into strength and sustainability of disaster mental health preparedness in India. The mapping of the review focuses on the models emerged from Bhopal, Odisha, Tamilnadu and NIMHANS for the future infrastructure, capacity building, and environment required for Disaster-MHP in India.

Impact of Real-time Assessment on the Training of Trainers for the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine in India

Background and aim: The introduction of rotavirus vaccine (RVV) in the universal immunization program of India is a big feat as it became the first nation in the World Health Organization (WHO) Southeast Asia region to do so. The involvement of huge numbers of frontline workers in introducing new vaccines in India and the underlined deficits in skills and knowledge require efficient capacity building programs. In view of this, limited research is available on the effectiveness of capacity-building interventions for healthcare workers. There is a dearth of studies from India measuring the “on-spot” impact of immunization trainings on healthcare workers. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of training in RVV introduction in enhancing the knowledge of the participants. Methods: The study was conducted among the participants attending two training workshops for the introduction of RVV: a state workshop in Pune and a regional workshop in Guwahati. The participants who attended the workshops and participated in both the pre- and post-test were included in the study. Real-time data was collected via Google forms pre- and post-training sessions. Results: In both workshops, a comparison of pre- and post-test scores of all questions taken together showed a significant increase in the knowledge level of the participants (p < 0.05). In Guwahati, the knowledge of the participants regarding doses of RVV, inadequate dosing, vaccine vial monitor (VVM), open vial policy, operationalization of RVV and monetary incentive increased significantly. In Pune, the knowledge of the participants regarding doses of RVV, bundling approach, schedule and dose, storage temperature for RVV, VVM, open vial policy, vaccine delivery and operationalization of RVV increased significantly after the training. Conclusion: A pre-planned and well-designed knowledge assessment tool can be used to understand the impact of training workshops in enhancing the knowledge and practical skills of the participants prior to the introduction of a new vaccine.

A structured approach to effective mentoring of women health researchers in Africa

Objectives: To formatively evaluate the HIGHER Women consortium's Mentor Protégée Program (MPP) and derive lessons for successful African women scientist mentorship. Design: Desk review of program documents and cross-sectional surveys of mentors and protégées. Setting: All 10 regions of Cameroon Participants: Women working in health research participating in the MPP. Interventions: Building health research skills and providing support for women to cope within the African psychosocial environment using a holistic approach. Main outcome measures: Formed mentor-protégés duos applying the MPP with measurable accomplishments. Results: The consortium counted 121 members with 103 protégées and 18 mentors. Of 103 protégées, 35 responded to the 2018 survey, while 77 responded to the 2022 survey. Mentioned benefits of the program included an increase in scientific peer-reviewed journal publications and presentations at national and international conferences. In the 2022 survey, a Pearson correlation showed an r of 0.41, which, although not statistically significant (p = .592), suggests a positive correlation between the increased number of peer-reviewed articles and increased number of years as HIGHER Women protégées. Conclusions: Mentorship programs can help over time to bridge the gender gaps within Africa as well as the gaps between African-led research and the rest of the world while making a meaningful contribution to enhancing the quality, diversity, and productivity of researchers. A mentoring program such as the HIGHER Women MPP can be improved by leveraging local and international partners to foster the mentoring program's sustainability, scalability, and expanded reach.

Practice and exploration of capacity building for infection control practitioners / 中华医院管理杂志

Infection prevention and control(hereinafter referred to as " infection control" )practitioners are the backbone of infection control teams of individual departments. Their capacity-building is key to improving the management efficiency at both hospital and department levels, which can effectively ensure medical safety. Since 2017, a tertiary traditional Chinese medicine hospital had scored desirable results based on the analysis of the problems existing in their capacity-building. In its explorations, the hospital attempted to improve the professional competency and management ability by the following measures. These measures included improving and standardizing the organization and management, establishing an on-the-job training system, formulating an annual management manual of department′s infection control teams, implementing a cross inspection system and patrol system of the practitioners during an epidemic, establishing an assessment and evaluation system and incentive mechanism, establishing infection control elite teams, and building a mode dominated by infection control doctors. These experiences can provide reference for optimizing the capacity building of the infection control practitioners.

Indice de vulnerabilidad del sector salud en México: La infraestructura hospitalaria ante la COVID-19 / Vulnerability index of the health sector in México; Hospital infrastructure in the face of COVID-19

Resumen: Objetivo: Construir un índice general de vulnerabilidad del sector salud y un índice específico de vulnerabilidad en enfermedades neumológicas, que identifiquen a los municipios con menor capacidad de respuesta a la pandemia provocada por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Para generar los índices, nos basamos en tres componentes: la infraestructura y el personal disponible; la demanda sanitaria; el alcance del seguro social y de salud, todo ello mediante el método de descomposición de Shapley. Resultados: Los municipios que presentan una mayor capacidad de resiliencia ante la pandemia, en su mayoría son municipios capitales, dato que resalta la mala distribución espacial de los servicios sanitarios. Además, por las características socio económicas del país, los municipios de la región sur oeste (Oaxaca, Guerrero y Puebla); de la sierra Tarahumara (Chihuahua) y la Huasteca (San Luis de Potosí, Querétaro e Hidalgo) son los que presentan un alto índice de vulnerabilidad, al no contar con los recursos sanitarios suficientes y por tener una gran proporción de población sensible a la pandemia. Otro hallazgo importante es que, los municipios capitales, a pesar de contar con un número considerable de infraestructura hospitalaria y personal médico, poseen una alta densidad demográfica, lo que ocasiona que estén más expuestos al virus y por ende se encaminan a la saturación total de su sistema de salud; tal es el caso de municipios como Iztapalapa o Ecatepec que tras la segunda ola de pandemia rebasaron su capacidad hospitalaria. Conclusión: La vulnerabilidad del sector salud vista a través de los índices desarrollados, se agrava si se analiza la capacidad específica de atención a enfermedades respiratorias, en particular en los municipios de alta y media exposición a la pandemia por COVID-19, los hallazgos muestran la importancia de desarrollar políticas focalizadas de protección y mitigación de estos municipios.

Abstract: Objective: To build a general index of vulnerability of the health sector and a specific index of vulnerability in pneumological diseases that identify the municipalities with the least capacity to respond to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods: To generate the indices, we rely on three components: infrastructure and available personnel, health demand, and the scope of social and health insurance, all using the Shapley decomposition method. Results: The municipalities that present a greater resilience capacity in the face of the pandemic are mostly capital municipalities, a fact that highlights the poor spatial distribution of health services. Besides, due to the socio-economic characteristics of the country, the municipalities of the southwest region (Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla); of the Sierra Tarahumara (Chihuahua) and the Huasteca (San Luis de Potosí, Querétaro, and Hidalgo) are those that present a high index of vulnerability due to not having sufficient health resources and having a large proportion of the population sensitive to the pandemic. Another critical finding is that the capital municipalities, despite having a considerable number of hospital infrastructure and medical personnel, have a high demographic density, which causes them to be more exposed to the virus. Therefore, they are heading towards the total saturation of their population. Healthcare system: such is the case of municipalities such as Iztapalapa or Ecatepec who exceeded their hospital capacity after the second wave of the pandemic. Conclusion: The vulnerability of the health sector seen through the developed indices is aggravated if the specific capacity to care for respiratory diseases is analyzed, particularly in municipalities with high and medium exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic; the findings show the importance of developing targeted protection and mitigation policies for these municipalities.

Determinants of research capacity and involvement of hospital dietitians in selected hospitals in Metro Manila

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to: 1) describe the current state of research activity/involvement and capacity among selected tertiary level government and private hospital dietitians; 2) identify factors associated with research capacity and involvement; and 3) develop policy recommendations to improve the current research activity/involvement towards evidence-based practice among hospital dietitians.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of randomly selected 181 hospital dietitians from selected hospitals in Metro Manila completed a pre-tested structured self-administered questionnaire, which elicited the socio-demographic characteristics, research activity/involvement, research capacity, perception, attitude and knowledge (PAK) of the respondents.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Descriptive statistics were generated. Pearson Correlation was determined between socio-demographic characteristics and research activity/involvement score and research capacity score. Linear multiple regression analysis was conducted to test whether perceptions, attitudes and knowledge score are factors that predicted research activity/involvement and research capacity.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results:</strong> No significant difference was observed in hospital dietitians' research capacity scores based on gender, age, educational attainment, hospital affiliation, and job description. Majority (97%) of the hospital dietitians had very little participation (10%) or involvement in any type of research activity/involvement. The significant factors that were predictive of research activity/involvement scores and research capacity scores were percent of time for research and hours per week devoted to research, respectively. Percent of time for research was significantly predictive of research knowledge of respondents.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The findings in this present study showed the research activity/involvement and capacity of hospital dietitians in Metro Manila were dismally low. The significant factors that were predictive of research activity/involvement scores and research capacity scores were percent of time for research and hours per week devoted to research, respectively. To support the development of research capacity and involvement of hospital dietitians, policy-makers and healthcare organizations can optimize capability-building strategies at the academic level, hospital dietitian level, and institutional level.</p>

Knowledge of and attitudes toward the WHO MPOWER policies to reduce tobacco use at the population level: a comparison between third-year and sixth-year medical students / Conhecimento e atitudes sobre as políticas MPOWER da OMS para redução do uso do tabaco em nível populacional: comparação entre estudantes de medicina do terceiro e sexto anos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate third- and sixth-year medical students in Brazil in terms of their knowledge of and attitudes toward the WHO MPOWER policies to reduce tobacco use. Methods: The WHO Global Health Professions Student Survey was applied in five cohorts of medical students evaluated in their third and sixth years of medical school, between 2008 and 2015. Comparisons were drawn between the two years of medical school in terms of the proportions of students who experimented with or used tobacco products in the last 30 days prior to the survey; knowledge of and compliance with smoke-free policies on the university campus; formal training on smoking cessation strategies; and self-recognition as role models for patients/society. Results: Of the 943 students who completed the survey, approximately 6% had smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days prior to the survey. Comparing the third and sixth years of medical school, we observed a significant increase in the proportion of students who were knowledgeable about smoking cessation strategies (22.74% vs. 95.84%; p < 0.001) and in that of those who recognized their role as models for patients/society (84.5% vs. 89.7%; p = 0.023). Student knowledge of the smoking policies on the university campus was associated with an increase in self-recognition as role models (adjusted absolute difference = 6.7%; adjusted p = 0.050). Conclusions: Knowledge of smoking cessation strategies and self-recognition as role models for patients/society increase over the course of medical school and are associated with the implementation of smoke-free policies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar estudantes de medicina do terceiro e sexto anos no Brasil em relação a seu conhecimento e atitudes sobre as políticas MPOWER da OMS para redução do uso do tabaco. Métodos: A Pesquisa Global de Estudantes de Profissões da Saúde da OMS foi aplicada em cinco coortes de estudantes de medicina avaliados no terceiro e sexto anos da graduação, entre 2008 e 2015. Foram feitas comparações entre os dois anos da graduação em relação às proporções de estudantes que experimentaram ou fizeram uso de produtos de tabaco nos últimos 30 dias antes da pesquisa; conhecimento e cumprimento das políticas antifumo no campus universitário; treinamento formal sobre estratégias de cessação do tabagismo; e autorreconhecimento como modelo de comportamento para pacientes/sociedade. Resultados: Dos 943 estudantes que preencheram a pesquisa, aproximadamente 6% haviam fumado cigarro nos últimos 30 dias antes da pesquisa. Ao compararmos o terceiro e sexto anos da graduação, observamos um aumento significativo na proporção de estudantes que tinham conhecimento sobre estratégias de cessação do tabagismo (22,74% vs. 95,84%; p < 0,001) e na daqueles que reconheciam seu papel como modelo para pacientes/sociedade (84,5% vs. 89,7%; p = 0,023). O conhecimento dos estudantes sobre as políticas de tabagismo existentes no campus universitário associou-se ao aumento no autorreconhecimento como modelo de comportamento (diferença absoluta ajustada = 6,7%; p ajustado = 0,050). Conclusões: O conhecimento sobre estratégias de cessação do tabagismo e a autorreconhecimento como modelo de comportamento para pacientes/sociedade aumentaram ao longo da graduação e estão associados à implementação de políticas antifumo.

Programas de capacitación para el fortalecimiento de capacidades en informática en enfermería: una perspectiva peruana

RESUMEN El personal de enfermería tiene el gran desafío de aprovechar los nuevos recursos tecnológicos para llevar a cabo su trabajo de manera más eficiente y efectiva. La informática en enfermería se ha descrito como una competencia esencial para los profesionales de enfermería en varios países. En Perú, el personal de enfermería es predominantemente femenino y representa la mayor fuerza de trabajo en el sistema de salud. Este artículo analiza los desafíos para los programas de capacitación para el desarrollo de capacidades en informática en enfermería en el Perú. En general, la literatura publicada sobre los programas de capacitación en informática en enfermería en el Perú es escasa. Solo una de cada cuatro universidades peruanas ofrece cursos relacionados con informática en salud en los programas académicos de pregrado en enfermería. En el 2020, el Ministerio de Salud del Perú definió las competencias básicas de enfermería para gestionar las tecnologías de información y comunicación, y los sistemas de información de salud, incluida la telemedicina. Sin embargo, la informática en enfermería aún no se ha extendido ampliamente en el Perú debido a desafíos organizacionales, de recursos, y factores culturales y socio-técnicos. Además, las pandemias, como el COVID-19, requieren una acción urgente para transformar la prestación de atención de la salud, para expandir los programas e iniciativas de teleenfermería y la educación a distancia en el Perú. Es esencial promover programas de investigación y desarrollo de capacidades en informática en enfermería en el Perú y fomentar redes de colaboración global entre instituciones públicas y privadas.

ABSTRACT Nursing personnel has to face the great challenge of taking advantage of new technological resources to carry out their work in a more efficient and effective way. Nursing informatics has been described as an essential competence for nurse professionals in several countries. In Peru, nursing personnel is predominantly female and represents the largest workforce group in the healthcare system. This article discusses the challenges for capacity-building training programs in nursing informatics in Peru. In general, the published literature on nursing informatics training programs in Peru is rather scarce. Only one out of four Peruvian universities offer courses related to health informatics in undergraduate nursing academic programs. In 2020, the Peruvian Ministry of Health defined the core nursing competences to manage information and communication technologies, and health information systems, including telemedicine. However, nursing informatics has not yet been sufficiently developed in Peru due to organizational, material, cultural and sociotechnical challenges. Moreover, pandemics such as COVID-19 require urgent action to transform health care delivery, to expand telenursing and distance learning nursing programs and initiatives in Peru. Therefore, it is essential to promote research and capacity-building programs in nursing informatics in Peru and foster global collaborative networks between public and private institutions.

RESUMO O pessoal de enfermagem tem o grande desafio de aproveitar novos recursos tecnológicos para realizar seu trabalho de maneira mais eficiente e eficaz. A informática em enfermagem tem sido descrita como uma competência essencial para profissionais de enfermagem em vários países. No Peru, o pessoal de enfermagem é predominantemente feminino e representa o maior grupo de força de trabalho no sistema de saúde. Este artigo discute os desafios dos programas de treinamento de capacitação em informática em enfermagem no Peru. Em geral, a literatura publicada sobre os programas de treinamento em informática em enfermagem no Peru é escassa. Apenas uma de cada quatro universidades peruanas oferece cursos relacionados à informática em saúde em programas académicos de graduação em enfermagem. Em 2020, o Ministério da Saúde do Peru definiu as principais competências de enfermagem no gerenciamento de tecnologias da informação e comunicação e sistemas de informação em saúde, incluindo a telemedicina. No entanto, a informática em enfermagem ainda não foi desenvolvida amplamente no Peru devido a desafios organizacionais, físicos, e fatores culturais e sociotécnicos. Além disso, pandemias como a COVID-19 exigem uma ação urgente para transformar a prestação de serviços de saúde, para expandir os programas e iniciativas de telenfermagem e o ensino a distância no Peru. É essencial promover programas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de capacidades em informática em enfermagem no Peru e promover redes globais de colaboração entre instituições públicas e privadas.

A experiência das Bibliotecas Virtuais em Saúde nos países de língua portuguesa / The experience of Virtual Health Libraries in Portuguese speaking countries / La experiencia de las Bibliotecas Virtuales de Salud en los países de habla portuguesa

A Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde dos países de língua portuguesa foi desenvolvida para facilitar o acesso à informação científica e técnica para estudantes, docentes e profissionais de saúde dos países envolvidos. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a criação e o seu desenvolvimento nos países de língua portuguesa por meio da Rede ePORTUGUÊSe da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa baseada em revisão da literatura e análise da documentação técnica, científica e administrativa disponível em repositórios públicos internacionais e instituições nacionais, incluindo relatórios do programa ePORTUGUÊSe entre 2005 e 2015. O desenvolvimento e operacionalização da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde foi gradual e individualizado e fortemente dependente do envolvimento de profissionais e instituições locais. Mudanças nas prioridades políticas e dificuldades econômicas levaram à sua desaceleração. O aumento da conectividade na África e acesso à Internet estão criando novas oportunidades para retomar seu desenvolvimento nos países de língua portuguesa.

The Virtual Health Library of the Portuguese speaking countries was developed to facilitate access to scientific and technical information for students, teachers, and health professionals in the countries involved. This article aims to describe its development in Portuguese-speaking countries through the World Health Organization's ePORTUGUÊSe Network. It was used a qualitative methodology based on literature review and analysis of technical, scientific, and administrative documentation available in international public repositories and national institutions was used, including reports from the ePORTUGUÊSe program between 2005 and 2015. The development and operation of the Virtual Health Library were gradual and individualized and strongly dependent on the involvement of local professionals and institutions. Changes in political priorities and financial difficulties led their development to slow down. The increase in connectivity in Africa and access to the Internet are creating new opportunities to resume its development in Portuguese-speaking countries.

La Biblioteca Virtual en Salud de los países de habla portuguesa fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso a información científica y técnica para estudiantes, profesores y profesionales de la salud en los países involucrados. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el desarrollo de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud a través de la Red ePORTUGUÊSe de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa basada en la revisión de la literatura y el análisis de la documentación técnica, científica y administrativa disponible en repositorios públicos internacionales e instituciones nacionales, incluidos los informes del programa ePORTUGUÊSe entre 2005 y 2015. El desarrollo y la operacionalización de la BVS fue individualizado y dependió de la participación de profesionales e instituciones locales. Cambios en las prioridades políticas y las dificultades económicas llevaran a su desaceleración. El aumento de la conectividad e Internet en África están creando nuevas oportunidades para reanudar el desarrollo de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud.

Componente crítico en las estrategias de atención médica, prevención y control de la COVID-19 / The critical component as part of the strategies for medical care, prevention and control of COVID-19

Introducción: La educación médica es un elemento de vital importancia para mejorar el desempeño de los profesionales de la salud en la lucha contra la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo: Identificar los elementos fundamentales relacionados con la educación médica en su relación con la atención médica a pacientes con COVID-19, y las estrategias de prevención y control. Desarrollo: Los aspectos relacionados con la atención médica de pacientes sospechosos y confirmados, y con la prevención y el control de la transmisión de infecciones en entornos comunitarios o en centros de salud, se describen como áreas fundamentales para la educación médica. Asimismo, después de controlar la pandemia, los educadores de salud tienen el desafío de evaluar la modificación requerida en los programas de capacitación de profesionales de la salud para lograr un alto rendimiento en los nuevos entornos epidemiológicos. Por este motivo se realizó una sistematización del conocimiento relacionado con los desafíos y el papel de la educación médica en la lucha contra la COVID-19. Conclusiones: Los educadores han tenido un desafío durante la epidemia de COVID-19 en la educación de los profesionales de la salud para enfrentar la epidemia, que será un mayor en el futuro debido a la necesidad de lograr la sostenibilidad de la educación y la revisión de los programas de capacitación para enfrentar la nueva realidad epidemiológica(AU)

Introduction: Medical education is vitally important for improving the performance of health professionals in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To identify the fundamental elements related to medical education in its relationship with medical care of patients with COVID-19, as well as prevention and control strategies. Development: Aspects related to medical care of suspected and confirmed patients, as well as to the prevention and control of infection transmission in the community settings or in health centers, are described as fundamental areas for medical education. Furthermore, after controlling the pandemic, health educators are challenged to assess the required modification to health professional training programs in order to achieve high performance in new epidemiological settings. Therefore, a systematization was carried out of knowledge related to the challenges and the role of medical education in the fight against COVID-19. Conclusions: Educators have faced a challenge during the COVID-19 epidemic in educating health professionals to face the epidemic, which will be even greater in the future due to the need to achieve sustainability of education and revision of training programs to face the new epidemiological reality(AU)

Educação permanente no serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel de urgência: revisão integrativa / Permanent education in the emergency mobile pre-hospital care service: an integrative review / Educación permanente en el servicio de atención prehospitalaria móvil de urgencia: revisión integradora

OBJETIVO: identificar como a educação permanente em saúde vem sendo incorporada na prática de ensino em publicações acerca do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência. MÉTODO: revisão integrativa em três bases de dados, com corte temporal de 2010 a 2020. RESULTADOS: três artigos selecionados, emergindo duas categorias: Necessidade da prática de educação para atender demandas no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel; e Incorporação da educação permanente como estratégia para novas práticas no serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência. CONCLUSÃO: há grande demanda de atendimentos nas redes de urgência, sobretudo no componente pré-hospitalar. Porém, a incorporação da educação permanente como estratégia para novas práticas no serviço ainda não está bem clara, posto que apenas três artigos a referiram. Sugere-se novas pesquisas introduzindo a educação permanente na prática do serviço pré-hospitalar móvel de urgência, já que proporciona uma releitura crítica das práticas de trabalho e das necessidades advindas delas, para, assim, transformá-las.

AIM: identify how continuing health education has been incorporated into teaching practice in publications about the mobile emergency service. METHOD: integrative review in three databases, with a time cut from 2010 to 2020. RESULTS: three selected articles, emerging in two categories: Need for education practice to meet demands in mobile pre-hospital care; and Incorporation of continuing education as a strategy for new practices in mobile emergency care. CONCLUSION: there is a great demand for services in emergency networks, especially in the pre-hospital component. However, the incorporation of continuing education as a strategy for new practices in the service is still unclear, since only three articles have mentioned it. New research is suggested introducing permanent education into the practice of mobile pre-hospital emergency service, since it provides a critical re-reading of work practices and the needs arising from them, thus transforming them.

OBJETIVO: identificar en publicaciones sobre el servicio de atención móvil de urgencia, cómo la educación Permanente en salud está siendo incorporada a la práctica de enseñanza. MÉTODO: revisión integradora en tres bases de datos, con corte temporal de 2010 a 2020. RESULTADOS: tres artículos seleccionados, emergiendo dos categorías: Necesidad de la práctica de educación para atender demandas en la atención prehospitalaria móvil; e Incorporación de la educación Permanente como estrategia para nuevas prácticas en el servicio de atención móvil de urgencia. CONCLUSIÓN: Hay una demanda grande del número de atendimientos en las redes de urgencia, principalmente en el componente prehospitalario. Sin embargo, la incorporación de la educación Permanente como estrategia para nuevas prácticas en el servicio, todavía no está muy clara, ya que solo tres artículos la mencionaron. Se sugiere que se realicen nuevas investigaciones que introduzcan la educación Permanente en la práctica del servicio prehospitalario móvil de urgencia, lo que proporcionaría una relectura crítica de las prácticas de trabajo y de sus necesidades, para, así, poder transformarlas.

The Contribution of Family Medicine and Family Medicine Leaders to Primary Health Care Development in Americas - from Alma-Ata to Astana and beyond / A contribuição da Medicina de Família e dos líderes em Medicina de Família para o desenvolvimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde nas Américas - de Alma-Ata à Astana e além

Abstract Since 2012, the Besrour Centre for Global Family Medicine at the College of Family Physician of Canada has brought together its partners from the Americas annually, to reflect on the evolution of Family Medicine on the continent since Alma-Ata, and to look forward to future challenges. Family doctors are but one element of a strong health system. Family Medicine provides key ingredients to respond to population health needs especially as countries move through the epidemiological transition to face larger burdens of chronic disease and multimorbidity. In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of the state of Family Medicine on the continent. We then analyze trends in the education of family physicians to face this changing landscape, including the emphasis on the leader role of future family physicians. Postgraduate programs in Family Medicine in the Americas are placing increasing emphasis on teaching collaborative care in view of creating truly interdisciplinary health teams for the benefit of patients.

Resumo Desde 2012, o Centro Besrour de Medicina Global de Família, na Faculdade de Medicina de Família do Canadá, reúne seus parceiros das Américas anualmente para refletir sobre a evolução da Medicina de Família no continente desde Alma-Ata e para os desafios futuros. Os médicos de família são apenas um elemento de um forte sistema de saúde. A Medicina de Família fornece ingredientes-chave para responder às necessidades de saúde da população, especialmente à medida em que os países passam pela transição epidemiológica para enfrentar um fardo maior de doenças crônicas e de multimorbidade. Neste artigo, fornecemos uma visão geral de alto nível do estado da Medicina de Família no continente. Em seguida, analisamos as tendências na educação dos médicos de família para enfrentar esse cenário em mudança, incluindo a ênfase no papel de líder dos futuros médicos de família. Os programas de pós-graduação em Medicina de Família nas Américas estão enfatizando cada vez mais o ensino do cuidado colaborativo, a fim de criar equipes de saúde verdadeiramente interdisciplinares para o benefício dos pacientes.

Programa estadual de saúde pública: relato de experiência / State public health program: an experience report

Objetivo: relatar a experiência da implantação e processo de trabalho no programa Força Estadual de Saúde do Maranhão. Método: relato de experiência dos profissionais integrantes da equipe da Força Estadual de Saúde do Maranhão em um dos municípios de menor índice de desenvolvimento humano do estado. Resultados: o programa é formado por equipes de caráter interdisciplinar, pautando o processo de trabalho na assistência à saúde e no apoio institucional à gestão municipal para reverter indicadores de saúde como morbimortalidade infantil e materna, taxas de internação por complicações de doenças crônicas e controle de endemias negligenciadas. O apoio institucional foi fundamentado na metodologia Paideia, método reverso da procura de casos e com implementação da Planificação da Atenção à Saúde. Conclusão: o programa possui papel inovador no fortalecimento da atenção primária em saúde, com modelo de cuidado integral ao indivíduo e promovendo articulação com diversos atores envolvidos na organização e processo de trabalho em saúde.

Objective: to report the experience of the "State of Maranhão Health Force Program", its implementation and work process. Method: it is an experience report of health professionals from the State of Maranhão Health Force allocated in a city with the lowest Human Development Index in the State. Results: the program is forged by teams of interdisciplinary nature, lead by the work process in health care and institutional support to the municipal management to the reversal of health indicators such as infant and maternal morbidity and mortality, hospitalization rates due to complications of chronic disorders and control of endemic neglected diseases. Institutional support was based on the Paideia methodology, the reverse case search method and the implementation of Health Care Planning. Conclusion: the program has an innovative role in the strengthening of primary health care, proposing a model of comprehensive care for the individuals and promoting articulation among several actors involved in the work process and organization.

Pesquisa científica, atenção primária e medicina de família: três ingredientes indispensáveis para a melhoria da qualidade do cuidado em saúde / Scientific research, primary care and family medicine: three essential ingredients for improving the quality of health care / Investigación científica, atención primaria y medicina familiar: tres ingredientes esenciales para la mejora de la calidad de la atención en salud

Apesar do grande crescimento da nossa especialidade nos últimos 30 anos, ainda estamos muito aquém de atender à demanda brasileira por médicos de família. Atualmente representamos apenas 1,4% do total de médicos especialistas no Brasil e menos de 5% do total de vagas de residência no país são destinados à medicina de família e comunidade (MFC). Com 70% da nossa população coberta pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família, apenas uma parcela pequena conta com um médico de família treinado por um programa de residência em MFC. Infelizmente temos poucas evidências mostrando o impacto do treinamento em MFC no cuidado das pessoas e muito do que sustentamos no nosso discurso como diferenciais da nossa prática carece de provas científicas. Isso perpetua uma noção comum entre formuladores de políticas e gestores de que a atenção primária à saúde (APS) é uma área de atuação desprovida de desafios, sem complexidades e possível de ser realizada por qualquer médico sem treinamento especializado. Se a MFC pretende se firmar como a especialidade médica responsável pela APS no Brasil e no mundo, precisa avançar no desenvolvimento de habilidades para a pesquisa, para poder estudar o universo da MFC e da APS com a profundidade e o rigor que a complexidade destas disciplinas demanda. Desenvolver o potencial para a pesquisa representa um passo importante do projeto profissionalizante da nossa especialidade e do amadurecimento da APS. Ao questionarmos nossa prática e ao perguntarmos o quanto realmente fazemos a diferença no cuidado dos nossos pacientes estaremos ampliando a base de evidências da nossa especialidade e demonstrando o quanto a APS se torna mais abrangente ao ter um médico treinado em MFC. Este ensaio aborda as dificuldades da MFC em mostrar seu valor e a sua importância para os sistemas de saúde; e apresenta o papel vital que a pesquisa científica deve ter no enfrentamento destes desafios.

Despite the great expansion of our specialty in the last 30 years, we are still far from meeting the Brazilian demand for family doctors. We currently represent only 1.4% of the total number of medical specialists in Brazil and less than 5% of the total number of residency vacancies in the country are allocated to family medicine (FM). With 70% of our population covered by the Family Health Strategy, only a small proportion has a family doctor trained in a FM residency program. Unfortunately, we have little scientific evidence to demonstrate the impact of FM training on the quality of care delivered to our patients and to support our ongoing discourse about the unique competencies within FM. This perpetuates a common notion among policymakers and managers that the provision of primary health care (PHC) is simplistic, unchallenging, and easily performed by any physician without specialized training. If FM intends to establish itself as the medical specialty responsible for PHC in Brazil and in developing countries, it needs to be able to study the universe of FM and PHC with the depth and rigor that these complex disciplines demand. As such, building capacity in research represents an important step towards the development of comprehensive PHC with a strong FM foundation. By questioning our practice and trying to see how much of a difference we really make in the care of our patients, we can expand the evidentiary basis of our discipline and demonstrate how much PHC becomes more qualified and comprehensive by having a doctor trained in FM. This essay addresses the difficulties of FM in showing its value and its importance for health systems and presents the vital role that scientific research must play in facing these challenges.

A pesar del gran crecimiento de nuestra especialidad en los últimos 30 años, todavía estamos lejos de satisfacer la demanda brasileña de médicos de familia. Actualmente representamos solo el 1.4% del número total de médicos especialistas en Brasil y menos del 5% del número total de plazas de residencia en el país se asignan a medicina familiar y comunitaria (MFC). Con el 70% de nuestra población cubierta por la Estrategia de Salud Familiar, solo una pequeña parte tiene un médico de familia capacitado por un programa de residencia de MFC. Desgraciadamente, tenemos poca evidencia que muestre el impacto de la capacitación en MFC en el cuidado de las personas, y gran parte de lo que sustentamos como diferencial de nuestra práctica, carece de evidencia científica. Esto perpetúa una noción común entre los formuladores de políticas y los gerentes de que la atención primaria a la salud (APS) es una área de acción carente de desafíos, sin complejidades y que puede ser realizada por cualquier médico sin capacitación especializada. Si la MFC tiene la intención de establecerse como la especialidad médica responsable por la APS en Brasil, necesita avanzar en el desarrollo de habilidades de investigación para estudiar el universo de la MFC y de la APS con la profundidad y rigor que la complejidad de estos disciplinas demandan. El desarrollo de potencial para la investigación representa un paso importante en el proyecto profesional de nuestra especialidad y en la maduración de la APS. Al cuestionar nuestra práctica y preguntarnos si hacemos realmente la diferencia en el cuidado de nuestros pacientes, ampliaremos la base de evidencias de nuestra especialidad y demostraremos cuánto la APS adquire mayor calidad y competencia por tener un médico especialista en MFC. Este ensayo aborda las dificultades de la MFC para mostrar su valor y su importancia para los sistemas de salud y presenta el papel vital que debe desempeñar la investigación científica para enfrentar estos desafíos.